<div>Background: Swine tuberculosis (TB) is a highly progressive granulomatous infectious disease. The cases usually go undiagnosed and become a potent source of infection to other animals and humans. In Ayodhya and Sultanpur districts, no such study has been conducted so far. Keeping in view the zoonotic importance of this disease, the present study was, therefore, designed to study the prevalence of generalized swine tuberculosis in middle gangetic plain zone of Eastern Uttar Pradesh.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Forty-two (42) pigs were presented for postmortem at Department of Veterinary Pathology, C.V. Sc. &amp; A.H., ANDUAT, Ayodhya from nearby villages of Ayodhya and Sultanpur districts from April 2017 to February 2020. Pigs were screened for typical lesions of tubercles throughout the body during postmortem examination. 
 
Result: The prevalence was 7.14% out of 42 pigs presented for postmortem examination. Eight pigs (19.04%) had nodules in either lungs or liver but these were diagnosed negative for TB on ZN (Ziehl-Neelsen) staining. Typical tubercles were evident in liver, spleen and lungs and were characterized by the presence of circumscribed yellowish white raised lesions of various sizes and numbers. Microscopically, granulomatous lesions revealed necrotic areas surrounded by mixed inflammatory cells including macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. The ZN stain reveals presence of acid fast bacilli in impression smear made from lung, spleen and liver.</div>

<div>Prevalence of Generalized Swine Tuberculosis with Special Reference to Pathological Study in Middle Gangetic Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh</div>

Sexual dimorphism in fishes is an important biological aspect, which helps distinguish males and females based on various primary and secondary sexual characteristics. Based on sexual dimorphic characteristics fishes can be categorized as monomorphic, temporary dimorphic and permanent dimorphic. These characters can be either persistent or non-persistent types in fishes. Sexual dimorphism also can be determined using biometric characteristics as well. In fish, males typically display more conspicuous sexual characteristics compared to females, including the development of vibrant colouration, nuptial tubercles, or the formation of accessory organs. Sexual dimorphism is a significant trait helpful in categorizing and classifying fish species more accurately. It also has significant implications for commercial fisheries, which can aid in catch from the wild. This also can contribute to understanding the intricacies of aquatic ecosystems but also underscores the practical applications of studying sexual dimorphism in the context of sustainable fisheries management.

Sexual Dimorphism in Commercially Important Fish Species in India: A Review

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was conducted on the scapula of five adult tigers to record the characteristic features of scapula bone. It was placed on lateral aspect of thorax, directed downward and forward. It was in the form of wide plate having scapular spine on lateral aspect. The height of spine increased gradually towards the distal end. The acromian process was subdivided into hamate process and suprahamate process. Hamate process overhanged the glenoid cavity. The suprahamate process was in the form of thin triangular plate directed backwards. The supraspinous fossa presented undulating surface in its middle. The infraspinous fossa was triangular and more or less flattened. Subscapular fossa was shallow and presented two prominent ridges. The caudal angle of the scapula was terminated in to glenoid cavity which was oval to quadrangular in shape. Cranial and proximal to the glenoid cavity prominent supraglenoid tubercle was observed which had hook shaped coracoid process. Scapula of both the sides were morphologically similar but the morphometrical values for the right scapula were non-significantly higher than the left counterpart (t&lt; 0.05), which may be of some biomechanical importance.</div>

Gross anatomy of scapula in Tiger (Panthera tigris)

<div>The present study was carried out on the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The first, second and third thoracic vertebrae were characterized by long supraspinous process, cylindrical, but shorter centrum. The arch presented shallow notches and was perforated by intervertebral foramina at its caudal aspect. They also presented cranial and caudal facets on their bodies. The length and breadth of supra spinous processes was observed to decrease from T7 to T9. The transverse process was reported to be thick, strong and presented a rounded non-articular mammillary process and a facet ventrally, which in turn articulated with the facet of the tubercle of the corresponding rib. The dorsal suprasinous process presented two surfaces, two borders and a summit. The costal facets were placed on either side at the end of the articular extremities of the centrum. The cranial articular processes were represented by oval facets on the anterior part of the arch and faced upwards, whereas the caudal ones sprang from the base of the dorsal supraspinous process. However, the cranial and caudal articular facets of T8 were human foot print like in Blue bull. The Biometrical observations on different parameters of seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae reflected significant (P&lt;0.05) differences between the sexes of this species.</div>

<div>Gross Morphological and Sex wise Morphometrical Studies on the seventh, eighth and ninth thoracic vertebrae of Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Nontuberculous mycobacteria are opportunistic pathogens and some of them may cause disease in humans and animals causing pulmonary infections, mastitis, lesions in respiratory tract and lymph nodes of cattle, due to which they are being recognized worldwide and also interfere with the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted for detection of nontuberculous mycobacterial species (NTM) in tissue samples (with and without tubercle lesions) in cattle and buffaloes from postmortem hall GADVASU, Ludhiana. Polymerase Chain Reaction and PCR-RFLP which involved hsp65 gene amplification (439 bp) and restriction analysis of amplified product was performed on 30 tissue samples for detection of nontuberculous mycobacterial species. 
 
Result: Three out of 30 samples showed hsp65 gene amplification and 2 were identified as M. kansasii using restriction analysis technique and one could not be identified as the RFLP patterns was different from other known PCR-RFLP profiles. NTM such as M. kansasi may cause infection in animals and PRA (PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis) technique was found to be a rapid tool for identification and differentiation of NTM upto species level.</div>

Detection of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Species from Tissue Samples of Cattle and Buffaloes by PCR and PRA (PCR-RFLP)

<div>Nowadays, cacti and succulents are widely utilized in landscaping. These plants suit very effectively for both indoor and outdoor decorations. The family Cactaceae comprises of 130 genera with 2000 species and this is primarily divided into three tribes namely: Pereskieae, Opuntieae and Cereeae. Cactus flowers are very attractive and are diverse in size, number, form and color. The nocturnal flowers are always white, with light-yellow or red tones, whereas diurnal flowers are white, purple, yellow-orange, red or green. Basically, an areole is a transformed axillary bud situated over a tubercle with spines and often with hairs and trichomes. Due to their low maintenance requirements and their ability to withstand harsh environments, cacti are extremely popular as ornamental plants across the planet. Cacti can be propagated by seeds, cuttings, offsets and grafts. Grafted cacti are now regarded as one of the most admired ornamental indoor plants worldwide. In cacti, grafting has become a commercial method of propagation to accelerate and hasten the growth rate of slow growing species, to ensure the survival of the plants with poor root system, to ensure the survival of genetic aberration of variegated and bright coloured cacti (red and yellow caps) that lack chlorophyll, to accelerate the growth of plants for commercial use, in order to keep cristate and monstrose forms look attractive. Successful grafts have been obtained when the species like Trichocereus spachianus, Trichocereus macrogonus, Trichocereus pachanoi, Hylocereus trigonus, Hylocereus undatus, Selenicereus grandiflorus, Opuntia bergeriana, Opuntia ficus-indica are grafted onto Nopalea spp. The exogenous application of IBA has a positive effect on the vegetative growth of grafted plants using (Gymnocalycium mihanovichii scion grafted onto Trichocereus spachianus rootstock.</div>

<div>Taxonomy and Grafting of Ornamental Cacti: A Review</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Indian Muntjac is a short deer variety of Nilgiri-Wayand biosphere. Salient distinguishing features for morphological identification of bones of different species in vetero-legal cases is very important. Morphology of pectoral limb bones from adult Indian Muntjac (n=3), goat (n=6), sheep (n=3) and cross bred cattle (n=6) were carried out. Scapula presented a cranially-placed spine, prominent supraglenoid tubercle and extensive subscapular fossa in Indian Muntjac. &nbsp; Breadth to length ratio of scapula in Indian Muntjac is 0.56:1 whereas in small ruminants the values ranged from 0.41:1 to 0.44:1. Width ratio of supraspinatous to infraspinatous fossae ratio in Indian Muntjac, goat, sheep and cross bred cattle were1:4.1, 1:2.8, 1:2.9 and 1:2.5 respectively. Angle created by acromian, junction of caudal end of scapular spine to lateral surface of scapula and long axis of scapula passing through spine was a major criterion of distinction and this angle in Indian Muntjac, goat, sheep and cross bred cattle were 520, 1400, 1300 and 1100 respectively. Though crest of the humerus was ill-defined, deltoid tuberosity was prominent in Indian Muntjac. &nbsp;Blunt summit of cranial part of lateral tuberosity of humerus projected above head and markedly curved over the intertuberal groove. Radial tuberosity was more distinct in cattle and sheep than in Indian Muntjac and goat. The grooves for extensor tendons on distal extremity of radius were well profiled in Indian Muntjac compared to cattle, goat and sheep. Olecranon of ulna was grooved in Indian Muntjac which was lacking in other animals. Distinct dorsal longitudinal groove on entire shaft and prominent medial and lateral borders were characteristic features in Indian Muntjac. Small metacarpal bone of Indian Muntjac and sheep had the form of a very thin rod. The morphological features revealed more &nbsp;resemblance to that of goat, sheep and spotted deer.</div>

Morphological identification of pectoral limb bones of Indian Muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) from domestic ruminants

Background: The fishes of genus Garra are one of the most abundant and taxonomically confusing groups which requires further studies to evaluate their taxonomical ambiguity. Therefore, the present investigation was conducted on the genus to understand their detailed morphometric and meristic features. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A total of 122 fish specimens belonging to 10 species were collected from the hill stream rivers of Arunachal Pradesh. Eleven morphometric and six meristic parameters were applied for each fish specimen. Identification key was developed after the detailed examination of morphological features. Fin formula was also generated for each species by counting the meristic characters. Phylogenetic tree was developed using morphological characters to understand the evolutionary relationship among the species. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Present study observed the maximum length (54.8 - 135.0 mm) in G. annandalei and minimum length (64.1 - 70.2 mm) in G. rufa. And this study also confirmed the presence or absence of lobes and tubercles, rostral cap, proboscis, gular disc and fins&rsquo; shape as key identifying features. Constant in morphometric measurements and meristic counts reveals the uniqueness of the species which was noticed from the generation of fin formula. Further, species were assigned with latest IUCN Red data, G. rupecula was identified as NT, 3 species were under NE and 6 species in LC category. Analysis of phylogenetic tree through neighborjoining (NJ) clustering method with bootstraps 100 depicts that G. lissorhynchus, G. rufa and G. rupecula were belonged to the common ancestral group and G. annandalei and G. quadratirostris were distantly related to G. arunachalensis and G. lamta. A strong positive and linear LLRs were found in between TL and other morphometric characters with r value &gt;0.765. SL showed significantly (p&lt;0.01) higher correlation with TL in all the species. 
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Morphometric Study of the Genus Garra Found in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India

<div>Background: The Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) is regarded as one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and safeguarded beneath the IUCN since 2003 and under safeguard of &lsquo;Schedule III&rsquo; of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This study focused on the detailed gross morphometrical study of mid thoracic ribs of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus). 
 
Methods: The present morphometrical study was carried out in six specimens of adult Blue bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) of either sex. The measurements of various parameters of ribs were taken with the help of weighing machine, thread, scale and digital Vernier&rsquo;s calliper.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was found that the average diameter of the head of the fourth rib was found to be 2.56&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.53&plusmn;0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 2.59&plusmn;0.01 cm. The average cranio-caudal diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head of 5th rib was found to be 0.97&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.95&plusmn;0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.00&plusmn;0.01 cm. The average diameter of the tubercle of sixth rib at the dorso-ventral aspect was found to be 1.66&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.64&plusmn;0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.69&plusmn;0.02 cm. Similarly, the average minimum length of the neck of sixth rib at the cranial aspect was found to be 0.68&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.65&plusmn;0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.70&plusmn;0.01 cm. The average diameter of vascular groove of seventh rib at the proximal aspect was found to be 0.56&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.52&plusmn;0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.60&plusmn;0.01 cm.&nbsp;</div>