<div style="text-align:justify">Background: In different regions of the country, they use the only knife for cutting, peeling and chopping the vegetables. The knife caused some design related problems when it is used for peeling. The present study was undertaken to identify those problems and suggest appropriate tool for same purposes. Methods: The performance of each tool (knife and peeler) was studied after a year of use by rural women for peeling purposes. Performance of peeling was analyzed on the basis of peeling efficient, peel thickness, peel weight proportion and capacity of each tool. A psychophysical study was done to compare the both tools based on women preferences.&nbsp; Conclusion: The capacity and peeling efficiency of the peeler (x=980.39&plusmn;80.5 grams/min and respectively) were found to be higher than knife (x=440.26&plusmn;38.9 grams/min. and). The wastage of fruits/vegetables in peel was also found less (9.0% with thickness of peel was (x=1.1&plusmn;1.9mm) by using peeler. Peeler was found to be reducing the peeling time (35.29%) as well as making the peeling task easy (&sum;=3.54) for women. As well as use of peeler was significantly (p=0.05) reducing the problems of pain, stiffness, cuts in hands and was found highly accepted (&sum;=4.37) by women for peeling purposes.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Testing and Evaluation of Peeling Tools</div>

<div>Background: The main objective of this research is to apply fuzzy logic to four Solonchaks, in order to determine their degree of remoteness or rapprochement with their central taxonomic concept. Therefore, we identify their possible seasonal taxonomic variation on the criteria established by World Reference Base (WRB).&nbsp; 
 
Methods: We have studied the seasonal evolution of salinity in a region of Algeria (Case of R&eacute;lizane), during two years 2012 and 2013 by applying fuzzy logic on the four soils. 
 
Result: The results reveal that the salinity increased during the dry period for all soils and it decreased during the wet period. On the taxonomic level, the application of fuzzy logic on the four soils revealed that the Solonchaks indices (Is) are always significantly higher than those of Calcisols indices (Ic). The four profiles have a similar behavior regarding the variation of Is. Indeed, when the salinity increases the soils come closer to the central taxonomic concept of the Solonchaks. Likewise, when the salinity decreases the soils move away from their central taxonomic concept. Consequently, they approach the central taxonomic concept of Calcisols. Thus, the variation of Isis closely related to the seasonal variation of salinity.&nbsp;Fuzzy logic, exhibited high precision concerning the membership value between soils over time. The application of fuzzy logic for other soil classifications in the world is possible.</div>

​Fuzzy Logic Expert System for Taxonomic Variation of Solonchaks

Background: Throughout all of nature, microorganisms can be found thriving in a variety of environmental circumstances. Most marine life is either unculturable or challenging to culture using conventional techniques. 
 
Methods: Through the analysis of genomic data obtained directly from an environmental sample, metagenomics enables the study of all microorganisms, regardless of whether they can be cultured or not. This allows for the identification of the species present as well as the extraction of knowledge about the functionality of microbial communities in their natural habitat.&nbsp; 
 
Result: This article summarizes the state-of-the-art metagenomic approaches used and their associated softwares and tools. In order to comprehend and utilise unculturable microorganisms, metagenomics provides access to the enormous diversity of the microbial world and has significantly advanced both academic communities and industrial settings.

Metagenomics and Its Tools and Softwares

Background: The work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) associated with agricultural workers had detrimental effects on productivity. Consequently, researchers have led to the development of various ergonomic evaluation and risk assessment tools. The present study aimed to ergonomically assess the nutmeg picking operation with the developed tool and compare with the conventional methods. 
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Methods: The physiological parameters and postural discomfort encountered by the subjects were determined for three operations: hand picking by bending posture (stooping), hand picking by sitting posture (crouching) and picking by a developed tool in standing posture. The postural analysis tool, Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), was used for ergonomic risk assessment in the work. 
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Result: The average &Auml;HR values for manual methods in stooping and crouching were found to be 38.4 beats.min-1&nbsp;and 49.2 beats.min-1&nbsp;respectively and 27.6 beats.min-1&nbsp;using the tool. Similarly, the oxygen consumption rate values were obtained as 0.82, 0.98 and 0.69 l.min-1&nbsp;for all operations respectively. Furthermore, the average overall discomfort rate (ODR) value for all subjects was 4.7, 5.9 and 1.4 for stooping, crouching and using the developed tool respectively. The average REBA score of 2 was obtained for the developed tool, which was lesser than that of conventional picking methods. The developed tool results in less fatigue than the conventional methods, which confirms that the developed tool is best, suited for nutmeg collection. Thus, new ergonomic interventions are vital in the field of agriculture to safeguard farmer&rsquo;s health and increase productivity.

Comparative Evaluation of a Nutmeg Picking Tool with Conventional Methods using REBA and Physiological Metrics

<div>Background: The seed proteins are used as molecular markers to clarify the systematic problems. Also, electrophoretic techniques are safe tools to identify the seed proteins. In present study, it was used the SDS-PAGE technique to solve the taxonomical problems of eight taxa of genus Lathyrus belong to three sections Orobus, Lathyrostylis and Pratensis according to the globulin B and glutelin.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The seed materials were collected from natural habitats and 0.5 g seed were homogenized and centrifuged based on extraction procedure. In addition, the amounts of seed storage protein subfractions were determined by using protein assay. The electrophoretic analysis were performed according to the 12% SDS-PAGE. The gel documentation system (Bio-Rad, USA) was used to analyse the electrophoretic data and UPGAMA was used to construct the dendogram to show the relationships among the species under focus.&nbsp; 
 
Results: Current study showed that the species of section Pratensis were different from species of sections Orobus and Lathyrostylis. The differences among the studied taxa shown clearly and all studied taxa were choosen from the protein patterns. Furthermore, present study demonstrated that L. nivalis has the highest globulin B and glutelin. Results of the present study generally supported the morphological data.&nbsp;</div>

<div>The Electrophoretic Contribution to the Solutions of Taxonomical Problems of Some Lathyrus L. Taxa Growing in Turkey</div>

<div>Background: Teaching veterinary osteology and arthrology has been performed with free bones collected from various animals after processing and preserving them for long duration. The profession of teaching Anatomy to undergraduate and postgraduate students in veterinary colleges not only requires the knowledge on Veterinary Gross Anatomy but also the methods of preparation of specimen for laboratory use. This article explains the methods and steps in preparation of coloured skulls, bones of forelimb, hindlimb, rib cage, digits and whole mounted skeletons, to be used in the anatomy laboratory to increase the efficiency of both teaching and learning.&nbsp; 
 
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<div>Methods: A carcass of adult horse donated by a farmer was utilized for making complete coloured skeleton. The bones were collected from the carcass by natural maceration technique followed by cleaning with mild chemicals. The metallic paints and commonly available tools were used for colouring and mounting of horse skeleton. The parts of bones viz. process, fossa, articular area, foramen, the origin and insertion of various muscles were prepared with colours and labels on the surfaces of bones for teaching and museum purpose. The sequential step by step procedure for skeleton preparation in quickest possible time was standardized and explained using various tools. 
 
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<div>Result: The natural maceration in open water tank was found to be most effective way of maceration of carcasses for collection of bones with their normal colour. The bones were processed mainly with washing soap powder and calcium carbonate followed by drying in natural sunlight which increased the brightness of the bone without any damage to the structure. The coloured skulls, bones of forelimb, hindlimb, rib cage, digits and whole mounted skeletons were prepared with available tools and chemical as this work consumes less time and cost and increases the students&rsquo; learning efficiency, which will also be an asset and center of attraction for any Institution.</div>

Tools and Techniques in Preparation of Coloured Bones and Skeletons for Effective Teaching, Learning and Museums

Background: Genome editing is a group of technologies that has the ability to change an organism&rsquo;s DNA. These technologies allow genetic material to be added, removed, or altered at particular locations in the genome. Several approaches to genome editing have been developed. A well-known one is called CRISPR/Cas9, which is short for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9. Editing through CRISPR focuses mainly on the Protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), a crucial region to identify the sgRNAs to target the desired gene or region of DNA. So designing precise single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) to minimize off-target effects is critical for the success of gene editing without undesired results. 
 
Methods: Hence, in this article, three different online tools are used to design sgRNA to target the prolactin (PRL) gene to knock out. The Gallus gallus Prolactin (PRL) gene sequence is retrieved from NCBI and used for further downstream application. However, all three web tools may vary in design specifications and parameter choices, visualization, downstream analysis functionality, etc.&nbsp; 
 
Result: While keeping a straightforward and interactive interface and running with default parameters, all web tools also accept a variety of advanced choices for more specialized searches. This maximizes user flexibility. Three tools produced several sgRNAs that satisfied various criteria for precise gene editing to boost the efficacy of the target prolactin gene. These online tools use a robust approach to identify off-target locations and the results are displayed in an interactive table and within the gene architecture.

CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing Single Guide RNA (sgRNA) Design using Three Different Web Tool Platforms

<div>Background: Malignant mammary gland tumors can metastasize to various organs; of which, lungs and regional lymph nodes are most frequently affected. Chest radiographs and regional lymph node FNAs are important diagnostic tool to detect metastasis as per oncology practice guidelines. The present study was aimed to develop suitable diagnostic tool to detect metastasis in mammary tumor affected dogs. 
 
Methods: Between September 2017 to July 2018, thirty three dogs (n=33) affected with mammary tumors were included in the study. Out of thirty three dogs, three dogs (n=3) showed swollen regional lymph nodes and pulmonary metastases. Different parameters such as haematology, serum biochemistry, radioimmunoassay, radiology, cytology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry were analysed. 
 
Result: TNM clinical staging revealed that all the three dogs showed stage IV tumors which were usually malignant and showed frequent metastases. Haematological abnormalities such as anemia, leucocytosis and reduced platelet count were noticed. Serum biochemistry showed reduced protein and electrolyte level with elevated alkaline phosphatase and alanine transaminase. Radioimmunoassay showed many-fold elevation of estradiol and progesterone. Radiography of lungs revealed severe pulmonary metastasis. Cytological examination of swollen accessory lymph node revealed mixed population of lymphocytes and neoplastic cells. Grossly, the lymph nodes were found to be enlarged, blood tinged and covered with subcutaneous adipose tissue. Histopathology of tumor masses from three dogs revealed cystic papillary carcinoma, ductal carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry revealed that dogs were affected with triple negative tumors which were highly malignant, poor prognosis and not responding to therapy.</div>

Cytology and Radiology as a Diagnostic Tool to Detect Metastasis in Mammary Tumor Affected Dogs

<div>Background: Crop yield prediction is an important issue for the proper selection of crop for sowing. Earlier prediction of crop is done by the farmer&rsquo;s experience on a particular type of field and crop. Predicting the crop is done by the farmer&rsquo;s experience based on the factors like soil types, climatic condition, seasons and weather, rainfall and irrigation facilities.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Data mining techniques is the better choice for predicting the crop. Different Data Mining techniques are used and evaluated in agriculture for estimating the future year&rsquo;s crop production. This research proposes and implements a system to predict crop yield from soil data. This is achieved by applying Decision Tree Algorithm on agricultural data. The main aim of this research is to pinpoint the accuracy of Decision Tree Algorithm and C 5.0 algorithm which is used to predict the crop yield.&nbsp; 
 
Result: This paper presents a brief analysis of Crop yield prediction using data mining technique based decision tree algorithm and C5.0 algorithm for the selected region (Krishnagiri) district of Tamil Nadu in India. The experimental result shows that the proposed work efficiently to determine the accuracy of decision tree algorithm and also to predict the crop yield production using R- Tool.</div>

<div>Soil Data Analysis and Crop Yield Prediction in Data Mining using R-Tool</div>

Background: Improving the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in rice is vital for achieving significant crop yields with minimum harm to the environment. To tackle this challenge, various portable optical sensors and decision-support tools have been emerging in recent times. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive assessment and comparison of these tools with different levels of fertilizer recommendation with and without additional supplementation of nano urea. 
 
Methods: The current study was carried out during the dry season of 2021 and 2022 at the P.G. Experimental Farm of Centurion University of Technology and Management. The investigated treatments encompassed the following: T1: Absolute control, T2: 90-45-45 (N-P2O5-K2O kg/ha), T3: 120-60-60 (RDF),&nbsp; T4: 150-75-75, T5: T2+NU @ 2 ml/L at panicle initiation, T6: T3+NU @ 2 ml/L at panicle initiation, T7: N application at LCC &le;3, T8: N application at LCC &le;4, T9: N application at SI &lt; 90%, T10: Nutrient Expert (TY: 5.5 t/ha), T11: Rice crop manager (TY: 5.5t/ha) which were allocated in randomized block design with three replications. 
 
Result: The findings showed that implementing nitrogen (N) application when the sufficiency index (SI) is below 90% led to a significant 16.85% boost to grain yield of rice compared to the application of 120-60-60 at fixed intervals as per the standard recommendation. In the former approach, 150 kg N/ha was applied in four splits. However, N application at a leaf color chart (LCC) value of 4 or less was considered efficient, with maximum agronomic efficiency (18.22 and 19.22 kg grain/kg N applied) and recovery efficiency (43.27% and 50.25%) observed in 2021 and 2022, respectively since, this approach resulted in a comparable yield increase and nitrogen absorption with a reduced nitrogen input.