<div>Background: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum which is considered as a &ldquo;King of pulses&rdquo; get adversely affected by several biotic and abiotic stresses, out of which gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (H&uuml;bner) is the major one. The damage caused by H. armigera starts from vegetative growth and continues till maturity of the crop. This pest is causes 25 to 70 per cent pod damage in chickpea but in favorable conditions pod damage goes upto 95 per cent.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Present study was carried out during, rabi, 2014-15 and 2015-16 at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Bikaner (Rajasthan). Correlation coefficient was worked out with weather parameters such as temperature (maximum and minimum), relative humidity (maximum and minimum), rainfall and sunshine hours. Multiple linear forms of regression model were also used to assess the effect of the weather parameters on the incidence of pod borer. 
 
Result: The studies revealed that peak larval population of gram pod borer was recorded in the second fortnight of February thereafter, population declined abruptly. The larval population of pod borer on chickpea occurred low at vegetative and flowering stages and high at pod formation as well as at grain developmental stages. The temperature (maximum and minimum) and sunshine hours had significant positive correlation with larval population during rabi, 2015-16. The maximum relative humidity showed significant negative correlation during rabi, 2015-16 whereas, minimum relative humidity showed significant negative correlation with larval population during both the seasons. The rainfall showed significant positive correlation during rabi, 2014-15.</div>

Relationship between Weather Parameters and Incidence of Gram Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera on Chickpea

<div>Background: The primary objective of the study was to find out the effect of Weather parameters on the Chakhao production. Reports postulated that crop productivity is impacted by agricultural practises rather than climate. However, yield is very much dependent on environmental and cultural conditions which are less studied and not yet defined.&nbsp;Since Chakhao is traditionally a low yielding crop of Manipur. Despite of being their great values in nutrition, medicinally and economically, the farmers of Manipur neglect the cultivation of the black scented rice in large scale due its low yield. Thus, the current study was taken to have a better understanding of the growth and yield with effect to weather parameters of the three Chakhao cultivars viz. Poireiton, Amubi, Angouba. 
 
Methods: The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of various weather parameters on growth and yield of black scented and aromatic rice cultivars of Manipur. During this study, three local rice cultivars of Manipur was cultivated&nbsp; in kharif crop season&nbsp; (June-July to November-December)&nbsp; during the year 2019 , 2020 and 2021 at PDDUIAS, Research farm of Utlou, Manipur. The experimental field is located at 24&deg;43&#39;78&rdquo;N Latitude, 93&deg;51&#39;60&rdquo;E Longitude and the elevation or altitude of 2513 feet above mean sea level. During these experiments different major growth stages were recorded, while all other input parameters were kept constant. For this study the spacing adopted was 25 cm x 25 cm. After harvesting, the agro-morphological characters compared to analyse the effect of weather parameters were Temperature, Relative Humidity, Rainfall and Wind speed for the period of 3 years i.e., 2019, 2020, 2021.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was observed that the rice variety Chakhao Angouba resulted the highest yield followed by Chakhao Poireiton and Chakhao Amubi. The correlation between weather parameters and agro-morphological growth and yield related parameters were estimated by Pearson correlation coefficient and degree of dependencies of these agro-morphological parameters on weather parameters were analysed by using linear regression analysis. All the yield attributing characters i.e., number of panicles per plant, number of grains per panicle and 1000 grain weight (g) were taken but they do not showed significant correlation except average rainfall and the number of leaves.</div>

The Effect of Weather Parameters on Yield Performance of Some Aromatic Rice Cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) of Manipur

<div>Background: Time of planting is the most important factor in influencing the yield of the crop. Performance of genotype entirely depends upon the time of planting. For obtaining higher paddy production study of crop for transplanting time and different varieties concerning weather parameters are very necessary. 
 
Methods: Experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications at Agriculture Research Station Farm, Vadgaon-Maval, Tal-Maval, Dist-Pune (M.S.) during Kharif, 2013 to study effect of transplanting time on different varieties of paddy concerning weather parameters. 48 treatment combinations were comprised of 4 transplanting times viz., 26th, 28th, 30th and 32nd meteorological weeks and four varieties viz., VDN-3-51-18, VDN-99-29, IET-13549 and RDN-99-1. 
 
Result:&nbsp;Transplanting of Kharif paddy during 28th&nbsp;MW improved plant growth. Variety VDN-99-29 recorded significantly higher plant growth. Among the interaction, when the VDN-99-29 variety of paddy was transplanted during 28th MW produced significant effect on plant growth. Correlation indicated that maximum temperature, bright sun hour and growing degree days showed significant and negative co-relationship with plant-growth, minimum temperature, RH-I and RH-II showed positive and significant correlation with growth.</div>

Growth and Correlation with Weather Parameters as Affected by Transplanting Time and Different Varieties of Paddy (Oryza sativa L.)

Background: Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium udum (Butler) var. cajani is one of the most important soil-borne diseases of pigeonpea capable of causing 30-100% loss in grain yield. So it is essential to establish the relationship with weather parameters and prediction of per cent disease incidence.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: An experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications and sixteen treatment combinations considering different varieties and sowing windows. Correlation and multiple linear regression equations were elucidated between weather parameters and per cent disease incidence (PDI) of Fusarium wilt on different pigeonpea varieties under different sowing windows during 2017-18 and 2018-19. 
 
Result: The correlation of weather parameters with PDI of Fusarium wilt indicated that significant and positively correlation with maximum and minimum temperature and negative correlation with evening relative humidity. Among all sowing windows 30th meteorological week (MW) sowing window with the variety ICPH 2740 PDI for two weeks prior was significantly positively correlated with maximum temperature (0.871** and 0.919**) and morning relative humidity (0.727* and 0.056). The prediction of PDI of Fusarium wilt with multiple linear regression equations were recorded the highest R2 valueas 95.5% in case of treatment combination of 30th MW and the variety Vipula.&nbsp;

Assessment of Weather Parameters on Per Cent Disease Incidence and Forewarning Models of Fusarium Wilt in Pigeonpea as Influenced by Different Sowing Windows

Background: A major biotic constraint in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production is gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (H&uuml;bner). However, the population of this pest is reduced to some extent by a solitary endo-larval parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae Uchida under field conditions. Climate change has a greater impact on natural enemies&rsquo; effectiveness used in field-level pest management. Therefore, the present study was conducted to understand the impact of weather factors on C. chlorideae parasitization rate of H. armigera in chickpea grown in the new alluvial agro-climatic zone of West Bengal. 
 
Methods: Chickpea was grown in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications during Rabi 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-2020, at Mondouri Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Visawavidayala, Mohanpur, West Bengal. To know the most significant weather parameter which influences C. chlorideae parasitization or parasitoid incidence, H. armigera larvae (2nd instar) collected from the field experiment were reared until cocoon formation and parasitization % was correlated with weather parameters and subsequently subjected to stepwise regression analysis. 
 
Result: The larval endo-parasitoid, C. chlorideae marked its first appearance from 3rd SMW after the appearance of H. armigera and its activity was high (68% to 72% parasitization) during the flowering to pod initiation stage and thereafter declined gradually. Among the weather variables, only temperature (maximum and minimum) had a consistent and significant negative correlation with C. chlorideae incidence and was responsible for nearly 50% C. chlorideae incidence. An increase in 1&deg;C temperature results in a decrease of 4% parasitoid incidence. Thus, climate change in the near future will have a considerable influence on the overall survival, development and rate of parasitization of parasitoids.

Weather Parameter&rsquo;s Impact on Natural Parasitization by Campoletis chlorideae Uchida in Chickpea Ecosystem - New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal

Background: Mungbean may be grown in an extensive range of agro climatic zones in India and across the world. It is a crucial component of our diet. Because of its capacity to fix nitrogen, it also plays a vital role in managing soil fertility. Mung beans are one of the most significant crops for farmers as a cash crop. In order to implement control measures effectively and on schedule, it is crucial to monitor the population dynamics of major sucking pests, such as aphids, jassids and whiteflies in relation of weather parameters. 
 
Methods: PDM-139 (Samrat) variety seeds were manually planted 5-7cm deep in the ground. Weekly observations were made from 10 randomly chosen plants Split cage methods were used to record the observations of jassids and whiteflies and aphids from the top and bottom surfaces of the first three trifoliate plants were tallied. Averages population were computed. 
 
Result: The incidence of pest population start on the 14-15th standard meteorological weeks which attain their peak population in 19th SMW. The insect-pest population was established positive correlation with the max and min temperature whereas population was negatively correlated with R.H. and Rainfall.

Impact of Weather Parameters on the Population Fluctuation of Major Sucking Pest in Summer Mung Bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]

Background: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops in India, playing a crucial role in the country&rsquo;s economy. This crop is vulnerable to various insect pests starting from vegetative to maturity phase, of which, the leaf miner Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) cause substantial yield loss especially in rainfed groundnut cultivation. Most of the farmers were reluctant to adopt integrated management strategies and prefer to take up only chemical pesticides. Biological control is one of the effective management options since the groundnut ecosystem harbours several biological agents. Natural biocontrol agents including hymenopteran parasitoids like Bracon gelechiae, Goniozus sp., Apanteles sp., Stenomesius japonicus etc. plays a vital role in managing the pest under irrigated ecosystem. Only limited studies were available on the effectiveness of these natural bio-control agents in rainfed ecosystem and hence, present study was focused on the natural parasitization of A. modicella in rainfed groundnut ecosystem. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The field survey was conducted during Summer and Kharif, 2023 in Nambiyur block, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India to record the natural parasitization percentage on 10 randomly selected plants at weekly interval. The parasitized larva and pupa of A. modicella were collected and reared under laboratory conditions to record the emergence of parasitoids The natural parasitization was correlated with the weather parameters prevailed during the cropping season. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Bracon sp. has been identified as the major natural enemy of A. modicella under rainfed ecosystem. During Summer 2023, minimum parasitization level of 8.0 per cent was observed in the 12th&nbsp;Standard Mean Week (SMW) i.e., second fortnight of March. Subsequently, the parasitization levels were increased during Kharif, 2023 with the moderate (18.00%) during 23rd to 30th SMW i.e., June-July and peaked (26.00 %) during 31st&nbsp;to 33rd&nbsp;SMW i.e., July-August months. The correlation analysis results revealed that the maximum temperature (0.768), minimum temperature (0.533), rainfall (0.015) and Sunshine hours (0.483) were positively correlated and Relative humidity (-0.146) was negatively correlated with the per cent parasitization.&nbsp;

Natural Field Parasitization of Groundnut Leaf Miner, Aproaerema modicella (Deventer) and Influence by Weather Parameters in Rainfed Groundnut Ecosystem

Background: Oil palm has been recognized as one of the most important crops especially in Southeast Asia and the rest of the world. Palm oil production has recently been lowered as a result of the influence of various factors, which include weather and climate. The distribution of temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation and rainfall all influence the growth and development of palms, which later reflects in the production quantity of the fresh fruit bunches and palm oil. The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of various weather factors especially (temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation and rainfall) on oil palm production in Peninsular Malaysia.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 version was used to analyse the data, which include descriptive statistics and multilinear regression (MLR). The MLR model evaluated the strength of the relationship between oil palm yield (as a dependent variable) and temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity and precipitation. Temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation and rainfall, on the other hand, have been shown to have little effect on oil palm production and yield.&nbsp; 
 
Result: According to the R2 value, the independent variables only explained 20.2% of the variation in palm oil production. This study recommends operating within a comprehensive framework that includes scientific research, planting improved varieties, enhancing regional intellectual and academic leadership, engaging the participation of private and public stakeholders, highlighting participatory initiatives with researchers in consumer countries and enhancing growers&rsquo; ability to adapt best agroecological practises.

What does Modelling Tells us on the Influence of&nbsp;Certain Weather Parameters on Oil Palm Production in Peninsular Malaysia

<div>Background: Legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Fabricius), infests the Dolichos bean throughout the cropping season. However, there is no information on the seasonal abundance of M. vitrata over different seasons on Dolichos bean, which is an essential tool for forecasting and developing integrated pest management strategies.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The seasonal abundance of M. vitrata on Dolichos bean were studied during three consecutive cropping seasons of 2019 Summer, Kharif and Rabi. The larval population in flowers and pods and the number of larval webbings and weather parameters were recorded and subjected to correlation and multiple linear regression analysis. 
 
Result: The overall larval abundance was observed to be higher in flowers than in pods. The highest larval abundance in flowers and pods was 14.60 and 13.40 during the 48th and 50th standard meteorological week (SMW) of Rabi 2019 respectively, which corresponds to 8 to 10 weeks after sowing (WAS) in flowers and 10 to 12 WAS in the case of pods. The number of larval webbings was higher, with 18.76 during the 49th SMW of Rabi 2019. The maximum temperature had a significant negative correlation with the larval abundance in flowers (r= -0.570), pods (r= -0.523) and the number of active webbings (r= -0.477). At the same time, the regression coefficient shows that rainfall had a significant negative influence on the larval abundance in pods (B= -1.26).</div>

Influence of Weather Parameters on the Seasonal Abundance of Legume Pod Borer Maruca vitrata (Crambidae: Lepidoptera) on Dolichos Bean (Lablab purpureus var. typicus)

Background: Powdery mildew of cluster bean causes considerable yield loss upto 50-55%. Studies carried on cluster bean powdery mildew are very few and as such there is no information related to epidemiology of the disease. Environmental factors decide the epidemic of the disease and are being used to forecast the disease severity. 
 
Methods: Five different dates of sowing of cluster bean were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with four replications at Main Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Dharwad. Observations on the first appearance of the disease and severity were recorded at weekly intervals using disease scoring scale 0-9 and along with pod yield were considered for statistical analysis. The weather data was used to correlate with the disease severity and correlation matrix was worked out. Further, the observations were converted to % disease index to calculate rate of infection and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) for each date of sowing.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Sowing of crop in first fortnight of September recorded the minimum mean disease severity of 19.10% and recorded pod yield of 4.72 t/ha with lower value of area under disease progress curve (1270.50) as against crop sown in first fortnight of November that recorded the 39.39 % of maximum mean disease severity, 3.82 t/ha pod yield and 2583.88 of area under disease progress curve. The mean maximum temperature was positively correlated (0.89) with % disease index whereas, minimum temperature (-0.87), morning relative humidity (-0.81) and evening relative humidity (-0.88) were negatively correlated with % disease index. Disease progression was started at 35 days after sowing and the maximum &lsquo;r&rsquo; value of 0.157 was observed during the II fortnight of September followed by an &lsquo;r&rsquo; value of 0.142 during the I fortnight of September whereas, a lower &lsquo;r&rsquo; value of 0.009 was observed in I fortnight of September sown crop at 63-69 days after sowing.