Background: The study examined the patterns of growth and volatility in vegetable production within India. The instability observed in vegetable production has led to significant disruptions in both supply and farm earnings. This escalating volatility in agricultural production, prices and farm income has raised apprehensions. The research assesses the expansion and instability in the cultivation of specific vegetables, Brinjal (Solanum melongena), Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), Onion (Allium cepa), Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) as well as the aggregate vegetable output from the period spanning 1994-95 to 2021-22 in India. 
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Methods: The findings pertaining to growth (CAGR) patterns reveal a sense of inconsistency across regions, despite heightened production and increased cultivation areas dedicated to vegetables and witnessed significant increase in growth of vegetable production in India. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The analysis of instability highlights that the states of Odisha, Bihar and West Bengal exhibit relatively lower susceptibility to instability compared to Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, states with larger cultivation areas. The state-level analysis does not reflect the complete picture of problems in vegetable production and production problems under estimates affects to farm income. Need for addressing risks in farm income by devising area-specific crop insurance or other suitable mechanisms. 
&nbsp;

An Economic Analysis of Growth and Instability of Vegetable Production in Eastern India

Background: environmental pollution has led to climate change and agriculture is an aspect of this pollution, Pesticides, fertilizers and plant growth regulators are pollutants in soil and water. Therefore, beneficial microorganisms found in nature to provide plants with nutrients, resist pests and reduce mineral fertilizers is an ambitious goal for researchers. On the environment. Pseudomonas bacteria, baker&rsquo;s yeast and mycorrhizal fungi are known for their ability to increase a group of nutrients&rsquo; organic and amino acids, as well as plant hormones that stimulate growth.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at University of Baghdad to assess the impact of beneficial microorganisms on wheat growth traits during winter Of 2019-2020., using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight treatments.: Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria (Pse), Mycorrhizae Glomusspp. (Gl.), Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (Sa.), Ps+Gl, Gl+Sa, Ps+Sa, Ps+Sa+Gl and control.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Experimental indicated that treatments significantly outperformed in plant height, tiller number, CGR (crop growth rate) and total dry weight. Additionally, the Ps+Sa+Gl treatment demonstrated a significant superiority over all other treatments in terms of plant height and tiller number. These observations suggest that the combination of biological factors within a single treatment resulted in a synergistic interaction, that led to enhancement of the vegetative growth indices in wheat plants.

Effect of Effective Microorganisms on Vegetative Growth of Wheat

<div>Background: The recovery growth of soybean after environmental stress, especially shade stress, is essential for soybean to alleviate the yield loss caused by shade. Although the mechanism of recovery growth on leaves has been intensely researched, little is known about the mechanism of compensatory growth on soybean nodule formation.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This study aimed to investigate the effect of recovery growth after shade on soybean nodule formation and the distribution of carbohydrates in root nodules. Four shade treatments, including vegetative period shade (VS), reproductive period shade (RS), total growth period shade (TS) and no shade as control (CK), were applied on monoculture soybean by using a black mesh shading net with light transmittance of 50%.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The aboveground dry weight, nodule number and weight and grains yield were lowest in TS and those values in VS were higher than in RS. Compared with RS, VS increased the nodule weight by 75.6% and the sucrose and starch content by 19.3% and 15.6%, respectively. We suggested that, compared with RS, VS improved the compensation growth of soybean and promoted the carbohydrate distribution into nodules, ultimately reducing the negative effect on soybean nodule formation and yield production.</div>

Compensatory Growth of Soybean after Shade during Vegetative Promotes Root Nodule Recovery

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<div>Background:&nbsp;Composting is the process of breaking down of organic matter using living organisms which can be used as manure for soil conditioning. Vermicomposting is the rapid decomposition of biowastes using earthworm species which will enhance the growth and yield of plants. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;The vermicomposting of vegetable and fruit wastes was carried out during summer season (May-July) and by using the vermicompost a pot culture experiment was conducted in black gram for three months from August to October, 2019. The treatments consist of combinations of vermicomposted wastes and cowdung along with bioinoculants, Soil served as control. The biometric parameters such as root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight on 15, 35, 55 DAS and yield characters like number of pods/plants, number of seeds/pods, pod length, weight of seed/pod, pod fresh weight and pod dry weight were recorded and statistically analysed. The present study has been attempted to convert the vegetables and fruit waste into compost as manure and analyse its effect on vegetative growth and yield parameters of Black gram (Vigna mungo L.). 
 
Result:&nbsp;The highest value of shoot length, root length, fresh weigh and dry weight were noted in fruit waste + cow dung +&nbsp;Pleurotus eous (APK1) +&nbsp;Trichoderma asperelloides&nbsp;+&nbsp;Eudrilus eugeniae on 15, 35 and 55 day after sowing (DAS) and the least was reported in control (only soil). The application of T8 treatment reported the highest yield characters which were followed by other treatments and control on 15, 35 and 55 DAS. The study concluded that T8 (F.W + cow dung + P. eous + T. asperelloides&nbsp;+&nbsp;Eudrilus eugeniae) is an effective biocompost for the growth and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) which is eco-friendly.</div>
</div>

Influence of Vegetable and Fruit Wastes Vermicompost on the Growth and Yield of Black Gram (Vigna mungo L.)

<div>Background: Physalis angulata L. is a member of the Solanaceae family and is known in Indonesia as &ldquo;ciplukan&rdquo; which has the potential to be used as a medicinal ingredient because it acts as an immunomodulator and antioxidant. This study aims to analyse the vegetation in the ciplukan growth environment and the role of growing media in domestication efforts on the growth and yield of ciplukan. 
 
Methods: Vegetation analysis using the survey method at the survey locations was selected using a purposive random sampling method. Domestication used a completely randomized design with 1 factor, namely planting media with five levels, namely: Soil media, soil media + goat manure, soil + vermicompost media, soil + husk media, soil + charcoal husk media. 
 
Result: Based on the vegetation analysis, there are 12 grass vegetations with an important value index of 71.270% in Cynodon dactylon grass. Meanwhile, in the analysis of plant vegetation, there was 25 vegetation with the highest relative frequency in P. angulata, namely 14.286%. In the analysis of tree vegetation, there were 12 trees, with the highest density being teak, namely 42.553%. Ciplukan growing wild so far, can be domesticated as a cultivated plant. The results of domestication with the treatment of soil + vermicompost growing media can encourage the growth and yield of P. angulata plants.</div>

Vegetation Analysis and the Role of Growing Media on the Growth and Yield of Physalis angulata L. in Domestication

<div>Ever increasing demand for food and fodder due to growing population and livestock necessitates the urgency to improve productivity of the fodder crops. In this context, the concept of vegetative propagation technologies serves as an important tool for higher productivity. Conventionally, crops such as sugarcane, cassava, bajra napier hybrid grass and napier grass were cultivated by stem cuttings. This depends heavily on the quality of planting material and their availability. It is a huge barrier for the cultivation of fodder grass as the quality of planting material influences the sprouting, establishment, growth, tillering and fodder yield of grasses and also the higher requirement of planting material increases the overall cost of cultivation. Therefore, a more robust approach needs to be developed to address these limitations. Normally propagation by vegetative means assumes importance when desirable biotypes need to be multiplied in a short span of time. Also a suitable method of planting and number of buds reduce the cost of cultivation as well as transportation. Similarly one and two budded setts are ideal for optimum germination compared to larger seed pieces. Horizontal planting of stem cuttings is the most practical approach which increased sprouting and yield. Based on this ideology this paper reviews the various aspects of influence of planting methods and number of buds by vegetative propagated setts on sprouting, growth and productivity of fodder grasses.</div>

Planting Methods and Number of Buds of Setts on Sprouting, Growth and Productivity of Vegetative Propagated Crops: A Review

Background: The optimum sowing date is crucial among the different agronomic procedures for maximizing output. Optimizing a crop&#39;s planting time may be one of the most significant climate resilient tactics for increasing production &amp; hence it becomes necessary to study the crop growth behaviors in changing climatic conditions. The proposed field investigations were undertaken to study the influence of different sowing dates on yield of vegetable pea.

Methods: Field investigations were undertaken during Rabi seasons of 2020-21 and 2021-22 at the Vegetable Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (85.67oE - 25.98oN.), which comes under sub-Himalayan foothills region of India. The research study was performed in Randomized Block Design with three replications consisting of eight different sowing dates of vegetable pea. cv. Azad Pea-3 at 10 days interval between each sowing dates. Observations were made on various growth &amp;&nbsp;yield attributing parameters.

Result:&nbsp;Results revealed that the parameters under study were substantially affected by various sowing dates. Second week of sowing in November in the years produced maximum plant height at 60 DAS (83.77cm), number of branches per plant (3.97), number of nodules per plant at flowering (26.13), number of green pods per plant (20.80), 10 pods weight (75.67g) and pod yield (52.06q/ha).

Impact of Different Sowing Dates on Growth and Pod Yield of Vegetable Pea under Sub-Himalayan Foothills Region of India

<div>Agro-industrial by-products, which are not intended for human consumption, can serve as substitutes for traditional animal feed ingredients in animal nutrition. This can result in the production of animal products without causing competition for land or exacerbating the food versus feed dilemma, ultimately promoting environmental and economic sustainability. Utilizing co-products as animal feed has the potential to reduce feeding costs while enhancing the productive parameters, quality, animal welfare and sustainability of animal products. Numerous studies have indicated that fruits and vegetables are considered as significant sources of bioactive compounds. The extensive process of industrialization leads to the creation of considerable amounts of by-products, giving rise to grave ecological concerns. Hence, such a scenario necessitates the formulation of innovative approaches for effectively utilizing the resultant wastes, ensuring the potential to fabricate novel products with enhanced value. The generated by-products, reveal similar or higher antioxidant activity. It is recognized that these secondary products comprise various bioactive substances and may have the ability to serve as nutraceuticals for poultry, promoting their health and overall wellness. This review aims to summarize the exploitation of fruit wastes, namely, apple, citrus, banana, mango, pineapple and grape as well as vegetable by-products which are derived from tomato and olive cultivation. These byproducts can be in supplementation or substitution format. Some of these byproducts presented the following results: The addition of 2% dried sweet orange pulp to the diet significantly increased feed intake and total weight gain in broilers and the inclusion of dried orange pulp in broiler diets was found to reduce serum triglycerides and cholesterol. Also, the including of 10% apple peel in the diet led to an increase in the weight of the gizzard and small intestine in chickens. Additionally, diets containing 5% and 10% apple peel waste resulted in higher levels of lipids and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) in the blood serum, while LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and malondialdehyde levels decreased. Moreover, the including of 10% banana peel in poultry feed led to improved feed efficiency, feed conversion and the quality of poultry eggs and meat. However, the inclusion of olive cake with phytase to broiler chickens&rsquo; diet presented an increase of growth parameters increased. The incorporation of 10% of OC with phytase also resulted a reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and an increase in plasma inorganic phosphorus.</div>

The Impacts of Vegetables and Fruits by Products on Growth and Health of Broiler Chickens

Background: Several types of bacteria capable of producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are commonly used for seed coating to enhance seed germination, vigor and seedling growth. This experiment aimed to study the effects of seed coating with three IAA-producing bacterial isolates on germination, vigor, seedling growth and nutrient content in seedlings. 
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Methods: The experiment employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications and five treatments: no coating (T1), coating with Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) only (T2), coating with Enterobacter kobei (isolate 1) (T3), coating with Enterobacter kobei (isolate 2) (T4) and coating with Burkholderia paludis (isolate 3) (T5). Laboratory and greenhouse tests were conducted to evaluate the effects on germination and seedling growth. 
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Result: The results revealed that three bacterial isolates Enterobacter kobei (isolate 1), Enterobacter kobei (isolate 2) and Burkholderia paludis (isolate 3) produced high levels of IAA. Seed coating with these isolates significantly enhanced germination and mean germination time under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Seeds coated with E. kobei (isolate 1) showed significantly greater shoot and root lengths at 10 days than non-coated seeds and higher accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in the seedlings. Consequently, seed coating with E. kobei (isolate 1) is recommended for vegetable soybean seeds to improve germination, vigor and seedling growth.

Seed Coating with Bacteria-producing Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) on Germination, Seedling Growth and Nutrient Contents of Vegetable Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]

<div>Background: &lsquo;Rain&rsquo; plays a very important role since most of the agricultural productivity is rainfall dependent. However at the same time unpredictable and untimely rainfall are also responsible for crop loss. In India, our North-eastern region receives the highest amount of rainfall. Even in pre-monsoon season, our region receives very high amount of rainfall which hampers the crop production, especially the summer season greengram. Hence, an effort had been made to screen some genotypes of summer greengram, tolerant to waterlogging condition. A study was carried out during the summer season to evaluate the physiological performance of some greengram genotypes as influenced by waterlogging condition of varying duration imposed at early vegetative stage of growth. 
 
Methods: From an initial screening of forty genotypes in laboratory condition, five genotypes were selected based on germination percentage, seedling length and vigour index. These five genotypes were further evaluated in a pot experiment with four treatment combinations comprising of control (T1), waterlogging for 4 days (T2), waterlogging for 8 days (T3) and waterlogging for 12 days (T4). Waterlogging conditions were created in the pots at the time of sowing.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Water logging caused adverse effect on growth and development of all the genotypes, with the longest waterlogging showing severe deleterious effect. The parameters viz. germination percentage, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf area, plant height, nitrate reductase activity, number of seeds pod-1, pods plant-1, root length, number of root nodules plant-1 and harvest index were found to decline under waterlogged condition whereas, lipid peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity showed higher values under waterlogged condition. The performance of the genotype Sadiya Local was found to be the best from the point of view of tolerance as indicated by higher seed yield followed by AKM 12-28. The better performance of this genotype appeared to be related to the higher values for some traits viz. germination percentage, leaf chlorophyll, nitrate reductase activity, superoxide dismutase activity, number of pods plant-1 and harvest index.&nbsp;</div>