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Research Article

volume 39 issue 4 (december 2019) : 259-267,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.D-164

Fitness Evaluation of Phytophthora infestans Isolates Collected from Punjab, Pakistan During 2017-18

W
Waqas Raza
M
Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar
M
Muhammad Imran Hamid
1Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan.
Cite article:- Raza Waqas, Ghazanfar Usman Muhammad, Hamid Imran Muhammad (2019). Fitness Evaluation of Phytophthora infestans Isolates Collected from Punjab, Pakistan During 2017-18. Agricultural Science Digest. 39(4): 259-267. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-164.

ABSTRACT

Potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) is an important disease causing severe damage in potato crop worldwide. Seventy seven isolates of P. infestans selected on the basis of aggressiveness were characterized for pathogen fitness test based on their lesion size, latent incubation period and sporulation capacity after their inoculation onto detached leaves of potato. The results showed that large variations in pathogen fitness were present among isolates for each regional P. infestans population studied. Those isolates selected during 2017-18 exhibited 85% and 74% successful pathogen fitness behavior respectively. Those isolates which had higher composite fitness index values were observed higher lesion size and spore count and same trend of pathogen fitness parameters was observed with respect to their districts during both the years.This is the first inclusive study to determine pathogen fitness of isolates in Pakistan. The experimental findings indicated that population of P. infestans in the Punjab province comprises diverse isolates with low to high fitness potential. A future challenge planned to combine our accumulated knowledge with that from other scientific fields to develop a disease management approach for late blight.

REFERENCES

  1. Agrios, G. N. (2005). Introduction to Plant Pathology. Elsevier Academic Press Publication.
  2. Andrivon, D., Corbiere, R., Lebreton, L., Pilet,F., Montarry, J., Pelle, R., Ellisseche, D. (2004). Host adaptation in Phytophthora infestans: A review from a population biology perspective. Plant Breeding and Seed Science. 50: 15-27. 
  3. Brooks, F. E. (2008). Detached-leaf bioassay for evaluating taro resistance to Phytophthora colocasiae. Plant Disease. 92:126-131.
  4. Cooke, D.E.L., Cano, L.M., Raffaele, S., Bain, R.A., Cooke, L.R., Etherington, G.J., Deahl, K.L., et al (2012). Genome analyses of an aggressive and invasive lineage of the Irish Potato Famine pathogen. PLOS Pathogens. 8: doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002940.
  5. Cooke, D., Lees, A., Shaw, D., Bain, R., Cooke, L. (2006). Variation in Aggres-siveness in Phytophthora infestans. British Potato Council.
  6. Devaux, A., Kromann, P., Ortiz, O. (2014). Potatoes for sustainable global food security. Potato Research. 57:185-199.
  7. Flier, W.G., Turkensteen, L.J. (1999). Foliar aggressiveness of Phytophthora infestans in three potato-growing regions in the Netherlands. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 105: 381-8.
  8. Flier, W. G., Kroon, L. P. N. M., Hermansen, A., Van Raaij, H. M. G., Speiser, B., Tamm, L., et al (2007). Genetic structure and pathogenicity of populations of Phytophthora infestans from organic potato crops in France, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Plant Pathology.56:562–572.
  9. Flier, W. G., Van den Bosch, G. B. M., Turkensteen, L. J. (2003). Stability of partial resistance in potato cultivars exposed to aggressive strains of Phytophthora infestans. Plant Pathology. 52:326-337.
  10. Foolad, M.R., Sullenberger, M.T., Ashrafi, H. (2015). Detached-    leaflet evaluation of tomato germplasm for late blight resistance and its correspondence to field and greenhouse screenings. Plant Disease. 99: 718-722.
  11. Fry, W.E. (2008). Phytophthora infestans: The plant (and R gene) destroyer. Molecular Plant Pathology. 9:385-402.
  12. Garelik, G. (2002). Taking the bite out of potato blight. Science. 298:1702-4.
  13. Goth, R. W., Keane, J. (1997). A detached-leaf method to evaluate late blight resistance in potato and tomato. American Potato Journal. 74: 347-352.
  14. Haverkort, A.J. (2008). Societal costs of late blight in potato and prospects of durable resistance through cisgenic modification. Potato Research. 51: 47–57.
  15. Huang, J., Han, B., Xu, S., Zhou, M., Shen, W. (2011). Heme oxygenase-1 is involved in the cytokinin-induced alleviation of senescence in detached wheat leaves during dark incubation. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 768-775.
  16. Knapova, G. and Gisi, U. (2002). Phenotypic and genotypic structure of Phytophthora infestans populations on potato and tomato in France and Switzerland. Plant Pathology. 51: 641-653.
  17. Lehtinen, A. and Hannukkala, A. (2004). Oospores of Phytophthora infestans in soil provide an important new source of primary inoculum in Finland. Agricultural and Food Science. 13:399-410.
  18. Lehtinen, A. andersson, B., Le, V. H., Nærstad, R., Rastas, M., Ketoja, E., Hannukkala, A. O., et al (2009). Aggressiveness of Phytophthora infestans on detached    potato leaflets in four Nordic countries. Plant Pathology. 58: 690–702.
  19. McDonald, B. A. and Linde, C. (2002). Pathogen population genetics, evolutionary potential and durable resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 40: 349-379.
  20. Medzhitov, R., Schneider, D. S., Soares, M. P. (2012). Disease tolerance as a defense strategy. Science. 335: 936-941.
  21. Naerstad, H. (2000). Variation in populations of Phytophthora infestans in Finland and Norway: mating type, metalaxyl resistance and virulence phenotype. Plant Pathology. 49: 11-22.
  22. Pariaud, B., Ravigné, V., Halkett, F., Goyeau, H., Carlier, J., Lannou, C. (2009). Aggressiveness and its role in the adaptation of plant pathogens. Plant Pathology. 58: 409-424.
  23. Pettitt, T. R., Wainwright, M. F., Wakeham, A. J., White, J. G. (2011). A simple detached leaf assay provides rapid and inexpensive determination of pathogenicity of Pythium isolates to ‘all year round’ (AYR) chrysanthemum roots. Plant Pathology. 60: 946-956.
  24. Pliakhnevich, M. and Ivaniuk, V. (2008). Aggressiveness and metalaxyl sensitivity of Phytophthora infestans strains in Belarus. Zemdirbyste. 95: 379-387.
  25. Ryu, K.Y., Luo, W.F., Yang, Y. L. (2003). Mating type, fungicide sensitivity and physiological race of Phytophthora infestans collected from Yunnan Province. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica. 2.
  26. Vega Sánchez, M. E., Erselius, L. J., Rodriguez, A. M., Bastidas, O., Hohl, H. R., Ojiambo, P. S., Forbes, G. A. (2000). Host adaptation to potato and tomato within the US” 1 clonal lineage of Phytophthora infestans in Uganda and Kenya. Plant Pathology. 49: 531-539. 
  27. Widmark, A.-K. andersson, B., Cassel-Lundhagen; A., Sandström, M. and Yuen, J. (2007). Phytophthora infestans in a single field in southwest Sweden early in spring: symptoms, spatial distribution and genotypic variation. Plant Pathology. 56:573-576. 
  28. Zwankhuizen, M.J., Govers, F., Zadoks, J.C. (2000). Inoculum sources and genotypic diversity of Phytophthora infestans in Southern Flevoland, the Netherlands. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 106: 667-680. 
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    Research Article

    volume 39 issue 4 (december 2019) : 259-267,   Doi: 10.18805/ag.D-164

    Fitness Evaluation of Phytophthora infestans Isolates Collected from Punjab, Pakistan During 2017-18

    W
    Waqas Raza
    M
    Muhammad Usman Ghazanfar
    M
    Muhammad Imran Hamid
    1Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan.
    Cite article:- Raza Waqas, Ghazanfar Usman Muhammad, Hamid Imran Muhammad (2019). Fitness Evaluation of Phytophthora infestans Isolates Collected from Punjab, Pakistan During 2017-18. Agricultural Science Digest. 39(4): 259-267. doi: 10.18805/ag.D-164.

    ABSTRACT

    Potato late blight (Phytophthora infestans) is an important disease causing severe damage in potato crop worldwide. Seventy seven isolates of P. infestans selected on the basis of aggressiveness were characterized for pathogen fitness test based on their lesion size, latent incubation period and sporulation capacity after their inoculation onto detached leaves of potato. The results showed that large variations in pathogen fitness were present among isolates for each regional P. infestans population studied. Those isolates selected during 2017-18 exhibited 85% and 74% successful pathogen fitness behavior respectively. Those isolates which had higher composite fitness index values were observed higher lesion size and spore count and same trend of pathogen fitness parameters was observed with respect to their districts during both the years.This is the first inclusive study to determine pathogen fitness of isolates in Pakistan. The experimental findings indicated that population of P. infestans in the Punjab province comprises diverse isolates with low to high fitness potential. A future challenge planned to combine our accumulated knowledge with that from other scientific fields to develop a disease management approach for late blight.

    REFERENCES

    1. Agrios, G. N. (2005). Introduction to Plant Pathology. Elsevier Academic Press Publication.
    2. Andrivon, D., Corbiere, R., Lebreton, L., Pilet,F., Montarry, J., Pelle, R., Ellisseche, D. (2004). Host adaptation in Phytophthora infestans: A review from a population biology perspective. Plant Breeding and Seed Science. 50: 15-27. 
    3. Brooks, F. E. (2008). Detached-leaf bioassay for evaluating taro resistance to Phytophthora colocasiae. Plant Disease. 92:126-131.
    4. Cooke, D.E.L., Cano, L.M., Raffaele, S., Bain, R.A., Cooke, L.R., Etherington, G.J., Deahl, K.L., et al (2012). Genome analyses of an aggressive and invasive lineage of the Irish Potato Famine pathogen. PLOS Pathogens. 8: doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002940.
    5. Cooke, D., Lees, A., Shaw, D., Bain, R., Cooke, L. (2006). Variation in Aggres-siveness in Phytophthora infestans. British Potato Council.
    6. Devaux, A., Kromann, P., Ortiz, O. (2014). Potatoes for sustainable global food security. Potato Research. 57:185-199.
    7. Flier, W.G., Turkensteen, L.J. (1999). Foliar aggressiveness of Phytophthora infestans in three potato-growing regions in the Netherlands. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 105: 381-8.
    8. Flier, W. G., Kroon, L. P. N. M., Hermansen, A., Van Raaij, H. M. G., Speiser, B., Tamm, L., et al (2007). Genetic structure and pathogenicity of populations of Phytophthora infestans from organic potato crops in France, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Plant Pathology.56:562–572.
    9. Flier, W. G., Van den Bosch, G. B. M., Turkensteen, L. J. (2003). Stability of partial resistance in potato cultivars exposed to aggressive strains of Phytophthora infestans. Plant Pathology. 52:326-337.
    10. Foolad, M.R., Sullenberger, M.T., Ashrafi, H. (2015). Detached-    leaflet evaluation of tomato germplasm for late blight resistance and its correspondence to field and greenhouse screenings. Plant Disease. 99: 718-722.
    11. Fry, W.E. (2008). Phytophthora infestans: The plant (and R gene) destroyer. Molecular Plant Pathology. 9:385-402.
    12. Garelik, G. (2002). Taking the bite out of potato blight. Science. 298:1702-4.
    13. Goth, R. W., Keane, J. (1997). A detached-leaf method to evaluate late blight resistance in potato and tomato. American Potato Journal. 74: 347-352.
    14. Haverkort, A.J. (2008). Societal costs of late blight in potato and prospects of durable resistance through cisgenic modification. Potato Research. 51: 47–57.
    15. Huang, J., Han, B., Xu, S., Zhou, M., Shen, W. (2011). Heme oxygenase-1 is involved in the cytokinin-induced alleviation of senescence in detached wheat leaves during dark incubation. Journal of Plant Physiology. 168: 768-775.
    16. Knapova, G. and Gisi, U. (2002). Phenotypic and genotypic structure of Phytophthora infestans populations on potato and tomato in France and Switzerland. Plant Pathology. 51: 641-653.
    17. Lehtinen, A. and Hannukkala, A. (2004). Oospores of Phytophthora infestans in soil provide an important new source of primary inoculum in Finland. Agricultural and Food Science. 13:399-410.
    18. Lehtinen, A. andersson, B., Le, V. H., Nærstad, R., Rastas, M., Ketoja, E., Hannukkala, A. O., et al (2009). Aggressiveness of Phytophthora infestans on detached    potato leaflets in four Nordic countries. Plant Pathology. 58: 690–702.
    19. McDonald, B. A. and Linde, C. (2002). Pathogen population genetics, evolutionary potential and durable resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 40: 349-379.
    20. Medzhitov, R., Schneider, D. S., Soares, M. P. (2012). Disease tolerance as a defense strategy. Science. 335: 936-941.
    21. Naerstad, H. (2000). Variation in populations of Phytophthora infestans in Finland and Norway: mating type, metalaxyl resistance and virulence phenotype. Plant Pathology. 49: 11-22.
    22. Pariaud, B., Ravigné, V., Halkett, F., Goyeau, H., Carlier, J., Lannou, C. (2009). Aggressiveness and its role in the adaptation of plant pathogens. Plant Pathology. 58: 409-424.
    23. Pettitt, T. R., Wainwright, M. F., Wakeham, A. J., White, J. G. (2011). A simple detached leaf assay provides rapid and inexpensive determination of pathogenicity of Pythium isolates to ‘all year round’ (AYR) chrysanthemum roots. Plant Pathology. 60: 946-956.
    24. Pliakhnevich, M. and Ivaniuk, V. (2008). Aggressiveness and metalaxyl sensitivity of Phytophthora infestans strains in Belarus. Zemdirbyste. 95: 379-387.
    25. Ryu, K.Y., Luo, W.F., Yang, Y. L. (2003). Mating type, fungicide sensitivity and physiological race of Phytophthora infestans collected from Yunnan Province. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica. 2.
    26. Vega Sánchez, M. E., Erselius, L. J., Rodriguez, A. M., Bastidas, O., Hohl, H. R., Ojiambo, P. S., Forbes, G. A. (2000). Host adaptation to potato and tomato within the US” 1 clonal lineage of Phytophthora infestans in Uganda and Kenya. Plant Pathology. 49: 531-539. 
    27. Widmark, A.-K. andersson, B., Cassel-Lundhagen; A., Sandström, M. and Yuen, J. (2007). Phytophthora infestans in a single field in southwest Sweden early in spring: symptoms, spatial distribution and genotypic variation. Plant Pathology. 56:573-576. 
    28. Zwankhuizen, M.J., Govers, F., Zadoks, J.C. (2000). Inoculum sources and genotypic diversity of Phytophthora infestans in Southern Flevoland, the Netherlands. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 106: 667-680. 
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