Background: This study evaluates the benefit of zero tillage over conventional tillage for cultivating field pea (Pisum sativum L.) varieties in rice fallow system (RFS) during winter season of 2023 at Hengbung, Manipur. The study is conducted to compare the productivity of the two varieties V1-Aman (IPF 5-19), V2-Prakash (IPFD 1-10) with tillage practices, W1-zero tillage and W2-conventional tillage. Soil analysis after harvest is recorded for studying the residual effect. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The experimental design adopted is split plot design where the field pea variety, V1&nbsp;and V2&nbsp;is assigned in subplots and the tillage practices, W1&nbsp;and W2&nbsp;is assigned in the mainplots. The study involves four treatments (T) which are T1@V1W1, T2@V1W2, T3@ V2W1&nbsp;and T4@ V2W2 in 1hectare experimental farm at FGI, Hengbung in RFS replicated five times. The data for agronomic parameters were recorded and Soil chemical analysis for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were recorded to study the residual effect. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The recorded agronomic parameters and their residual effect on soil nutrient indicates that zero tillage demonstrated better performance over conventional tillage with both the varieties. There is significant difference between the two varieties and also the nutrient released in soil after harvest where V1&nbsp;shows better performance in yield and nutrient release over V2&nbsp;and within the same varieties the treatment T1 and T3 shows better performance. The overall findings suggest that zero tillage significantly enhances the crop output of field pea cultivation in RFS.

Residual impact of Zero Tillage and Conventional Tillage on the Productivity of Field Pea Variety Aman (IPF 5-19) and Prakash (IPFD 1-10) under Rice Fallow System

Background: Minimum input and Maximum output are the new emerging trends in agriculture. To cope up with the sharp rise in population and limiting farm land, as well as to increase farm income there is an immediate need to increase the present cropping intensity. Such can be achieved when the long duration rice fallows are proficiently brought under intensive cultivation. Zero tillage technology is done without land preparation after harvesting the paddy; hence the cost of cultivation is less than the normal potato cultivation which in turn helps the farmers to get a better income.&nbsp; 
Methods: In Sonitpur and Barpeta district of Assam, zero tillage survey was incorporated recently; Potato can be grown in those rice fallows successfully. The zero-tillage practice would allow crop intensification and aid to additional farm income without much soil and environmental degradation as compared to any traditional practices. It&rsquo;s time that farmers are made aware of these conservation agricultural practices for the greater good.&nbsp; 
Result: ZT-practice can benefit the farmers by cutting down the cost on labour and other expensive farm practices along with minimizing the associated risks of environmental degradation.

Zero Tillage (ZT) Potato Cultivation

Although Conservation Agriculture (CA) techniques have long been known, they are still rarely applied by farmers in their farming. Three principles of conservation agriculture: 1). zero tillage (ZT), 2). Cover crop used and 3). Crop rotations have spread throughout the world, but in practice, only one or two of the three principles used and vary greatly (The combination of zero tillage and crop residue is more efficient in utilizing rainwater and a more resilient agronomic production system compared to conventional tillage (CT) or zero tillage (ZT) without crop residue application. Not using crop residue in the system can result in decreased production and even yield zero. Zero tillage applications that are not combined with ground cover will result in poor farming performance. In reas with low rainfall, the yields were highest obtained in farms that combined zero treatments and the use of crop residues, whereas in rainfed areas with conventional (CT) systems, when residues were removed from no-till (ZT) systems, wheat and maize yields were drastically reduced. Furthermore, in many small-scale farms, the residue yield is low and has many competing uses. Crop residues are generally burned in the fields or fed to livestock. For successful farming using CA techniques, at least a combination of 2 principles of conservation agriculture is needed, namely the use of crop residues and ZT as soil cover or the use of crop residues as soil cover with crop rotation, can provide better results than only applying one of the three CA principles. 
&nbsp;

Conservation Agriculture: A Review of Plant Residue use with Zero Tillage and Crop Rotation

<div>Background: Inclusion of legume crops in efficient cropping system is important to maintain soil bio-physical property for sustainable production systems. Conservation agriculture (CA) practices have been demonstrated to be successful in cereal based systems. But the information on zero-tillage as CA practice in legume based systems is lacking, which may further help in conservation of soil resources on sustainable basis. Hence study on impact of zero-tillage on soil biological and physico-chemical properties was undertaken at CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bawal (Rewari), India during 2019-20 and 2020-21. 
 
Methods: The soil of experimental site was loamy sand in texture and low in organic carbon, N and P, while medium in K. The treatments included nine tillage combinations for crop establishment under mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system (MWCS) viz., Zero-tillage mung bean (ZTM) fb zero-tillage wheat (ZTW), ZTM fb reduced tillage wheat (RTW), ZTM fb conventional tillage wheat (CTW), reduced tillage mung bean (RTM) fb ZTW, RTM fb RTW, RTM fb CTW, Conventional tillage mung bean (CTM) fb ZTW, CTM fb RTW, CTM fb CTW. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. 
 
Result: After two years, there was no change in soil texture and EC of the soil due to different crop establishment methods, while the bulk density of upper soil layer (0-15 cm) decreased marginally under system-based ZT method. The Infiltration rate increased with decrease in the frequency of tillage in both the crops. Organic carbon in upper layer increased while pH decreased marginally under ZTM-ZTW as compared to CTM-CTW. Available N and P showed increasing trend with decrease in number of tillage operations after two years of MWCS. Tillage practices had no significant effect on available K. The grain yield of wheat was not influenced by tillage during 2019-20, but in 2020-21 it was significantly higher under ZT wheat sown after ZTM (5025 kg ha-1) than RTW (4622-4722 kg ha-1) and CTW (4593-4641 kg ha-1), irrespective of tillage practices in mung bean. The seed, stover and biological yields of mung bean were similar under all crop establishment methods in MWCS. This indicated sustainability of zero-tillage methods of establishment in MWCS.</div>

Zero-tillage in Mung Bean-Wheat Cropping System: Impact on Soil Properties and Crop Productivity

<div style="text-align: justify;">A study was conducted in two districts i.e. Fatehabad from South-West zone and Karnal from North- East Zone of Haryana state .A list of all the villages (Zero tillage technology users) in each selected village was prepared. Twenty farmers (having small, medium and large size of land holdings) were selected by using random sampling techniques from each village. Therefore, the sample constituted for the proposed study was one hundred and forty farmers/respondents to collect the information for the purposively study. To measure the knowledge and adoption level of ZTT users, they were asked to reply different questions on recommended aspects/practices of ZTT users. The correct answers were awarded a score and incorrect reply was given zero score. The scores obtained under various aspects/practices were summed up with both respondent wise and as well as component wise. The computing low, medium and high knowledge level on the basis of socio economic status. The study revealed that Mean knowledge score of the respondents was 62.75%. High socio-economic status farmers were found to have high level of knowledge in all practices i.e. pre sowing (72.26%), after sowing knowledge (74.66%) and fertilizer knowledge (74.16%) medium and low socio-economic status farmers had found poor or medium knowledge about ZTT. Pooled farmers (57.85%) had favoural attitude towards ZTT. High socio-economic status farmers (63.63%) had better attitude under favourable conditions than medium (32.09%) and low (24.32%) farmers. The SES farmers, having pre sowing adoption (66.80%) and fertilizer adoption (55.50%), after sowing adoption (50.66%) the medium and low SES. Farmers. High SES farmers than (63.63%) had better attitude under favourable condition than medium (32.09%) and low (24.32%) farmers.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Knowledge and attitude of farmers towards Zero &ndash; Tillage Technology in Haryana</div>

<div>Background: Weeds are prime factor that adversely effects on growth, quality and yield of mungbean during summer and rainy season. Being a short duration crop, it faces heavy weed competition right from the early growth stages to harvesting. The critical period of crop weed competition in mungbean was initial 25-30 days, yield may be reduce up to 50-90% if weeds not manage at this stage. Hence, there is a need to find out the successful weed management strategies to realize higher growth and yield. The progressive transformation of agriculture concerning intensive use of herbicides is gaining status in recent years due to easy, lower cost, timeliness and successful controlling weeds. Therefore, keeping above information in view, the present study was undertaken to assess the effect of different weed management practices in summer mungbean under zero tillage condition to find out the better weed management, higher productivity and profitability. 
 
Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during summer season, 2019, different herbicides were applied to manage weeds in mungbean. Eight treatments were applied based on various application windows. In the field and laboratory, the collected samples were determined for crop weed competition, yield attributes, yields and net returns. &nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that weed free treatment was recorded lowest weed population at 30 DAS and harvest (1.8 and 2.9), weed dry weight (1.1 and 1.9g) and highest weed control efficiency (96.3 and 94.9%) followed by Pendimethalin (PE) fb one HW and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) application. The similar results also observed in nutrients removed by weeds. Among yield attributes, weed free treatment recorded the longest pod length, no. of pods/plant, no. of seeds/pod and test weight (7.9, 21.0, 9.7 and 43.0g, respectively) which was at par with Pendimethalin (PE) fb one HW and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) application. The magnitude of seed yield was increased under weed free (10.1 q/ha) and Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) (9.5 q/ha) treatments by 127.9 and 113.8%, respectively over weedy check. Application of Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) recorded highest net returns (Rs 55,079/ha) and B: C (2.8) over rest of the treatments. It can concluded that application of Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) @ 2 L/ha at 20 DAS recommended for better weed control, higher yield and net returns of summer mungbean under zero tillage condition.</div>

<div>Effect of Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics, Nutrient Depletion, Productivity and Profitability of Summer Mungbean (Vigna radiata) under Zero Tillage Condition</div>

Zero Tillage (ZT) has been considered as a proven technology to increase the farm income, but its adoption in the semi-arid part of western India is still uncertain. This paper examines the ZT diffusion pattern (including the reasons for non- and dis-adoption and constraints in adoption of the technology) and estimates the farm-level impacts of the ZT technology. &nbsp;The most pronounced impact of ZT is at the cost-saving compartment. However, since ZT wheat farmers could sow the crop much earlier than their conventional counterparts results in gaining 8 percent increase in yield. &nbsp;Determinants of adoption were attempted employing a multinomial logit model. &nbsp;Ownership of ZT drill, cropping pattern and household factors were influencing ZT adoption. Although a number of constraints for continuous adoption of ZT, including uncongenial field situation (excess moisture, undulated plots, small landholding etc.) and difficulty to manage previous/kharif crop (pearl millet, cotton) residues. The ZT technology was also found to be effective in reducing the farmer dependency on external inputs and ensures sustainable production of wheat.

Adoption and impact of zero tillage in the rice-wheat&nbsp;production system of Haryana

<div>The present experimentation was undertaken during pre-kharif season of 2013 and 2014 to study the varietal performance of cowpea in rice-wheat cropping system at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibai, Cooch Behar, West Bengal after harvesting of wheat under zero tillage conditions and before rice sowing. Experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications by using eighteen varieties of cowpea. The result of pooled data revealed that all the growth, yield parameters and quality parameters varied significantly with respect to different varieties of cowpea. The longest and lowest vine length was noticed in Lafa Sundari Bangla (112.10 cm) and VU-5 (32.64 cm), minimum and maximum days for flowering, first harvesting and last harvesting was recorded in Kaberee and Pusa Phalguni Gold. Variety Girija and Deshi Lafa produced longest pod (45.40 cm), highest individual pod weight (14.29g). &nbsp;For number of pods per plant Triguna (31.07) was found highest which was statistically at par with Kanak (30.70), Kashi Kanchan (29.33). Maximum yield of 18.51 t/ha was obtained from Kashi Kanchan followed by Triguna (17.07 tonnes/ ha) and Kanak (16.69 tonnes/ha). Lafa Sundari Bangala recorded with highest beta carotene content (1037 IU/100g fresh pod), ascorbic acid content (20.17 mg/100g fresh pod) as well as highest protein content of 4.69 per cent. Hence, it is concluded that the cowpea variety Kashi Kanchan, Triguna and Kanak may be recommended for commercial cultivation in rice-wheat cropping system under terai zone of West Bengal as they produced higher yield (34.52 %, 24.06 % and 21.29 %, respectively) over the check variety Lafa Sundari Bangla.</div>

<div>Performance of cowpea varieties under zero tillage conditions in rice-wheat cropping system</div>

Background: Weeds are primary factors that adversely affect growth, yield and seed quality of summer green gram, which can be minimized with adoption of proper weed management practices. This field experiment was conducted to find out the effective weed management practice in summer green gram (Vigna radiata) under zero tillage condition. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation conducted during summer season 2019 on different herbicides were applied to manage weeds in summer green gram. Eight treatments were applied based on various application windows. In the field and laboratory, the collected samples were determined for growth parameters, nutrient uptakes, seed yield and seed quality of summer green gram. 
 
Result: The result revealed that weed free treatment recorded higher growth parameters like, plant height, number of branch/plant, number of leaves/plant and root biomass which was statically at par with Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) as post-emergence (POE) at 20 DAS and Pendimethalin as pre-emergence (PE) followed by one hand weeding 20 DAS. Same trends were also observed in seed yield, nutrient content and uptake by seeds. Seed quality parameters like germination per cent (98.00), shoot (25.63 cm) root (14.20 cm) and seedling length (39.83 cm), seedling dry weight (0.16 g), vigour index I (3903.33) and vigour index II (14.96) was higher under weed free followed by Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) and Pendimethalin as (PE followed by one hand weeding 20 DAS&nbsp; over weed check.

Yield and Seed Quality of Summer Green Gram as Influenced by Weed Management under Zero Tillage

<div>Background: The cropping pattern of southwestern (SW) coastal Bangladesh has been improving from Fallow-Fallow-Transplanted aman paddy to Sunflower-Fallow-Transplanted aman paddy. The emerging cropping pattern of SW Bangladesh from single transplanted aman paddy to double cropping, sunflower in winter after transplanted aman paddy needs new crop husbandry including nutrient management particularly nitrogen (N). Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the yield response of late sown sunflower to rates and application ratio (basal:top dressed) of N in the coastal soil of SW Bangladesh. 
 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted during winter season (2018-19) in a randomized complete block design and replicated thrice. The experimental treatments consisted of seven N rates (0, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 210 kg ha-1) and three application ratio (50%:50%, 25%:75% and 0%:100%). 
 
Result: Results revealed that with the increased of N rates, dry matter, seed yield, yield attributes and net income were substantially increased: the highest values of these parameters were found at 150 and 180 kg N ha-1 when applied @ ratio of 25%:75% (basal: top dressed) despite non-significant interaction while the agronomic efficiency was higher at 60 kg ha-1 next decreased. The findings of the study suggested that N @ 150 kg ha-1 with 25%:75% application ratio is suitable for late sown sunflower in the coastal soil of SW Bangladesh.</div>

Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Application Ratio on Late Sown Sunflower in Wet Soil under Zero Tillage in the Coastal Zone of Southwestern Bangladesh

Residual impact of Zero Tillage and Conventional Tillage on the Productivity of Field Pea Variety Aman (IPF 5-19) and Prakash (IPFD 1-10) under Rice Fallow System

Zero Tillage (ZT) Potato Cultivation

Conservation Agriculture: A Review of Plant Residue use with Zero Tillage and Crop Rotation

Zero-tillage in Mung Bean-Wheat Cropping System: Impact on Soil Properties and Crop Productivity

Knowledge and attitude of farmers towards Zero – Tillage Technology in Haryana

Effect of Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics, Nutrient Depletion, Productivity and Profitability of Summer Mungbean (Vigna radiata) under Zero Tillage Condition

Adoption and impact of zero tillage in the rice-wheat production system of Haryana

Performance of cowpea varieties under zero tillage conditions in rice-wheat cropping system

Yield and Seed Quality of Summer Green Gram as Influenced by Weed Management under Zero Tillage

Effect of Nitrogen Rate and Application Ratio on Late Sown Sunflower in Wet Soil under Zero Tillage in the Coastal Zone of Southwestern Bangladesh