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Current IssueEditorial BoardOnline First ArticlesArchive

Research Article

volume 40 issue 4 (december 2020) : 411-417,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.D-5091

Biochemical Profile of Spiny Lobsters P. homarus and P. ornatus

A
A. Arumugam
R
R. Dineshkumar
A
A. Ahamed Rasheeq
G
Gopal Prabakaran
P
P. Sampathkumar
S
S. Murugan
1Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy for Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Eachanari, Coimbatore-641 021, Tamil Nadu, India.
Cite article:- Arumugam A., Dineshkumar R., Rasheeq Ahamed A., Prabakaran Gopal, Sampathkumar P., Murugan S. (2020). Biochemical Profile of Spiny Lobsters P. homarus and P. ornatus. Agricultural Science Digest. 40(4): 411-417. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-5091.

ABSTRACT

Background: Lobsters are highly expensive and demanded sea food due to their taste and nutritional value. Especially people around the world prefer more and pay huge for live lobsters. They are being exportedin different forms like frozen, whole cooked, whole chilled frozen tails and as lobster meat. As there is an extreme targeted catch these lobster resources are being exploited. The spiny lobsters, P. homarus and P. ornatus are one among the major distributed lobster species along the Gulf of Mannar, South east coast of India. The two lobster species are flavored seafood in many countries because of their more nutrient content are fine flavor. 
Methods: The experiment was conducted for a period of one year (2018-2019). The spiny lobsters P. homarus and P. ornatus werecultured under captivity in FRP tanks for a period of one year. After the study period the animal muscle was taken lyophilized and stored at 20o C and used for further analysis.
Result: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the crude protein, carbohydrates, crude lipids, moisture ash, amino acids and fatty acids from harvested spiny lobster, P. homarus and P. ornatus. The maximum protein content carbohydrate, lipid, Moisture, Ash and amino acids, fatty acids was noted in P. ornatus. The biochemical compositions amino acids and fatty acids were observed moderate and lowest in P. homarus.

REFERENCES

  1. Ambariyanto. (2004). Bilateral Workshop on Coastal Resources Exploration and Conservation. 13-15.
  2. Arnanda A.D., Ambariyanto A. and Ridlo A. (2005). Fluktuasi Kandungan Proksimat Kerang Bulu (Anadarainflata Reeve) di PerairanPantai Semarang. ILMU KELAUTAN Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences.10(2): 78-84. 
  3. ASSOTIATION, O.O.A.C.A. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC.
  4. Battilana J., Besharov M, andMitzinneck B, (2018). On hybrids and hybrid organizing: A review and roadmap for future research.The SAGE handbook of organizational institutionalism, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. [Google Scholar]. 2: 128-162.
  5. Bayer D.A. and Lagarias J.C. (1989). The nonlinear geometry of linear programming. II. Legendre transform coordinates and central trajectories. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 314(2): 527-581.
  6. Bligh E.G. and Dyer, W.J. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian journal of biochemistry and physiology. 37(8): 911-917.
  7. Cadwallader K. R., Tan. Q, Chen. F, Meyers. S.P. (1995). Evaluation of the Aroma of Cooked Spiny Lobster Tail Meat by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43: 2432-2437.
  8. Çagiltay F., Erkan N., Tosun D. and Selçuk A. (2011). Amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin and mineral contents of the edible garden snail (Helix aspersa). Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com. 5(4): 354.
  9. Carroll K.K. and Woodward C.J.H. (1989). Nutrition and Human Health Aspects of Marine Oils and Lipids. In: Marine Biogenic Lipids, Fats and Oils, 11. [Ackman RG (ed)], CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, FL. 435-456.
  10. Challem J. (1998). Soy Isoflavones for Women’s Health. Nutrition Science News. 3: 9.
  11. Chandrasekhar K. Y.G. and Deosthale, (1993). Proximate composition, amino acid, mineral and trace element content of the edible muscle of 20 Indian fish species. J. Food Comp. Anal. 6: 195-200.
  12. Cox S.L. and Johnston D.J. (2004). Developmental changes in foregut functioning of packhorse lobster, Jasus (Sagmariasus) verreauxi (Decapoda: Palinuridae), phyllosoma larvae. Marine and freshwater research. 55(2): 145-153.
  13. Crisp A.H., Palmer R.L. and Kalucy R.S. (1976). How common is anorexia nervosa? A prevalence study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 128(6): 549-554.
  14. D’Abramo L.R., Bordner C.E. Conklin D.E. and Baum N.A. (1981). Essentiality of dietary phosphatidylcholine for the survival of juvenile lobsters. The Journal of Nutrition. 111(3): 425-431.
  15. D’aniello A., (1980). Free amino acids in some tissues of marine crustacea. Experientia. 36(4): 392-393. 
  16. Dubois M., Gilles K.A, Hamilton J.K, Rebers P.T. and Smith F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry. 28(3): 350-356.
  17. Fitzgibbon Q.P., Jeffs A.G. and Battaglene S.C. (2014). The Achilles heel for spiny lobsters: the energetics of the non feeding post larval stage. Fish and Fisheries. 15(2): 312-326. 
  18. Floreto E.A., Prince D.L, Brown P.B. and Bayer R.C. (2000). The biochemical profiles of shell-diseased American lobsters, Homarusamericanus Milne Edwards. Aquaculture.188(3-4): 247-262.
  19. Floreto E.A.T., Prince. D.L, Brown.P.B, Bayer.R.C. (2000). Elsivier: Aquaculture. 188: 247-262. 
  20. Floreto E.A.T., Teshima S and Ishikawa M. (1996).Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth and fatty acid composition of Ulvapertusa Kjellman (Chlorophyta). Botanica Marina. 39(1-6): 69-74.
  21. Floreto, E.A., Prince, D.L., Brown, P.B. and Bayer R.C. (2000). The biochemical profiles of shell-diseased American lobsters, Homarusamericanus Milne Edwards. Aquaculture. 188. (3-4): 247-262.
  22. Francis D.S., Salmon M.L, Kenway M.J, Hall M.R. (2013). Reviews in Aquaculture. 6: 180-203.
  23. Glencross, M. Smith, J. Curnow Smith, D., Williams K. (2001). Elsivier: Aquaculture. 199: 119-129.
  24. Gnaiger E. (1983) Calculation of energetic and biochemical equivalents of respiratory oxygen consumption. In: Polarographic Oxygen Sensors, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 337-345. 
  25. Hattori, T. and Oishi Y. (1899). Hatching experiment on Ise lobster. Report of the Imperial Fisheries Institute. 1, pp. 76-132. 
  26. Irianto and Austin B. (2002) Probiotics in aquaculture. Journal of Fish Diseases. 25(11): 633-642.
  27. Jacquot R. (1961). Organic constituents of fish and other aquatic animal foods.In Fish as food. 145-209.Academic Press.
  28. Jeffs. (2007). Revealing the natural diet of the phyllosoma larvae of spiny lobster. Bulletin of Fisheries Research Agency (Japan). 20: 9-13. 
  29. Jenkins G.M. and Watts. D.G, (1968) Spectral Analysis and its Applications. San Francisco: Holden Day, 525.
  30. Jensen M. A., Chris G, Adams L.R, Fitzgibbon Q. P. (2013). Elsevier: Aquaculture. 376: 162-170.
  31. Kusharto C.M., Seratmakan and anperannyabagikesehatan. (2006). Jurnal Gizidan Pangan. 1(2): 45-54.
  32. Lowry O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Fan, A.C. and R.J. Randall. (1951). J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265-275. 
  33. Phillips B.F. and Sastry A.N. (1980). Larval ecology. In ‘The Biology and Management of Lobsters. (Eds JS Cobb and BFPhillips.) 2: 11-57. 
  34. Picincu andra. (2018). What are the Benefits of Alugbati? Retrieved from: https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/benefits-alugbati-    9863.html.
  35. Prime D., Atkins P.J, Slater A. and Sumby B. (1997). Review of dry powder inhalers. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 26 (1): 51-58.
  36. Prince M., (1997). The History of Mary Prince: A West Indian Slave. University of Michigan Press, 
  37. Purwaningsih S. (2012). AktivitasAntioksidandanKomposisi Kimia KeongMatahMerah (Cerithideaobtusa) (Antioxidant Activity and Nutrient Composition of MatahMerah Snail (Cerithidea obtusa). ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences. 17(1): 39-48. 
  38. Race K.E. Hotch D.F. Parker T. (1994). ‘Rehabilitation program evaluation: use of focus groups to empower clients’, Evaluation Review. 18(6): 730-40.
  39. Rao G.S., George R.M, Anil M.K, Saleela K.N, Jasmine S, Kingsly H.J. and Rao G. (2010). Cage culture of the spiny lobster Panulirushomarus (Linnaeus) at Vizhinjam, Trivandrum along the south-west coast of India. Indian Journal of Fisheries. 57(1): 23-29. 
  40. Rudd M.A. (2001). Environmental Conservation. 28: 226-234. 
  41. Sikorski, A. and Skolnick, J., (1990). Dynamic montecarlo simulations of globular protein folding: Model studies of in vivo assembly of four helix bundles and four member â-barrels. Journal of Molecular Biology. 215(1):183-198.
  42. Simhachalam G., Kumar N.S.S., Govinda R.K. (2015). The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology. 72: 66-72.
  43. Simpson R.T. and Whitlock J.P. (1976). Mapping DNAase I-susceptible sites in nucleosomes labeled at the 52 ends. Cell. 9(2): 347-353
  44. Smith D.M., Williams K.C. and Irvin S.J. (2005). Aquaculture Nutrition.11: 209-217. 
  45. Smith, A.D., Emmett, P.M., Newby, P.K. and Northstone, K. (2011). A comparison of dietary patterns derived by cluster and principal components analysis in a UK cohort of children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 65(10): 1102-1109.
  46. Stocchi V., Piccoli G, Magnani M, Palma F, Biagiarelli B. and Cucchiarini L. (1989). eversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation of dimethyl amino azoben zenesulf onyl-and dimethylaminoazobenzenethio hydanto in-amino acid derivatives for amino acid analysis and microsequencing studies at the picomole level. Analytical Biochemistry. 178(1): 107-117.
  47. Supriyantini E., Widowati I, Ambariyanto A. (2007). IlmuKelautan. 12: 97-104.
  48. Syafril, E. Supriyantini and A. Ambariyanto (2004). Studi Kandungan Proksimat Kerang Jago (Anadara inaequivalvis) di Perairan Semarang. ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences. 9(4): 190-195.
  49. Verkerk R., Schreiner M. Krumbein A. Ciska E. Holst B. Rowland I. De Schrijver R. Hansen M. Gerhäuser C. Mithen R. and Dekker M. (2009). Glucosinolates in Brassica vegetables: the influence of the food supply chain on intake, bioavailability and human health. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 53: S2, S219-S219. 
  50. Yokoyama M., Origasa H. Matsuzaki M. Matsuzawa Y, Saito Y, Ishikawa Y, Oikawa S, Sasaki J, Hishida H,. ItakuraandH and Kita T. (2007). Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. The Lancet. 369: 9567, 1090-1098.
  51. Zagalsky P.F., Eliopoulos E.E. and Findlay J.B. (1991).The lobster carapace carotenoprotein, á-crustacyanin.A possible role for tryptophan in the bathochromic spectral shift of protein-bound astaxanthin. Biochemical Journal. 274(1): 79-83.
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    Research Article

    volume 40 issue 4 (december 2020) : 411-417,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.D-5091

    Biochemical Profile of Spiny Lobsters P. homarus and P. ornatus

    A
    A. Arumugam
    R
    R. Dineshkumar
    A
    A. Ahamed Rasheeq
    G
    Gopal Prabakaran
    P
    P. Sampathkumar
    S
    S. Murugan
    1Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy for Higher Education, Pollachi Main Road, Eachanari, Coimbatore-641 021, Tamil Nadu, India.
    Cite article:- Arumugam A., Dineshkumar R., Rasheeq Ahamed A., Prabakaran Gopal, Sampathkumar P., Murugan S. (2020). Biochemical Profile of Spiny Lobsters P. homarus and P. ornatus. Agricultural Science Digest. 40(4): 411-417. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-5091.

    ABSTRACT

    Background: Lobsters are highly expensive and demanded sea food due to their taste and nutritional value. Especially people around the world prefer more and pay huge for live lobsters. They are being exportedin different forms like frozen, whole cooked, whole chilled frozen tails and as lobster meat. As there is an extreme targeted catch these lobster resources are being exploited. The spiny lobsters, P. homarus and P. ornatus are one among the major distributed lobster species along the Gulf of Mannar, South east coast of India. The two lobster species are flavored seafood in many countries because of their more nutrient content are fine flavor. 
    Methods: The experiment was conducted for a period of one year (2018-2019). The spiny lobsters P. homarus and P. ornatus werecultured under captivity in FRP tanks for a period of one year. After the study period the animal muscle was taken lyophilized and stored at 20o C and used for further analysis.
    Result: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the crude protein, carbohydrates, crude lipids, moisture ash, amino acids and fatty acids from harvested spiny lobster, P. homarus and P. ornatus. The maximum protein content carbohydrate, lipid, Moisture, Ash and amino acids, fatty acids was noted in P. ornatus. The biochemical compositions amino acids and fatty acids were observed moderate and lowest in P. homarus.

    REFERENCES

    1. Ambariyanto. (2004). Bilateral Workshop on Coastal Resources Exploration and Conservation. 13-15.
    2. Arnanda A.D., Ambariyanto A. and Ridlo A. (2005). Fluktuasi Kandungan Proksimat Kerang Bulu (Anadarainflata Reeve) di PerairanPantai Semarang. ILMU KELAUTAN Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences.10(2): 78-84. 
    3. ASSOTIATION, O.O.A.C.A. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC.
    4. Battilana J., Besharov M, andMitzinneck B, (2018). On hybrids and hybrid organizing: A review and roadmap for future research.The SAGE handbook of organizational institutionalism, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. [Google Scholar]. 2: 128-162.
    5. Bayer D.A. and Lagarias J.C. (1989). The nonlinear geometry of linear programming. II. Legendre transform coordinates and central trajectories. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society. 314(2): 527-581.
    6. Bligh E.G. and Dyer, W.J. (1959). A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Canadian journal of biochemistry and physiology. 37(8): 911-917.
    7. Cadwallader K. R., Tan. Q, Chen. F, Meyers. S.P. (1995). Evaluation of the Aroma of Cooked Spiny Lobster Tail Meat by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43: 2432-2437.
    8. Çagiltay F., Erkan N., Tosun D. and Selçuk A. (2011). Amino acid, fatty acid, vitamin and mineral contents of the edible garden snail (Helix aspersa). Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com. 5(4): 354.
    9. Carroll K.K. and Woodward C.J.H. (1989). Nutrition and Human Health Aspects of Marine Oils and Lipids. In: Marine Biogenic Lipids, Fats and Oils, 11. [Ackman RG (ed)], CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, FL. 435-456.
    10. Challem J. (1998). Soy Isoflavones for Women’s Health. Nutrition Science News. 3: 9.
    11. Chandrasekhar K. Y.G. and Deosthale, (1993). Proximate composition, amino acid, mineral and trace element content of the edible muscle of 20 Indian fish species. J. Food Comp. Anal. 6: 195-200.
    12. Cox S.L. and Johnston D.J. (2004). Developmental changes in foregut functioning of packhorse lobster, Jasus (Sagmariasus) verreauxi (Decapoda: Palinuridae), phyllosoma larvae. Marine and freshwater research. 55(2): 145-153.
    13. Crisp A.H., Palmer R.L. and Kalucy R.S. (1976). How common is anorexia nervosa? A prevalence study. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 128(6): 549-554.
    14. D’Abramo L.R., Bordner C.E. Conklin D.E. and Baum N.A. (1981). Essentiality of dietary phosphatidylcholine for the survival of juvenile lobsters. The Journal of Nutrition. 111(3): 425-431.
    15. D’aniello A., (1980). Free amino acids in some tissues of marine crustacea. Experientia. 36(4): 392-393. 
    16. Dubois M., Gilles K.A, Hamilton J.K, Rebers P.T. and Smith F. (1956). Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Analytical Chemistry. 28(3): 350-356.
    17. Fitzgibbon Q.P., Jeffs A.G. and Battaglene S.C. (2014). The Achilles heel for spiny lobsters: the energetics of the non feeding post larval stage. Fish and Fisheries. 15(2): 312-326. 
    18. Floreto E.A., Prince D.L, Brown P.B. and Bayer R.C. (2000). The biochemical profiles of shell-diseased American lobsters, Homarusamericanus Milne Edwards. Aquaculture.188(3-4): 247-262.
    19. Floreto E.A.T., Prince. D.L, Brown.P.B, Bayer.R.C. (2000). Elsivier: Aquaculture. 188: 247-262. 
    20. Floreto E.A.T., Teshima S and Ishikawa M. (1996).Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on the growth and fatty acid composition of Ulvapertusa Kjellman (Chlorophyta). Botanica Marina. 39(1-6): 69-74.
    21. Floreto, E.A., Prince, D.L., Brown, P.B. and Bayer R.C. (2000). The biochemical profiles of shell-diseased American lobsters, Homarusamericanus Milne Edwards. Aquaculture. 188. (3-4): 247-262.
    22. Francis D.S., Salmon M.L, Kenway M.J, Hall M.R. (2013). Reviews in Aquaculture. 6: 180-203.
    23. Glencross, M. Smith, J. Curnow Smith, D., Williams K. (2001). Elsivier: Aquaculture. 199: 119-129.
    24. Gnaiger E. (1983) Calculation of energetic and biochemical equivalents of respiratory oxygen consumption. In: Polarographic Oxygen Sensors, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 337-345. 
    25. Hattori, T. and Oishi Y. (1899). Hatching experiment on Ise lobster. Report of the Imperial Fisheries Institute. 1, pp. 76-132. 
    26. Irianto and Austin B. (2002) Probiotics in aquaculture. Journal of Fish Diseases. 25(11): 633-642.
    27. Jacquot R. (1961). Organic constituents of fish and other aquatic animal foods.In Fish as food. 145-209.Academic Press.
    28. Jeffs. (2007). Revealing the natural diet of the phyllosoma larvae of spiny lobster. Bulletin of Fisheries Research Agency (Japan). 20: 9-13. 
    29. Jenkins G.M. and Watts. D.G, (1968) Spectral Analysis and its Applications. San Francisco: Holden Day, 525.
    30. Jensen M. A., Chris G, Adams L.R, Fitzgibbon Q. P. (2013). Elsevier: Aquaculture. 376: 162-170.
    31. Kusharto C.M., Seratmakan and anperannyabagikesehatan. (2006). Jurnal Gizidan Pangan. 1(2): 45-54.
    32. Lowry O.H., Rosebrough, N.J., Fan, A.C. and R.J. Randall. (1951). J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265-275. 
    33. Phillips B.F. and Sastry A.N. (1980). Larval ecology. In ‘The Biology and Management of Lobsters. (Eds JS Cobb and BFPhillips.) 2: 11-57. 
    34. Picincu andra. (2018). What are the Benefits of Alugbati? Retrieved from: https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/benefits-alugbati-    9863.html.
    35. Prime D., Atkins P.J, Slater A. and Sumby B. (1997). Review of dry powder inhalers. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 26 (1): 51-58.
    36. Prince M., (1997). The History of Mary Prince: A West Indian Slave. University of Michigan Press, 
    37. Purwaningsih S. (2012). AktivitasAntioksidandanKomposisi Kimia KeongMatahMerah (Cerithideaobtusa) (Antioxidant Activity and Nutrient Composition of MatahMerah Snail (Cerithidea obtusa). ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences. 17(1): 39-48. 
    38. Race K.E. Hotch D.F. Parker T. (1994). ‘Rehabilitation program evaluation: use of focus groups to empower clients’, Evaluation Review. 18(6): 730-40.
    39. Rao G.S., George R.M, Anil M.K, Saleela K.N, Jasmine S, Kingsly H.J. and Rao G. (2010). Cage culture of the spiny lobster Panulirushomarus (Linnaeus) at Vizhinjam, Trivandrum along the south-west coast of India. Indian Journal of Fisheries. 57(1): 23-29. 
    40. Rudd M.A. (2001). Environmental Conservation. 28: 226-234. 
    41. Sikorski, A. and Skolnick, J., (1990). Dynamic montecarlo simulations of globular protein folding: Model studies of in vivo assembly of four helix bundles and four member â-barrels. Journal of Molecular Biology. 215(1):183-198.
    42. Simhachalam G., Kumar N.S.S., Govinda R.K. (2015). The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology. 72: 66-72.
    43. Simpson R.T. and Whitlock J.P. (1976). Mapping DNAase I-susceptible sites in nucleosomes labeled at the 52 ends. Cell. 9(2): 347-353
    44. Smith D.M., Williams K.C. and Irvin S.J. (2005). Aquaculture Nutrition.11: 209-217. 
    45. Smith, A.D., Emmett, P.M., Newby, P.K. and Northstone, K. (2011). A comparison of dietary patterns derived by cluster and principal components analysis in a UK cohort of children. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 65(10): 1102-1109.
    46. Stocchi V., Piccoli G, Magnani M, Palma F, Biagiarelli B. and Cucchiarini L. (1989). eversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography separation of dimethyl amino azoben zenesulf onyl-and dimethylaminoazobenzenethio hydanto in-amino acid derivatives for amino acid analysis and microsequencing studies at the picomole level. Analytical Biochemistry. 178(1): 107-117.
    47. Supriyantini E., Widowati I, Ambariyanto A. (2007). IlmuKelautan. 12: 97-104.
    48. Syafril, E. Supriyantini and A. Ambariyanto (2004). Studi Kandungan Proksimat Kerang Jago (Anadara inaequivalvis) di Perairan Semarang. ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences. 9(4): 190-195.
    49. Verkerk R., Schreiner M. Krumbein A. Ciska E. Holst B. Rowland I. De Schrijver R. Hansen M. Gerhäuser C. Mithen R. and Dekker M. (2009). Glucosinolates in Brassica vegetables: the influence of the food supply chain on intake, bioavailability and human health. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. 53: S2, S219-S219. 
    50. Yokoyama M., Origasa H. Matsuzaki M. Matsuzawa Y, Saito Y, Ishikawa Y, Oikawa S, Sasaki J, Hishida H,. ItakuraandH and Kita T. (2007). Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. The Lancet. 369: 9567, 1090-1098.
    51. Zagalsky P.F., Eliopoulos E.E. and Findlay J.B. (1991).The lobster carapace carotenoprotein, á-crustacyanin.A possible role for tryptophan in the bathochromic spectral shift of protein-bound astaxanthin. Biochemical Journal. 274(1): 79-83.
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