Background: Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium udum (Butler) var. cajani is one of the most important soil-borne diseases of pigeonpea capable of causing 30-100% loss in grain yield. So it is essential to establish the relationship with weather parameters and prediction of per cent disease incidence.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: An experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications and sixteen treatment combinations considering different varieties and sowing windows. Correlation and multiple linear regression equations were elucidated between weather parameters and per cent disease incidence (PDI) of Fusarium wilt on different pigeonpea varieties under different sowing windows during 2017-18 and 2018-19. 
 
Result: The correlation of weather parameters with PDI of Fusarium wilt indicated that significant and positively correlation with maximum and minimum temperature and negative correlation with evening relative humidity. Among all sowing windows 30th meteorological week (MW) sowing window with the variety ICPH 2740 PDI for two weeks prior was significantly positively correlated with maximum temperature (0.871** and 0.919**) and morning relative humidity (0.727* and 0.056). The prediction of PDI of Fusarium wilt with multiple linear regression equations were recorded the highest R2 valueas 95.5% in case of treatment combination of 30th MW and the variety Vipula.&nbsp;

Assessment of Weather Parameters on Per Cent Disease Incidence and Forewarning Models of Fusarium Wilt in Pigeonpea as Influenced by Different Sowing Windows

<div>Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) contributes 18% of the global production of grain legume and serves as an important source of dietary protein. Fusarium wilt, caused by soil borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri appears to be the most devastating diseases of chickpea throughout the world. It is one of the important limiting factors of chickpea production in India. The disease causes substantial yield losses which may reach even 100 per cent under favorable weather conditions. 
 
Methods: Pot culture experiments were conducted at Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura, Jaipur during rabi 2014-15 and 2015-16 to study the effect of nutrients on wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (Padwick) in chickpea (Cicer arirtinum). In the first experiment, the treatments comprised of four nitrogen levels-viz. 0, 15, 20 and 25 kg/ha and four phosphorus levels- viz. 0, 30, 40 and 50 kg/ha tried in sixteen treatment combinations. Surface sterilized seeds of chickpea cultivar L-550 were sown in each pot. After sowing, 400 ml water was supplied to each pot; there after watering was done at an interval of 6 days. In second experiment, the treatments comprised of 7 micronutrients viz. zinc, manganese, calcium, copper, cobalt, iron and nickel used at the rate of 10mg/kg of soil. Chickpea cultivar L-550 was used as a test crop.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Disease incidence was recorded periodically commencing 15 days after sowing and was continued up to 55 days after sowing. Levels of nitrogen application had increased wilt incidence successively in both the years. Whereas, a reverse trend was observed with the application of phosphorus, incidence of wilt was decreased with increasing levels of phosphorus. Application of zinc and calcium reduced the wilt incidence significantly over check. Zinc was found to be most effective in minimizing the disease incidence.&nbsp;</div>

​Effect of Nutrients on Wilt in Chickpea

<div style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;&nbsp;Field experiments were conducted during Kharif seasons of 2013 and 2014 in the farmer&#39;s field of Gariyaband, Chhattisgarh, India to find out different integrated management levels of control schedule for pigeonpea wilt disease. All treatments had a significant effect on germination percent, disease incidence, seed yield and disease index in both the consecutive years of experimentation. T4&ndash;Seed treatment with Thiram + Carbendazim+ Trichoderma viride + Rhizobium + Soil application of Trichoderma viride, resulted in higher germination percentage (96.8 and 97.2), wilt incidence percent at 60 DAS (2.97 and 3.15), wilt incidence per cent at 150 DAS (9.68 and 7.65) and seed yield (15.10 and 16.28 q ha-1) during 2013 and 2014, respectively and was found superior over rest of the treatments. The loss in pigeonpea yield was up to the tune of 18.86 to 54.24% due to the incidence of wilt disease.</div>

Integrated Disease Management for Pigeonpea Wilt Caused by&nbsp;Fusarium udum

Background: Wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris in chickpea remains a persistent threat, leading to substantial losses in both quantity and quality. A roving survey was undertaken during rabi 2022-23 and 2023-24 to assemble information on chickpea wilt affected areas of Telangana state, India. 
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Methods: Wilt incidence of chickpea was calculated in each field by using the quadrant mode. The coordinates of surveyed fields were additionally recorded with the help of GPS and disease incidence was calculated. 
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Result: 14 villages in 7 districts namely Gadwal, Naryanpet, Mancherial, Nizamabad, Nirmal, Siddipet and Ranga Reddy districts were surveyed. Maximum (41.92% and 44.24%) wilt incidence was recorded in Basar village of Nirmal district, followed (31.92% and 35.31%) by Mudhole of Nirmal. Wilt incidence was minimum (16.47% and 20.21%) at Hindupur of Naryanpet. Overall incidence level of wilt in seven districts indicated that Nirmal had maximum level of disease incidence ranging from 19-44% followed by Gadwal (19-44%), Nizamabad (19-35%), Ranga Reddy (19-35%), Siddipet (16-25%), Mancherial (16-25%) respectively. These findings highlight the widespread presence of Fusarium wilt in chickpea crop growing regions of Telangana. Consequently, it is essential to explore effective management strategies to address this issue, as chickpea is a remunerative pulse crop suitable for cultivation in black soils during early rabi. 
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Assessment for Chickpea Fusarium Wilt in Telangana

<div>Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legume crop in the world and mostly cultivated during the cool winter season (Nov-Feb) in India. In recent, chickpea production and yield drastically reduced in India due to abnormal monsoonal rainfall distribution and soil conditions has been changed due to several improper management of fields and especially soil borne disease like wilt. On regularly, Fusarium wilt incidence occurring early sown cultivars. The wilt incidence occurred during 18-35 days on ramification stage, so the plant loses their reproduction stage and yield also retarded. Several strategies were applied in management of wilt but the pathogen (F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris) recovered their virulence ability and broke the host resistance. Continuously screened the selection of resistant lines, combined application of biocontrol treatments, plant defense activators and fungicides recorded the highest yield with least incidence of wilt.</div>

Ecology, Biology and Management of Fusarium Wilt in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): A Review

<div>Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the most important leguminous crop around the world. Fusarium wilt incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris is a major biotic constraint in chickpea production. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of plant extracts, fungicides and bio-agents against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris under in vitro and field conditions.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Plant extracts and fungicides were evaluated using poison food technique while antagonistic activity of bio-agents was studied using dual culture technique under in vitro conditions. Field trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different plant extracts, fungicides and bio-agents against Fusarium wilt at Experimental Area of Plant Pathology, CCS HAU, Hisar. 
 
Result: Among thirteen plant extracts evaluated in vitro, neem leaves extract was found to be the most effective in inhibiting mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris followed by datura leaves&rsquo; and garlic cloves&rsquo; extract which were statistically at par. Out of six plant extracts tested against Fusarium wilt under field conditions, seed treatment with extracts of neem and datura leaves at 10% concentration were most effective and curtailed the wilt incidence by 39.02 and 34.14% along with 7.55 and 6.83% enhanced seed yield. Among fungicides, carbendazim 50 WP was the most toxic fungicide in restricting colony diameter of the pathogen with the least EC50 and EC90 values of 1.28 and 15.24 ppm a.i. followed by azoxystrobin 23 SC with corresponding values of 1.57 and 49.16 ppm a.i., respectively. Seed treatment with carbendazim 50 WP and azoxystrobin 23 SC were superior over other treatments and provided 88.41 and 85.98% reduction in disease incidence along with 12.85 and 10.99% higher seed yield over control. Among the bio-agents tested, T. viride and T. harzianum gave the best results in suppressing the pathogen growth in vitro and in minimizing the disease incidence coupled with improvement in seed yield under field conditions. The present study has provided chemical and non-chemical measures for integrated management of chickpea wilt.</div>

<div>Construing the Role of Plant Extracts, Fungicides and Bio-agents in Ameliorating Fusarium Wilt Management in Chickpea</div>

<div>Background: Castor is an important non-edible oil seeds crop of Gujarat state. Yield potentiality of this crop has been considerably improved through several breeding techniques. Now days, a wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ricini) of castor has become a serious problem. The present study therefore, was under taken to use populations of P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2 generations in each of six crosses of castor. The six crosses were selected in such a way that two crosses in each group of resistance x resistance, resistance x susceptible and susceptible x susceptible made available for detail study of gene effects for wilt resistance. 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in a compact family block design with three replications during kharif, 2017. The experimental materials consisted of four pistillate lines viz., VP-1, Geeta, SKP-84 and SKP-106&nbsp; and six inbred lines viz., VI-9, JI-35, 48-1, SH-72, SKI-215 and PCS-124 selected from the germplasm maintained at the Castor and Mustard Research Station, S.D. Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar. Each entry was planted in a single row of 10 dibbles maintaining 120 cm row to row and 60 cm plant to plant distances. 
 
Result: The analysis of variance revealed significant difference among different generations for wilt incidence and seed yield indicating considerable variability in the material tested. The estimation of the gene effects revealed that additive as well as non-additive gene effects were observed for wilt incidence and seed yield in all the six cross. In the cross, VP - 1 x JI- 35 the wilt incidence estimation of scaling test and gene effect&nbsp; was observed non-significant indicating non-allelic interaction was absent for this character, while for seed yield, all the crosses have significant scaling test indicating the presence of non-allelic interactions for this trait.</div>

<div>Generation Mean Analysis for Seed Yield and Wilt Resistance in Castor (Ricinus communis L.)</div>

Phasing out of methyl bromide has resulted in the need for alternative strategies for the management of soilborne pests and diseases. Among several bioactive molecules, glucosinolates from Brassicaceae and their enzymatic degradation products, especially isothiocyanates formed by myrosinase enzyme, stand out as a promising alternative biofumigants. The effectiveness of biocidal compounds released from brassica species {Sinapis alba L. (syn. Brassica alba L.), B. nigra L., B. napus L., B. rapa L., B. juncea L. and B. carinata} tissue degradation on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris (Padwick) Matuo &amp; K.Sato (F.o.c; causal agent of chickpea wilt) growth in vitro, propagule attrition in soil and incidence of chickpea wilt in the field was carried out. Brassica alba L. was found to be the most toxic as it resulted in maximum percent mycelial growth inhibition of the pathogen followed by B. nigra L. &nbsp;and B. juncea L. tissues. Under glasshouse conditions, B. nigra was found most effective in reducing the colony forming units of the pathogen followed by B. alba L. and B. juncea L.. Lowest wilt severity under field conditions was observed in B. juncea L. tissues while greatest grain yield was produced in B. alba L. amended plots. The present study showed that the soil amendment with brassicas might be a feasible non-chemical approach to manage fusarium wilt of chickpea.

Management of fusarium wilt of chickpea using brassicas as biofumigants 
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<div>Background: Management of bacterial wilt of tomato in Ralstonia solanacearum affected soils is a major issue in tomato cultivation in different agro-ecological regions in Kerala state which affects the production and productivity of the crop. To develop a suitable management protocol for this disease, the field experiments were conducted during 2019 and 2020 in a bacterial wilt-sick field at Kerala agricultural university, Thrissur, Kerala, India. 
 
Methods: Twelve different treatments viz. soil application of bleaching powder, soil test based lime application, streptocycline root dip, drenching of copper hydroxide and copper oxychloride at different doses, seed treatment and seedling dip with Pseudomonas fluorescens, drenching of Pseudomonas fluorescens, planting grafted seedlings and different integrations and combinations of the above treatments were assessed for the management of bacterial wilt. 
 
Result: The majority of integrations were superior over individual treatments. The higher yield with less disease incidence was obtained from the integration of soil treatment of bleaching powder (15 kg/ha) + soil test based lime application + streptocycline (@ 2 g/10 L) root dip + drenching of copper oxychloride (@ 0.3%) and therefore, this integration protocol is recommended for management of bacterial wilt of tomato in wilt affected soils in Kerala state.</div>

​Integrated Management Protocol for Bacterial Wilt Disease of Tomato in Ralstonia solanacearum Affected Soils in Kerala State

Background: Chickpea is an important legume crop, which is susceptible to various biotic stresses. Wilt disease severely affect chickpea crop and cause substantial yield reduction. Trichoderma species is a prominent bio-control agent, which is applied against soil borne pathogens. Trichoderma spp. is available in the market in different formulations. The present study investigated the efficacy of a novel Trichoderma viride based seed biopriming method against wilt causing pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri) in chickpea crop. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted in-vitro and in-vivo for two years to assess the effect of different doses of T.viride based bioformulation on chickpea seed quality parameters, plant survival against wilt pathogen and chickpea seed yield.&nbsp; 
 
Result:&nbsp;Significantly chickpea plants survived (68.71%) against the impact of wilt pathogen when seeds were bioprimed with T. viride bio-formulation @ 5 g/kg seeds. In contrast, only 51.78% chickpea plants survived from untreated seeds. Comparatively high chickpea yield (7.23 q/ha) was produced from bioprimed seeds than untreated seeds (4.65 q/ha). Bio-formation of T. viride (@ 5 g/kg seeds-based seed biopriming is an eco-friendly method to overcome notorious wilt pathogen that lessen the disease incidence and improves the seed quality traits and maximizes the seed yield.

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Assessment of Weather Parameters on Per Cent Disease Incidence and Forewarning Models of Fusarium Wilt in Pigeonpea as Influenced by Different Sowing Windows

Effect of Nutrients on Wilt in Chickpea

Integrated Disease Management for Pigeonpea Wilt Caused by Fusarium udum

Assessment for Chickpea Fusarium Wilt in Telangana

Ecology, Biology and Management of Fusarium Wilt in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): A Review

Construing the Role of Plant Extracts, Fungicides and Bio-agents in Ameliorating Fusarium Wilt Management in Chickpea

Generation Mean Analysis for Seed Yield and Wilt Resistance in Castor (Ricinus communis L.)

Management of fusarium wilt of chickpea using brassicas as biofumigants

Integrated Management Protocol for Bacterial Wilt Disease of Tomato in Ralstonia solanacearum Affected Soils in Kerala State

Effect of Seed Biopriming with Trichoderma viride based A Bio-formulation for Management of Chickpea Wilt