<div style="text-align: justify;">This study was conducted to determine the effects of weed density and different weed control treatments on chickpea yield and yield components. The experiment was carried out in split plot design with 3 replications in experimental fields of Kirsehir Ahi Evran University during 2016 and 2017 crop seasons. Total nine treatments (no weed control, permanent weed control, one-time hoeing, two-time hoeing, three-time hoeing, herbicide application after emergence, one-time hoeing with herbicide application, two-time hoeing with herbicide application and three-time hoeing with herbicide application) were compared to know the most effective weed control method. Vaccaria pyramidata Medik., Sinapis arvensis L., Acroptilon repens L. weed species were found to be the most intense in the experimental area. All weed control applications had significant effect on chickpea yield and yield components compared to weedy plots. Three-time hoeing with herbicide application increased the yield by 361.55-478.50% compared to weedy plots. Likewise, three-time hoeing application even increased the yield by 348.50-357.09% compared to weedy plots. The results revealed that three-time hoeing with herbicide and three-time hoeing applications stood out in weed management to obtain a good yield in chickpea cultivation at Kirsehir province.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">The effects of weed density and different weed control applications on yield and yield components of chickpea cultivars</div>

<div><strong>Background:</strong> <em>Vicia sativa</em> L. is variable genus comprised of several subspecies. Close relative species and subspecies of the cultivated species are easily usable gene sources because they have gained resistance against a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. The main objectives of this study are to identify and describe the cytogenetical and karyological characteristics of subspecies in the <em>Vicia sativa</em> complex.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The research material consisted of multiple entries collected from the five subspecies of nine taxa. All cytological observations made from root tips. Six chromosomal parameters (chromosome length, relative length, long arm length, short arm length, arm ratio and centromeric index) and five karyotype asymmetric parameters (difference in relative length, total form percentage, intrachromosomal asymmetry index, interchromosomal asymmetry index and mean centromeric asymmetry) were determined.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> It was determined that the chromosome number of subspecies were 2n =10-12. The haploid chromosome lengths of subspecies were 15.86-33.88 &micro;m and the average chromosome lengths varied between 2.64-5.65 &micro;m. According to the intrachromosomal karyotype asymmetry index analysis, subsp. <em>segetalis </em>was the most asymmetric karyotype and subsp.<em> sativa</em> &ldquo;Antalya&rdquo; was the most symmetric karyotype. According to the interchromosomal karyotype asymmetry index analysis, subsp. <em>angustifolia</em> was the most asymmetric karyotype and subsp. <em>nigra</em> was the most symmetric karyotype.</div>


The effects of weed density and different weed control applications on yield and yield components of chickpea cultivars

Cytogenetic Diversity and Characterization of Vicia sativa Subspecies