<div>Background: Infestation of aquatic weeds indicates surface water pollution, thus questioning its potential use. The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of water hyacinth infestation in surface water in terms of surface cover and morphological characteristics.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Surface water samples at a depth of less than 30 cm were collected from water hyacinth covered and uncovered sites and analyzed for water quality parameters such pH, TSS, DO, turbidity and EC. Water hyacinth plants were also collected using a 1 m2 quadrate to investigate the relationship between water quality and weed morphological characters. 
 
Result: The water quality was comparatively low at water hyacinth covered sites than uncovered sites for pH (7.09-7.89), TSS (0.5-1.86), DO (4.15-6.08), turbidity (5.57-25.9) and EC (91-748). Amongst, TSS (p&lt;0.05) only showed a significant difference. Hence, morphological characters, leaf length and width were significantly and positively (0.956) correlated to each other. Further turbidity and EC respectively showed positive and negative correlation to leaf length (r=0.219, r=-0.290) and leaf width (r=0.194, r=-0.257). Though water hyacinth infestation lowered the water quality, the values were within the tolerance limits for standard surface water. Therefore, the present study concluded that water hyacinth infestation did not degrade the surface water quality intensively and the surface water could be utilized for aquaculture, agriculture or recreational purposes with or without minimal treatment.</div>

Effect of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Infestation on Selected Surface Water Quality Parameters

Background: This study aimed at assessing the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of the water at the softener outlet and the steam boiler water condensate of a dairy unit located in Bechar province (South-West of Algeria). 
 
Methods: Some physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were analyzed based on standard methods given by the American Public Health Association (APHA). 
 
Result: The obtained results showed that the parameters: pH, EC, salinity, TA, TAC, sulfate, nitrate, and fluoride ions of most analyzed water samples at the softener outlet (SW) were in agreement with national regulations. However, the steam boiler water condensate samples (BW) were out of specification except for TA, TAC, nitrate, and fluoride ions. The SW and BW samples were qualified as very hard exceeding the standard set at 15&deg;f and 10,5 to 11,5&deg;f, respectively, with high salinity and TDS values. The bacteriological analysis showed that most of the steam boiler water condensate samples complied with national regulations with the absence of fecal coliforms, knowing that the BW5 and BW8 samples were contaminated with spores of sulfite-reducing Clostridia at a load of 3 and 1 spore/50 mL, respectively. However, an average of 6/10 (i.e. 60%) of the softened water samples were contaminated with the opportunistic species &lsquo;Pseudomonas aeruginosa&rsquo;, while the SW5, SW8 and SW10 samples were contaminated with spores of sulfite-reducing Clostridia (1 to 11 spores/50 mL). All samples were free from Salmonella spp. A high TH of the water at the softener outlet reveals a malfunction of the external treatment (softening). On the one hand, boiler scaling that may occur can reduce the steam flow (low efficiency of the heat treatment), which contributes to poor pasteurization of the milk, especially in the presence of bacterial contaminants, and on the other hand, increase the energy expenditure.

Softened Water and Steam Boiler Water Condensate Quality used in the Milk Production Line of a Private Dairy Unit Located in Bechar Province (South-West of Algeria): Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analysis

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: India is facing high water stress and it is amongst those with the most fragile and uncertain water resource countries in the world. Crop productivity depends on quality of input supply including seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and supported by irrigation facilities. In India, ground water irrigates more than 61% of net cropped area and much of water being used for irrigating rice crop. The disproportionate water uses for crop production results in poor water productivity. The planning of water resources could be achieved by knowing the crop water requirements in different seasons and productivity of water. Hence, study was taken up to assess the water use and productivity of crops under intensively ground water irrigated watershed. 
 
Methods: A study conducted to assess the water use and productivity of different crops grown in Kothakunta sub watershed (having 206 working bore wells with cultivated area of 203.5 ha) in Siddipet district of Telangana, India during kharif and rabi season of 2008 to 2012, data were collected from 147 farmers on rice, maize, cotton, potato, flora beans and tomato crops grown under irrigation. The water applied to crops was measured by fixing water meters at the end of water delivery pipe and recorded the quantity of water applied each time. For rice crop four plots were taken and for other crops two plots were taken for measuring the water. The water use and productivity were assessed by using standard procedure.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The water productivity was found to be higher to vegetables, which ranged between 2.43 kg of potato, 1.57 kg of beans and 1.26 kg of tomato than cereals (0.79 kg for maize and 0.39 kg for rabi rice) per cubic meter of irrigation water consumed. Water productivity in terms of monetary return (₹) per cubic meter of water consumed was higher with beans (₹ 17.20) in contrast to potato (₹ 16.12). Rice equivalent yield (REY) calculated per cubic meter of irrigation water consumption was very similar to economic return (₹ per cubic meter of water).</div>

<div>Assessment of Crop Water Productivity in an Intensively Cultivated Watershed of Peninsular India</div>

<div>Background: This study aims was to assess the water quality and efficiency of the Ouled Mellouk dam treatment plant (North Western Algeria). This plant consists of conventional water treatment units, like other treatment plants in Algeria, these were coagulation- floculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. 
 
Methods: The study was based on analyzes and monitoring of the main physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters of raw and treated water monthly from January to December 2018. 
 
Result: Raw water has relatively high hardness (49&deg;F). Turbidity was high (23.93 NTU), manganese has a max of 0.407 mg/l. These values exceeded the Algerian standards limits. Nutrients and organic matter were in increase and coliforms were present with high levels. All analysed parameters were in decrease in treated water, with the exception of sulphate which was in increase and they were within the Algerian standards. The plant has a moderate removal efficiency of 48%, with a high removal effeciency of coliforms (100%), of turbidity (94.62%) and manganese (88.69%).</div>

​Water Quality Assessment of the Ouled Mellouk Dam Treatment Plant, North Western Algeria

<div>Background: Thanjavur is a cauvery delta zone for paddy growing area of Tamil Nadu. The current study aiming with understanding about chemical properties and nutrient status of soils of selected area and assessing quality of water bodies.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was conducted during 2018-19 at Palayappatti and its surrounding villages in Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu to find out the nutrient status of soil and water. Fifty representative soil samples and ten water samples collected with the objectives of analyzing chemical properties of soil and assessing water quality in Palayapatti and its surrounding villages of Thanjavur district. 
 
Result: The collected soil and water samples varied with different chemical and physical properties. Soils were slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, normal EC and low organic carbon, low to medium content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, low to medium content of calcium, magnesium and sulphur.&nbsp;Water samples were slightly acidic to moderately alkaline pH, medium to high salt content, moderate amount of carbonate and bicarbonate content. The soil and water bodies of this land having medium range of nutrients and also improvement is need in water quality.&nbsp;</div>

Assessing the Nutrient Status of Soil and Water Bodies in Palayapatti Areas, Thanjavur District of Tamil Nadu (India)

<div>Background: Water quality monitoring is vital for the sustainable conservation of water resources. Benthic macro invertebrates have been documented as the best indicators of water quality serving as a vital link in the aquatic food web. The present work was carried out at Dikhu River, Mokokchung, Nagaland. 
 
Methods: The analysis of water samples was done by adopting standard methods and compared against the W.H.O. 1995 drinking quality standards of water. The macroinvertebrates were collected with the help of the Surber and preserved in 5% formalin and examined using inverted microscope. Pearson&rsquo;s correlation analysis were performed by IBM SPSS package 16.0. 
 
Result: All water parameters were within the permissible limit of drinking quality standards except for alkalinity. A total of 646 individual benthic macro invertebrates belonging to three taxa (Annelida, Arthropoda and Mollusca) were recorded during the study. The study depicts the present status of macrobenthic structure of Dikhu River of Nagaland and aims to lay the foundation for further effective work as future prospect.</div>

Effect of Water Quality on Benthic Macro Invertebrates in Dikhu River, Nagaland, India

Background: Variations in climatic conditions, irrigation facility and insect/pest management have brought about a massive impact on tea production. Among these the quality of the irrigation water and atmosphere related uncertainties were minimizing the tea production in right quantity and quality. The water utilized for irrigation systems can vary in quality depending on the nature and amount of dissolved salts. Minerals get dissolved into the irrigation water from various sources. They start from the disintegration of the stones and soil, including the decay of lime, gypsum and others broken up soil minerals. Salts go along with the water to the place wherever it is to being utilized. On account of the evaporation and filtration by sand particles, the salts present in the irrigation water get concentrated when the crop consumes water.&nbsp; 
Methods: Quality of the irrigation water was checked by assessing the pH, electrical conductivity,&nbsp; cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and anions (Cl-, HCO3-, CO32-). For evaluating the irrigation water quality and there are seven irrigation water samples collected from seven tea planting districts (Valparai- Tamil Nadu, Coonoor - Tamil Nadu, Gudalur - Tamil Nadu, Wayanad - Kerala, Munnar - Kerala, Vandiperiyar - Kerala, Koppa - Karnataka) in the southern states of India.&nbsp; 
Result: After evaluations of water quality from various techniques indicated that the water in tea growing locations of the southern states of India is chemically sufficient for agricultural applications.

A Short Verification of the Quality of Irrigation Water in the Tea-growing Districts of South India

<div>Background: Assessment and mapping of quality of irrigated groundwater may help the farmers in selection of suitable crops and other agronomic management practices for getting profitable yields without affecting the soil health. The spatial maps of different parameters, prepared using GIS could be valuable for policy makers. 
 
Methods: A survey was undertaken during the year 2021 to assess the quality of groundwater for irrigation in various mandals of Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. A total of 492 samples were collected and GPS locations of sampling points were recorded. The water samples were analyzed for various chemical properties viz., pH, EC, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+ and K+; CO3-2, HCO3-, Cl- and SO4-2.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The pH, EC, SAR and RSC in groundwater ranged from 6.7-8.4, 0.4-10.7 (dSm-1), 0.43-36.4 (mmol l-1)1/2, -66.8-15.4 (me l-1). The concentration of cations viz., Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+ and K+ varied from 0.8-28.4, 0-43.2, 0.73-70.1 and 0.001-51.76 me l-1 with mean values of 4.23, 3.86, 5.29 and 0.22 me l-1 respectively. Concentration of anions viz., CO3-2, HCO3-, Cl- and SO4-2 varied from 0-1.8, 0.88-15.4, 0.4-59.6 and 0.21-17.08 me l-1 with an average values of 0.22, 6.42, 5.33 and 2.29 me l-1 respectively.&nbsp;</div>

Groundwater Quality Assessment for Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh for Irrigation Purpose

<div>Background: Humic acid is a natural bio-stimulant, which has a major influence on growth and crop quality. Also, Magnetic water treatment enhances both crop productivity and quality, which leads to the efficient use of cultivated land by using water resources available for crop production. This study aims to determine the effects of magnetized water irrigation and application of humic acid with different concentrations as a bio-stimulation on tomato plants, Solanum Lycopersicon cv. Hybrid &ldquo;86&rdquo;. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted during the tow growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 at the Agricultural Experimental Station Farm at Abies region, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt. The experiment design was split-plot with three replications. Two irrigation water treatments (magnetized and non-magnetic water) were arranged in the main plots and four concentrations of humic acid (0, 1, 2 and 3 g L-1) were distributed over sub-plots. 
 
Result: The results showed that irrigation with magnetized water had a positive effect on the vegetative growth traits, yield and its components and the quality of tomato fruits parameters. There was also a clear desirable effect of humic acid addition with different concentrations, as the results indicated that the use of the highest concentration of humic acid (3 g L-1) reflected the highest values for all the studied traits. The results of the interaction between irrigation with magnetized water and application of humic acid showed that the best results and the highest values for all studied characters were recorded when using magnetic water (MW) combined with 3 g L-1 of humic acid (HA), without significant differences from the interaction treatment MW combined with 2 g L-1 HA for most traits. However, the two treatments combinations MW with 2 g L-1 HA and Non-MW with 3 g L-1 HA didn&rsquo;t significant differ from each other for all studied characters at the two growing seasons. These results indicated that using the magnetic water with humic acid led to the possibility of reducing the amount of humic acid by one-third and enhances both crop productivity and quality of tomato plants. Generally, we can recommend using magnetized water irrigation with humic acid addition at concentration of 3.g L-1 or 2.g L-1 to enhance the productivity and quality of the tomato plant.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Enhancing the Productivity and Quality of Tomato using Magnetized Water and Humic Acid as Bio-stimulant Agents</div>

<div>Background: Freshwater in sufficient quantity and adequate quality is a prerequisite for human societies and natural ecosystems. To adequately feed 9.3 billion people in 2050, consumptive water use (i.e. transpired water) by all food and fodder crops needs to increase from its present estimated level of 7000 km3/year to 12,586 km3/year. However, fresh water resources are increasingly getting scarce because of increased competition among a multitude of users. Getting agriculture to perform with progressively smaller allocation of renewable water resources will remain a challenge on global scale. To meet the challenge there is an urgent need to improve the crop water productivity to ensure the sustainability of agriculture. 
 
Methods: An experiment was carried out at village Menawali, Hanumangarh, Rajasthan during both kharif and rabi seasons to assess productivity, economics, N-uptake and water use of different crops. An area of 187 ha comprising 25 farmers irrigated by common irrigation channels were selected to collect the information. The information required i.e. soil, crop management, growth, phonological, yields, water balance, N-uptake and water use efficiency of each crops were collected from 15 farmers. Bt-cotton and clusterbean of kharif and wheat and Indian mustard in rabi were prominent crops, cotton-wheat, cotton-mustard, clusterbean-wheat and clusterbean-mustard were major cropping sequences of the study region. 
 
Result: In kharif season, Bt-cotton gave higher economic yields than clusterbean and amongst rabi season crops, economic yields of wheat and mustard were 4255, 1778 kg/ha, respectively. The economic yield of cropping sequences varied from 3741-6514 kg/ha and were higher for cotton-wheat (6218 kg/ha), intermediate for clusterbean-wheat (5785 kg/ha) and lower for cotton-mustard (3741 kg/ha) and clusterbean-mustard (3308 kg/ha). The cotton-wheat (₹1181.2 mm) sequence had highest water use. Clusterbean-wheat cropping system recorded highest water productivity (16.5 kg/ha mm) followed by clusterbean-mustard (14.9 kg/ha mm). The clusterbean-mustard (₹456/ha mm) cropping sequence was most profitable and fetched highest net return followed by clusterbean-wheat (₹383/ha mm).</div>