<div style="text-align:justify">An investigation was carried out to study the antioxidant, anticancer and docking activities of medicinal plant, Tulsi &ndash; Ocimum sanctum. The results of antioxidant activity of Tulsi leaves extract showed that tulsi leaves has good free radical scavenging ability and IC50 value was found to be 54.23% at 500 &micro;g/ml. The results of anticancer activity of Ocimum santum on normal VERO cell and MCF-7 cell line has showed good anticancer activity having the IC50 concentration at 51.1 &igrave;|g/ml against MCF-7 cell lines &ndash; Human Breast cancer cell line thereby indicating that the percentage of cell viability increases with the increased concentration of Ocimum santum (Tulsi) whereas 24.4% cell viability was recorded in the normal VERO cell line. DNA laddering assay was performed on agarose gel electrophoresis. A clear fragmented DNA ladders were observed in tulsi treated MCF-7&ndash; Human Breast cancer cell lines. &nbsp;But the untreated normal VERO cell lines did not show any DNA fragmentation. Thereby confirms that Ocimum sanctum induced cell death on breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cancerous cell through apoptosis. Molecular docking was carried out (AutoDock tools), Docking simulations was performed using Lamarckian genetic algorithm of Solis and Wests local search method. Interaction between HDAC6 and Cirsilileon possessing binding energy showed +15.91kcal for interaction studies. It was found that most of the hydrogen bonding is with the residues TYR 76, TRP 35, SER 67, TYR 81, GLU 33, TYR 48, ILE 69 and MET 53 present in the binding pocket. The ligand was docked with the target protein, and the best docking poses were identified and the binding poses of the cirsilieon was shown. This act as the best docking poses shows how the ligand molecule fits into the binding region of the target protein.&nbsp;</div>

Antioxidant, anticancer and molecular docking activity of tulsi plant

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study for comparison of aromatic crop tulsi (Ocimum basilicum) and cereal crop paddy (Orzya sativa) cultivation has been carried out at farmers&rsquo; field of Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh. The tulsi is an essential oil bearing plant. Oil of this plant is highly valuable and is used in flavour, cosmetic and pharmaceuticals industry. Paddy has been cultivated in our country as a major food grain crop since long time. During the study period 50 farmers under cultivating tulsi and paddy has been selected from Sitapur District of Uttar Pradesh. The primary data were collected from the selected farmer&rsquo;s field on profitability comparison between tulsi and paddy cultivation. Simple statistical tools and technique has been used for data analysis of the socio-economic profile, cost of cultivation, profitability. It has been observed during the study that tulsi gives higher returns over paddy. However, the input cost of paddy is higher than tulsi crop but the net return of tulsi was more profitable than paddy. The benefit cost ratio has been observed 2.70 and 1.34 of tulsi and paddy respectively. It is suggested from the study that maximum profit is generated through tulsi cultivation followed by paddy crop. This study can set an example of profitability model for entrepreneurship development in other part of country.</div>

Comparative economic study of tulsi and paddy cultivation in Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh

<div>Background: The study was undertaken in the East Champaran district of Bihar, where over one-third of the population is at risk of floods. To improve the socio-economic situation of tulsi farmers, the study analyzed the input profile, the link between cost and return and the impact of input cost on tulsi output and returns. 
 
Methods: Under Aroma Mission, during 2024 CSIR-CIMAP demonstrated the tulsi cultivation in East Champaran Motihari district of Bihar on 32 beneficiaries from seven villages and adopts improved practices of tulsi cultivation towards higher yield. The study was predominantly based on primary data collected through field visit and through personal interview method from the all aroma mission beneficiary. To achieve the objectives of the study, the cost and returns for tulsi cultivation was worked out based on commission for agricultural costs and prices (CACP) cost concept and determine the input-output relationship as well as multiple regression analysis.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The cost of cultivation is to be ₹ 35093/- for the tulsi crop. The gross income ₹ 106000/- per for three months. The farm business income, which considers initial costs (Cost A1/A2) is 82316/- per hectare. The farm Investment Income is ₹ 70907/- accounting for more comprehensive cost structures (Cost C3). The benefit-cost ratio is observed to be highest (1:3.47) at Cost A1 and the lowest benefit-cost ratio was observed at Cost C3 (1:2.02). The regression model explains 0.878 (88 per cent) of tulsi crop production variation, with human charges, seed cost and distillation charges showing significance. However, it is suggested that from this study tulsi cultivation model can be promoted in others part of the country, where problematic areas for improve their social and economic life changes.</div>

Cost and Return Analysis of Tulsi Cultivation in East Champaran District of Bihar State

<div>Background: Cheese is one of the most popular manufactured dairy product. Cheese has&nbsp; been a part of well balanced diet all over the world. Quarg is milky white in colour, may be even faintly yellowish, body and texture are homogeneously soft, smooth, good spreadable and it is essentially milk protein paste. Quarg cheese appeals to palate of Indian people who don&rsquo;t like the typical sharp flavour of other varieties of cheeses. 
 
Method:&nbsp;Ashwagandha, Turmeric, Betel vine and Tulsi are most common herbs traditionally used in Indian culinary dishes particularly spread. They also have both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Keeping this fact in view attempts would have been made to explore the flavour and antimicrobial effect of herbs in quarg type cheese. Initially, work was carried out to select the levels of four herbs (Ashwagandha, Turmeric, Betel vine and Tulsi) for the preparation of quarg type cheese and tried in preliminary study. On the basis of sensory evaluation best treatment of each herbs selected for further experiment. The experiments were laid out in completely randomized design for selecting level of addition of herbal in quarg type cheese. 
 
Results: In final experimental treatment were as control; 1.1 per cent Ashwagandha ; 0.3 per cent Turmeric ; 2.5 per cent Betel vine ; 1.1 per cent Tulsi &nbsp;in quarg type cheese. The product was evaluated for sensory by five semi-trained panel of judges using quarg cheese score card (total score 100).</div>

Standardization of Level of Herbs in Quarg Cheese

<div>Background: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the world&rsquo;s third most important pulse crop. Collar rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is an important devasting disease of chickpea in areas where seedling is exposed to high temperature and high moisture in the soil, affected seedlings turn yellow, which can be easily pulled out, which causes considerable damage to the plant stand. Botanical&rsquo;s control is very important aspects to minimize cost of cultivation and also to avoid environment pollution and health hazards. Thus, botanicals extracts were tested for their efficacy against S. rolfsii for manage the disease. 
 
Methods: Present investigation was undertaken for bio-efficacy of aqueous botanical extracts of different non-host plants viz., neem seeds kernel extract (NSKE), neem leaves extract (NLE), tulsi leaves extract (TLE), datura leaves extract (DLE), aak leaves extract (ALE), lantana leaves extract (LLE), kaner leaves extract (KLE) and gajargass leaves extract (GLE) were evaluated in vitro at three concentrations viz., 5, 10 and 15% against S. rolfsii causing collar rot of chickpea, by using poisoned food technique. Most effective in vitro evaluate botanical extracts further tested for their efficacy against management of the disease under pot experiment in net house.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The result revealed that all the botanical extracts are significantly inhibited the growth of test organism at all the concentrations tested after 96 h of inoculation. The NSKE recorded significantly superior in inhibiting mycelial growth up to 47.22 and 59.44% at 10 and 15% concentration, respectively with a mean of 46.85%, followed by tulsi leaves extract with 43.61 and 56.11% at 10 and 15% concentration respectively with a mean of 43.61%. While, at 5% concentration both extracts at par statistically to each other. Lantana leaves extract is found statistically at par with tulsi leaf extract at all concentrations least inhibition was observed in kaner leaves extract under in vitro condition. Under pot experiments all the treatments proved significantly superior when compared with inoculated control. NSKE @ 15% concentration was found significantly superior to control the disease, when applied through seed treatment and integration of seed treatment and post emergence seedling drenching at 7 DAG.</div>

Preliminary Studies on Bio-efficacy of Different Botanical Extracts against Sclerotium rolfsii (Sacc.) Causing Collar Rot of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

<div>Background: Foot and root rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is a destructive soil borne disease of lentil (Lens culinaris). The present experiment was conducted to determine the inhibitory effect of thirteen plant extracts and two bio-control agents on in vitro mycelium growth of S. rolfsii.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of Pulse Research Center, RARS, BARI, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh during rabi season in 2015. Seven isolates of S. rolfsii were collected from foot and root rot affected lentil plant. Antifungal activity of thirteen botanicals and two biocontrol agents (T. harziznum and T. viride) was tested against a fast growing isolate (Sc-38) of the pathogen following poisoned food technique.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Out of thirteen botanicals, only Black cumin inhibited colony growth of S. rolfsii, where the colony diameter ranged 0.00-6.00 cm at different days after incubation. A moderate inhibition was achieved with Tulsi at 3, 6 and 9 DAI compared to control. Amendment of PDA with compost and liquid T. harziznum and T. viride remarkably inhibited the colony growth of S. rolfsii compared to control. Efficacy of four treatments of biocontrol agents was much better than botanical treatments. Two botanical extracts (Black cumin and Tulsi) and biocontrol agents (T. harzianum and T. viride) were found effective against S. rolfsii.</div>

<div>&nbsp;</div>

Antifungal Activity of Botanicals and Biological agents against Sclerotium rolfsii Causing Foot and Root Rot Disease of Lentil

Background: Honey bees are one of the most important and efficient insect pollinators of food crops on earth providing honey, bee wax, bee pollen, royal jelly, propolis, etc. Varroa destructor is the most obnoxious pest of honey bees infliciting damage to the colony vis-&agrave;-vis transmitting viral diseases. The repeated use of synthetic acaricidal treatment results in developing resistance against varroa mite followed by residue hazards in bee products. This leads to an urgent need to develop alternate eco-friendly methods to manage the pest. 
 
Methods: The experiment was designed to evaluate the relative efficiency of six botanical extracts viz. Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), Coleus (Coleus aromaticus), Sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) and Goat weed (Ageratun conezoides L.) against Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) under laboratory conditions. After preliminary dose-setting experiments, mites and honeybees were exposed to 2% ethanol extracts of the plants, with 24 hours&rsquo; exposure time. 
 
Result: 2% concentration of Coleus, Sweet flag and Tulsi registered cent percent mortality of mites within 24 hours after treatment followed by Turmeric (93.33%), Sweet basil (86.67%) and Goat weed (80%). All the extracts exhibited &lt; 30% mortality of honey bees (Apis cerana indica) whereas turmeric showed the lowest efficiency (14.29%).

Laboratory Evaluation of Some Botanicals against the Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite Varroa Destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and its Impact on Honey Bees (Apis cerana indica)

<div>A field experiment was conducted to evaluate cropping and management techniques for chilli plants under rain-fed conditions. Cropping included a standard farmers style bed (designated as CL1.1), a specially modified bed (CL1.2) and a standard farmers bed (no flower removal) as the control (CL1.3). Management included 1st bottom three flower removal in CL1.1 (designated as ML1.1) and CL1.2 (ML1.2). The result showed that chilli cultivated in CL1.2 outperformed both CL1.1 and CL1.3 in all tested aspects including growth, yield, soil moisture content and soil properties. CL2.3 performed the lowest in all parameters. ML2.2 exhibited ML1.1 in plant-height, leaf-length, leaf-breadth, fruit-girth, fruit number per plant, OC%, pH and NPK. ML2.1 performed the maximum in stem diameter, leaf number, fruit weight, girth-apex, fruit-length with pedicel and fruit-length. Considering the combination effect of cropping and management levels, CL1.2*ML2.2 outperformed CL1.3*ML0 in all traits. These results indicated the characteristics of the specially modified plot and 1st bottom three flower removal in a modified plot was the recommended combination under rain fed farming.</div>

<div>Effect of Cropping and Management Techniques on Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) &nbsp;Production under Rain-Fed Farming</div>

<div>Background: Root rot of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) caused by Rhizoctonia solani is an important constraint to the crop and causes significant economic losses in Rajasthan as well as India and fungicides are the major tool to overcome the disease incidence. As per environment and health issues and demand of organically produced fenugreek green leaves and seeds, it is a major concerned to control it by eco-friendly approaches. The current study aimed to find the most effective control measure of this dreaded disease through eco-friendly approaches. 
 
Methods: The present field-laboratory investigations were conducted during 2016-17 and 2017-18, to evaluate six plant extracts in vitro and in vivo, namely neem (Azadirachta indica), Alstonia (Alstonia scholaris), garlic (Allium sativum), datura (Datura stramonium), tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), aak (Calotropis gigantea) and four bio-agents (Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens) in vivo through seed treatment alone and/or in combination for two consecutive years.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Our investigations in vitro with botanicals cleared that garlic clove extract was highly antimycotic to the pathogen (79.52%) followed by aak (62.48%) and neem extract (53.37%). Under field conditions, seed soaking with garlic clove extract (@10%) for 30 minutes was observed the most effective in reducing disease incidence (62.02%) and in increasing seed yield (65.35%) followed by aak (56.56% and 59.82%, respectively). In bio-agents, Trichoderma harzianum + Pseudomonas fluorescens (@ 3+3 g/kg seeds) was found superior in reducing disease incidence (66.81%) and in increasing seed yield (73.06%) and the next best was T. viride + P. fluorescens. The findings of this study can be utilized to manage the disease effectively and eco-friendly and also to obtain organic produce of the fenugreek.</div>

Management of Root Rot of Fenugreek Caused by Rhizoctonia solani using Plant Extracts and Bio-agents

<div>Background: Hydroponics or water-culture-based agricultural systems are devoted to a reasonable prospect for future farming agriculture production. Especially in that region where the fertility of agricultural land is continuously going to there is a decline in groundwater level for irrigation. Hydroponics-based agriculture system realizes an admiring action towards an eco-friendly system and innovative technique to overcome challenges concerning food safety. Hydroponics is an advanced agriculture technique in which the plants grow without soil and without any pesticide use. It is used to grow plants, vegetables and shrubs on vertical as well as horizontal basis in the series and parallel. It could be applied via glass pots, clay pots, PVC pipes and useless plastic buckets and bottles. 
 
Methods: In the present study vegetables, flowering plants and shrubs were grown successfully by the use of mainly three techniques of hydroponics namely Kratky, Wick and DFT methods. This study was continued for two and half years (4th July 2020 to 21st March 2021 and December 2019 to April 2020) with controlled pH and TDS of the nutrient solution and conducted at different Indian climatic, weather and seasonal conditions at Markanda National College,Shahabad Markanda and&nbsp; at&nbsp; the researcher&rsquo;s home. Several vegetables and plants were grown from Kratky, Wick and DFT hydroponics methods under continuous monitoring of pH and TDS of nutrient solutions.&nbsp; 
 
Result: During the conduction of this study of the growth of mustard, ladyfinger, spinach, marigold, daisy basil (Tulsi), cucumber, cauliflower, broccoli, tomatoes, peas, peppermint, coriander leaves plants in different sessions; some challenges and opportunities were discussed. The main objective of this research study is to spread awareness about novel types of advanced future agricultural techniques or farming among the farmers and masses, who have an interest in agriculture but cannot fulfill their ambitions towards agriculture farming due to scarcity of agricultural land. The results obtained from the growth of vegetable and plant through hydroponics methods province us to follow an idea to use of such agricultural techniques. We have grown several below said crops/vegetables two or three times and face several problems. It is an opportunity to overcome the world&rsquo;s food scarcity at a large scale, if adopted by a large population all over the world.</div>