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Research Article

volume 39 issue 2 (june 2019) : 156-162,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.D-4914

Effect of Dietary Administration of Mineral Mixture Containing Amino Acid Tryptophan and Vitamins for Growth Performance and immunity of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822)

A
Anita Bhatnagar
S
Sonal Saluja
1Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
Cite article:- Bhatnagar Anita, Saluja Sonal (2019). Effect of Dietary Administration of Mineral Mixture ContainingAmino Acid Tryptophan and Vitamins for Growth Performanceand immunity of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822). Agricultural Science Digest. 39(2): 156-162. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-4914.

ABSTRACT

 The commenced investigation was conducted to assess the implication of tryptophan in diets of Catla catla. The fingerlings were fed with two different diets C1 and C2; in diet C1, mineral mixture (A) without L-tryptophan and in diet C2 mineral mixture (B) containing L-tryptophan, in addition to vitamins was used. After 90 days of the feeding trial, high growth performance, nutrition retention, and better immunity were observed in fingerlings fed on diet B signifying that tryptophan influences the growth performance and immune response. Excretion of metabolites (total ammonia excretion and orthophosphate production) was significantly low in the holding water when C. catla fingerlings fed on diet C2. Better growth performance and better water quality in treatment C2 may be attributed to the presence of essential vitamins and amino acid tryptophan. Hence, the incorporation of a mineral mixture containing L-tryptophan and vitamins in the fish diet appears to be significant for better growth, nutrition retention, digestibility and immunity.

REFERENCES

  1. Abidi, S. F., Khan, M. A. (2010). Dietary tryptophan requirement of fingerling rohu, Labeo rohita (hamilton), based on growth and body composition. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 41: 700–709.
  2. Ahmed, I. (2010). Response to the ration levels on growth, body composition, energy, and protein maintenance requirement of the Indian catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis-Bloch 1974). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 36: 1133–1143.
  3. Anderson, D. P. and Siwicki, A. K. (1995). Basic haematology and serology for fish health programs. In: Diseases in Asian Aquaculture II (ed. by M. Shariff, J. R. Arthur and R. P. Subasinghe). Manila, Philippines: Philippines Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, pp. 185.
  4. AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). (1995). Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Incorporation. Arlington, USA, pp. 684.
  5. APHA (American Public Health Association). (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 20th Ed. American Public Health Association, New York.
  6. Azeredo, R. Machado, M. Afonso, A. Fierro-Castro, C. Reyes-López, F.E. Tort, L. Gesto, M. Conde-Sieira, M. Míguez, J.M. Soengas, J.L. et al. (2017). Neuroendocrine and immune responses undertake different fates following tryptophan or methionine dietary treatment: Tales from a teleost model. Frontiers in Immunology, 8: 1226.
  7. Cho, C. Y., Slinger, S. J. and Bayley, H. S. (1982). Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: Energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 73 (1): 25-41.
  8. Coloso, R.M., Murillo-Gurrea, D.P., Borlongan, I.G., Catacutan, M.R. (2004). Tryptophan requirement of juvenile Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20: 43–47.
  9. Dacie, J. V. and Lewis, S. H. (1963). Practical Hematology. J and A Churchill Ltd., London.
  10. Dyer, A.R., Barlow, C.G., Bransden, M.P., Carter, C.G., Glencross, B.D., Richardson, N., Thomas, P.M., Williams, K.C., Carragher, J.F. (2004). Correlation ofplasma IGF-I concentration and growth rate in aquacultured finfish: a tool for assessing the potential of new diets. Aquaculture, 236:583–592.
  11. Easterling, W. E. (2007). Climate change and the adequacy of food and timber in the 21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104, 19679.
  12. Erwan, E., Chowdhury, V.S., Nagasawa, M., Goda, R., Otsuka, T., Yasuo, S. and Furuse, M. (2014). Central injection of L- and D-aspartate attenuates isolation-induced stress behaviour in chicks possibly through different mechanisms. European Journal of Pharmacology, 736: 138–142.
  13. Garg, S. K., Bhatnagar, A., Kalla, A., Johal, M. S. (2002). Experimental Ichthyology. CBS Publications and Distributors. New Delhi, India.
  14. Gonzalez-Silvera, D., Herrera, M., Giráldez, I., & Esteban, M. Á. (2018). Effects of the Dietary Tryptophan and Aspartate on the Immune Response of Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) after Stress. Fishes, 3(1): 6.
  15. Gornall, A. G., Bardawill, C. S. and David, M. M. (1947). Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 177: 751-753.
  16. Guardiola, F. A., Cuesta, A.; Arizcun, M.; Meseguer, J.; Esteban, M.A. (2014). Comparative skin mucus and serum humoral defense mechanisms in the teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish Shellfish Immunology, 36: 545–551.
  17. Halver, J. E., & Shanks, W. E. (1960). Nutrition of salmonoid fishes: VIII. Indispensable amino acids for sockeye salmon. The Journal of nutrition, 72(3): 340-346.
  18. Kader, M.D.A., Bulbul, M., Koshio, S., Ishikawa, M., Yokoyama, S., Nguyen, B.T., Komilus, C.F. (2012). Effect of complete replacement of fishmeal by dehulledsoybean meal with crude attractants supplementation in diets for red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture, 350(353):109–116.
  19. Kajita, Y., Sakai, M., Atsuta, S. and Kobayashi, M. (1990). The immunomodulatory effects of levamisole on rainbow trout, Oncorhyncus mykiss. Fish Pathology, 25: 93-98.
  20. Kloppel, T. M., & Post, G. (1975). Histological alterations in tryptophan-deficient rainbow trout. The Journal of nutrition, 105(7): 861- 866.
  21. Lall, S. P. (2000). Nutrition and health of fish. In: Cruz -Suárez, L.E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Olvera-Novoa, M.A. y Civera-Cerecedo, R., (Eds.). Avances en Nutrición Acuícola V. Memorias del V Simposium Internacional de Nutrición Acuícola. Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, pp. 19-22.
  22. Magnadottir, B. (2010). Immunological control of fish diseases. Marine Biotechnology, 12:361–379.
  23. Naylor, R. L., Goldburg, R. J., Primavera, J. H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M. C. M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H. and Troell, M. (2000). Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature, 405: 1017–1024.
  24. Park, K. H. and Jeong, H. D. (1996). Enhanced resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus by administration of protein bound polysaccharide. Aquaculture, 141: 135-143.
  25. Pianesso, D., Neto, J. R., da Silva, L. P., Goulart, F. R., Adorian, T. J., Mombach, P. I., Loureiro, B. B., Dalcin, M. O., Rotili, D. A. and Lazzari, R. (2015). Determination of tryptophan requirements for juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and its effects on growth performance, plasma and hepatic metabolites and digestive enzymes activity. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 210: 172-183.
  26. Sadasivam, S. and Manickam, A. (1996). Biochemical methods, 2nd. New Age Interantional Publishers, pp. 107-109.
  27. Sawhney, S. K. and Singh, R. (2000). Introductory Practical Biochemistry. Narosa Publishing House, pp. 452.
  28. Shanks, W. E., Gahimer, G. D., & Halver, J. E. (1962). The indispensable amino acids for rainbow trout. The Progressive Fish‐ Culturist, 24(2): 68-73.
  29. Siwicki, A. K., Anderson, D. P. and Rumsey, G. L. (1994). Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furuncuclosis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 41: 125-139.
  30. Smith, A. D. M., Brown, C. J., Bulman, C. M., Fulton, E. A., Johnson, P., Kaplan, I. C., Lozano-Montes, H., Mackinson, S., Marzloff, M., Shannon, L. J., Shin, Y. J. and Tam, J. (2011). Impacts of fishing low-trophic level species on marine ecosystems. Science, 333: 1147–1150.
  31. Verlhac, V., Gabaudan, J. (1997). The effect of vitamin C on Fish Health. Roche Technical Buletin, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland, pp. 30.
  32. Waagbo, R. (1997). The impact of nutritional factors on the immune system in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: A review. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 25: 175-197.
  33. Walter, H. E. (1984). Probionases: Methods with haemoglobin, casein and azocoll as substrates. In: Bergmeyer, H.U. (Ed.), Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Vol. V. Verlag Chemic, Weinheim, pp. 270-277.
  34. Wen, H., Feng, L., Jiang, W., Liu, Y., Jiang, J., Li, S., Tang, L., Zhang, Y., Kuang, S. and Zhou, X. (2014). Dietary tryptophan modulates intestinal immune response, barrier function, antioxidant status and gene expression of TOR and Nrf2 in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish & shellfish immunology, 40(1): 275-287.
  35. Wilson, R.P., Allen Ow, J.R., Robinson, E.H., Poe, W.E. (1978). Tryptophan and threonine requirements of fingerling channel catfish. Journal of Nutrition, 108:1595–1599.
  36. Zehra, S. and Khan M. A. (2014). Dietary tryptophan requirement of fingerling Catla catla (Hamilton) based on growth, protein gain, RNA/DNA ratio, haematological parameters and carcass composition. Aquaculture Nutrition, 21(5): 690-701.
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    Research Article

    volume 39 issue 2 (june 2019) : 156-162,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.D-4914

    Effect of Dietary Administration of Mineral Mixture Containing Amino Acid Tryptophan and Vitamins for Growth Performance and immunity of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822)

    A
    Anita Bhatnagar
    S
    Sonal Saluja
    1Department of Zoology, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
    Cite article:- Bhatnagar Anita, Saluja Sonal (2019). Effect of Dietary Administration of Mineral Mixture ContainingAmino Acid Tryptophan and Vitamins for Growth Performanceand immunity of Catla catla (Hamilton, 1822). Agricultural Science Digest. 39(2): 156-162. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-4914.

    ABSTRACT

     The commenced investigation was conducted to assess the implication of tryptophan in diets of Catla catla. The fingerlings were fed with two different diets C1 and C2; in diet C1, mineral mixture (A) without L-tryptophan and in diet C2 mineral mixture (B) containing L-tryptophan, in addition to vitamins was used. After 90 days of the feeding trial, high growth performance, nutrition retention, and better immunity were observed in fingerlings fed on diet B signifying that tryptophan influences the growth performance and immune response. Excretion of metabolites (total ammonia excretion and orthophosphate production) was significantly low in the holding water when C. catla fingerlings fed on diet C2. Better growth performance and better water quality in treatment C2 may be attributed to the presence of essential vitamins and amino acid tryptophan. Hence, the incorporation of a mineral mixture containing L-tryptophan and vitamins in the fish diet appears to be significant for better growth, nutrition retention, digestibility and immunity.

    REFERENCES

    1. Abidi, S. F., Khan, M. A. (2010). Dietary tryptophan requirement of fingerling rohu, Labeo rohita (hamilton), based on growth and body composition. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 41: 700–709.
    2. Ahmed, I. (2010). Response to the ration levels on growth, body composition, energy, and protein maintenance requirement of the Indian catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis-Bloch 1974). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 36: 1133–1143.
    3. Anderson, D. P. and Siwicki, A. K. (1995). Basic haematology and serology for fish health programs. In: Diseases in Asian Aquaculture II (ed. by M. Shariff, J. R. Arthur and R. P. Subasinghe). Manila, Philippines: Philippines Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, pp. 185.
    4. AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). (1995). Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists Incorporation. Arlington, USA, pp. 684.
    5. APHA (American Public Health Association). (1998). Standard methods for the examination of water and waste water, 20th Ed. American Public Health Association, New York.
    6. Azeredo, R. Machado, M. Afonso, A. Fierro-Castro, C. Reyes-López, F.E. Tort, L. Gesto, M. Conde-Sieira, M. Míguez, J.M. Soengas, J.L. et al. (2017). Neuroendocrine and immune responses undertake different fates following tryptophan or methionine dietary treatment: Tales from a teleost model. Frontiers in Immunology, 8: 1226.
    7. Cho, C. Y., Slinger, S. J. and Bayley, H. S. (1982). Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: Energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 73 (1): 25-41.
    8. Coloso, R.M., Murillo-Gurrea, D.P., Borlongan, I.G., Catacutan, M.R. (2004). Tryptophan requirement of juvenile Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20: 43–47.
    9. Dacie, J. V. and Lewis, S. H. (1963). Practical Hematology. J and A Churchill Ltd., London.
    10. Dyer, A.R., Barlow, C.G., Bransden, M.P., Carter, C.G., Glencross, B.D., Richardson, N., Thomas, P.M., Williams, K.C., Carragher, J.F. (2004). Correlation ofplasma IGF-I concentration and growth rate in aquacultured finfish: a tool for assessing the potential of new diets. Aquaculture, 236:583–592.
    11. Easterling, W. E. (2007). Climate change and the adequacy of food and timber in the 21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104, 19679.
    12. Erwan, E., Chowdhury, V.S., Nagasawa, M., Goda, R., Otsuka, T., Yasuo, S. and Furuse, M. (2014). Central injection of L- and D-aspartate attenuates isolation-induced stress behaviour in chicks possibly through different mechanisms. European Journal of Pharmacology, 736: 138–142.
    13. Garg, S. K., Bhatnagar, A., Kalla, A., Johal, M. S. (2002). Experimental Ichthyology. CBS Publications and Distributors. New Delhi, India.
    14. Gonzalez-Silvera, D., Herrera, M., Giráldez, I., & Esteban, M. Á. (2018). Effects of the Dietary Tryptophan and Aspartate on the Immune Response of Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) after Stress. Fishes, 3(1): 6.
    15. Gornall, A. G., Bardawill, C. S. and David, M. M. (1947). Journal of Biology and Chemistry, 177: 751-753.
    16. Guardiola, F. A., Cuesta, A.; Arizcun, M.; Meseguer, J.; Esteban, M.A. (2014). Comparative skin mucus and serum humoral defense mechanisms in the teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Fish Shellfish Immunology, 36: 545–551.
    17. Halver, J. E., & Shanks, W. E. (1960). Nutrition of salmonoid fishes: VIII. Indispensable amino acids for sockeye salmon. The Journal of nutrition, 72(3): 340-346.
    18. Kader, M.D.A., Bulbul, M., Koshio, S., Ishikawa, M., Yokoyama, S., Nguyen, B.T., Komilus, C.F. (2012). Effect of complete replacement of fishmeal by dehulledsoybean meal with crude attractants supplementation in diets for red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture, 350(353):109–116.
    19. Kajita, Y., Sakai, M., Atsuta, S. and Kobayashi, M. (1990). The immunomodulatory effects of levamisole on rainbow trout, Oncorhyncus mykiss. Fish Pathology, 25: 93-98.
    20. Kloppel, T. M., & Post, G. (1975). Histological alterations in tryptophan-deficient rainbow trout. The Journal of nutrition, 105(7): 861- 866.
    21. Lall, S. P. (2000). Nutrition and health of fish. In: Cruz -Suárez, L.E., Ricque-Marie, D., Tapia-Salazar, M., Olvera-Novoa, M.A. y Civera-Cerecedo, R., (Eds.). Avances en Nutrición Acuícola V. Memorias del V Simposium Internacional de Nutrición Acuícola. Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico, pp. 19-22.
    22. Magnadottir, B. (2010). Immunological control of fish diseases. Marine Biotechnology, 12:361–379.
    23. Naylor, R. L., Goldburg, R. J., Primavera, J. H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M. C. M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J., Mooney, H. and Troell, M. (2000). Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature, 405: 1017–1024.
    24. Park, K. H. and Jeong, H. D. (1996). Enhanced resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus by administration of protein bound polysaccharide. Aquaculture, 141: 135-143.
    25. Pianesso, D., Neto, J. R., da Silva, L. P., Goulart, F. R., Adorian, T. J., Mombach, P. I., Loureiro, B. B., Dalcin, M. O., Rotili, D. A. and Lazzari, R. (2015). Determination of tryptophan requirements for juvenile silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) and its effects on growth performance, plasma and hepatic metabolites and digestive enzymes activity. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 210: 172-183.
    26. Sadasivam, S. and Manickam, A. (1996). Biochemical methods, 2nd. New Age Interantional Publishers, pp. 107-109.
    27. Sawhney, S. K. and Singh, R. (2000). Introductory Practical Biochemistry. Narosa Publishing House, pp. 452.
    28. Shanks, W. E., Gahimer, G. D., & Halver, J. E. (1962). The indispensable amino acids for rainbow trout. The Progressive Fish‐ Culturist, 24(2): 68-73.
    29. Siwicki, A. K., Anderson, D. P. and Rumsey, G. L. (1994). Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furuncuclosis. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 41: 125-139.
    30. Smith, A. D. M., Brown, C. J., Bulman, C. M., Fulton, E. A., Johnson, P., Kaplan, I. C., Lozano-Montes, H., Mackinson, S., Marzloff, M., Shannon, L. J., Shin, Y. J. and Tam, J. (2011). Impacts of fishing low-trophic level species on marine ecosystems. Science, 333: 1147–1150.
    31. Verlhac, V., Gabaudan, J. (1997). The effect of vitamin C on Fish Health. Roche Technical Buletin, Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland, pp. 30.
    32. Waagbo, R. (1997). The impact of nutritional factors on the immune system in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: A review. Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 25: 175-197.
    33. Walter, H. E. (1984). Probionases: Methods with haemoglobin, casein and azocoll as substrates. In: Bergmeyer, H.U. (Ed.), Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Vol. V. Verlag Chemic, Weinheim, pp. 270-277.
    34. Wen, H., Feng, L., Jiang, W., Liu, Y., Jiang, J., Li, S., Tang, L., Zhang, Y., Kuang, S. and Zhou, X. (2014). Dietary tryptophan modulates intestinal immune response, barrier function, antioxidant status and gene expression of TOR and Nrf2 in young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Fish & shellfish immunology, 40(1): 275-287.
    35. Wilson, R.P., Allen Ow, J.R., Robinson, E.H., Poe, W.E. (1978). Tryptophan and threonine requirements of fingerling channel catfish. Journal of Nutrition, 108:1595–1599.
    36. Zehra, S. and Khan M. A. (2014). Dietary tryptophan requirement of fingerling Catla catla (Hamilton) based on growth, protein gain, RNA/DNA ratio, haematological parameters and carcass composition. Aquaculture Nutrition, 21(5): 690-701.
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