The present investigation was conducted during kharif 2011-12 on field of Department of Agricultural Entomology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. The experiment was planned in randomized block design with gross plot size 4.2 x 4.4  m2 and net plot size 3.0 x 4.0 m2 with twelve treatments replicated thrice with the object to study the effect of some insecticides against pigeonpea pod fly,Melanagromyza obtuse. In evaluation study ten treatments were tested against pod fly,Melanagromyza obtuse. on pigeonpea .The result revealed that treatment Deltamethrin 1 EC + Triazophos 35 EC emerged as the most effective treatment against M. obtusa in minimizing the damage to green and dry pods as well as grains. Thiaclopride 21.7 SC and Profenophos 50 EC were found significantly effective in minimizing the cumulative mean per cent infestation of pod fly of pigeonpea. These findings indicate that the pigeonpea crop required two sprays of newer insecticides from pod initiation stage at 15 days interval for the management of pigeonpea pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa.

Evaluation of some insecticides against pigeonpea pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa Mall

A diallel analysis of &nbsp;36 F1 and 36 F2 progenies hybrids along with &nbsp;nine divergent parents &nbsp; were estimated. The general and specific combining ability for selection of potential parents and crosses and to ascertain the nature of gene action operating in inheritance of some important quantitative characters associated with shoot fly resistance. These 36 hybrids were developed by crossing nine diverse &nbsp;parents &nbsp;in rabi 2011-12. &nbsp;The results indicated that, IS 18551, IS 2312, SPV 504, Ringni and AKSV 13R &nbsp;showed desirable gca effect for most of the shoot fly resistance traits in F1 and F2 diallel progenies. Crosses exhibiting highest &nbsp;positive significant sca effects for almost all the shoot fly resistance traits included CSV 18R X IS 18551, Ringni X AKR MS45B and IS 2312 X IS 18551 in F1 and &nbsp;F2 diallel progenies. So these crosses may be forwarded further to develop genotypes with shoot fly resistance.

Genetic analysis for shoot fly resistance traits in &nbsp;sorghum

The poor infiltration and fine texture of clay soil causes water logging problem and reduces biological activities in soil. &nbsp;In contrast to this, loose particle and higher in filterability in sandy soil results in low water holding capacity and poor nutrient retention. Fly ash, a waste product of thermal power plants, causes environmental pollution and is hazardous to human health. It is produced in plenty; therefore, safe disposal is very difficult. Fly ash may be used as amendment to improve soil properties and plant growth in such soils. The addition of 20% fly ash in clayey soil and up to 30% in sandy soils improved the germination, tillering, plant height, biological and grain yield of wheat. The addition of fly-ash has also shown improvement in the soil properties viz. texture, structure and bulk density. Permeability of clay loam soil increased from 0.54cm/hr to 2.14cm/hr by the addition of 50% fly ash whereas it decreased from 23.80 cm/hr to 9.67 cm/hr in sandy soil by 50% fly-ash addition. Water holding capacity of sandy soil also increased from 0.38 cm/cm to 0.53 cm/cm at 50% level.

Role of fly ash in improving soil physical properties and&nbsp;yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

<div style="text-align: justify;">Field studies were conducted at IIPR, Kanpur, India to estimate the intensity of field infestation on pigeonpea by pod fly and bruchids, and whether or not the phenotypic characters of the pigeonpea related to infestation caused by these insects. A total 32 long duration pigeonpea cultivars and advanced breeding lines were planted in augmented design along with check &lsquo;Bahar&rsquo; and evaluated on the basis of exit holes and windows per pod, seed damage (%) by pod fly maggot and bruchid grub, 100 damaged seeds weight and relative resistant rating. Breeding line IPA-92 and a cultivar MA-3 were found to be highly resistant against pod fly, preventing them from crafting exit holes on pods and seed damage (%). Bruchid (C. chinensis and C. maculatus) was vulnerable to make windows on pods damaging the seeds of cultivars viz., IPA-15-1, IPA-15-5, IPA-15-7, IPA-15-10, IPA-15-12, IPA-15-14, MA-3, IPA-92, AZAD, IPA-234, BSMR-736, IPA-13-1 and IPA-37. Correlation studies revealed that pod fly infestation was the major biotic factor, which causes significant seeds damage and yield reduction in pigeonpea cultivars and advanced breeding lines. &nbsp;Those cultivars and breeding lines exhibited resistant reaction on pod fly and bruchids infestation might be used as donors in resistance breeding programme and including in IPM modules against these insect pests.</div>

Character association and assessment of yield loss in pigeonpea cultivars infested by pod fly and bruchid&nbsp; &nbsp;

<div>Background: According to the United Nations &ldquo;the world population prospects 2019&rdquo; report, the population of the world is expected to increase currently from 7.7 billion to 9.7 billion in 2050. This rapid growth in the population will adversely put incredible stress on our climate, food and health. As we are already running out of natural resources, it is high time to rethink our policies. Sustainable development is the need of an hour. Some policy decisions are required to overcome such expected challenges. To maintain the balance between the demand and supply there should be a prearranged, preplanned mechanism to be adopted for the sustainable growth and development of the production-cum-consumption system at a global level. In this paper, we will try to experimentally demonstrate how the growth of some legume crops is helpful to us we will also scientifically prove the utility of environmental pollutant fly-ash as an alternative fertilizer. 
 
Methods: An experiment was conducted during the month of October to February (2018-2019) at the C.C.S. University Campus, Meerut. Different amounts of fly ash of 20, 40, 60 gm/m2 and two diverse chickpea genotype JG-11 and JG-14 were taken as experimental material.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Fly ash in a sufficient amount increases the availability of macro- and micro-nutrient of the soil which is beneficial to plant growth and development. &nbsp;Fly ash significantly improved the physio-chemical properties of soil such as pH, CEC, BD, PD and also improves chickpea growth and yield. Fly ash found safe for agriculture applications in 20-40 gm/m2 range in the context of fertilizer.</div>

<div>Growth with Some Biochemical Responses in Two Cultivars of Cicer arietinum L. to Fly Ash Amended Soil</div>

<div>Background: Pigeonpea is an important pulse-cum-grain legume crop of India. Major constraint in its production is the insects damage. Pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa is of regular occurrence in South and Central India causing yield loss to the tune of 60 to 80 per cent particularly in late maturing pigeonpea crop. Due to its feeding habit as an internal borer, cultural, biological and mechanical methods are ineffective in reducing the damage due to pod fly and insecticides play a paramount role in managing their population under field conditions. Hence, present study have been aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different new pesticide chemistries against pod fly in pigeon pea ecosystem. 
 
Method: Two field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2019 and 2020 in RCBD using pigeonpea cv. GRG 811 with 14 treatments replicated twice. Two sprays were imposed at 15 days interval initiating from pod initiation stage. At maturity, number of damaged pods were recorded and expressed as percentage. Grain yield was recorded and benefit cost ratio was also worked out.&nbsp; 
 
Results: Among the screened insecticides, fipronil 4+thiamethoxam 4 SC @ 40+40 g a.i./ha followed by thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 50 g a.i./ha and fipronil 40+imidacloprid 40 WG @ 160+160 g a.i./ha provided better control of pod fly in terms of reduction in pod damage (69.54, 62.13 and 62.57%) and seed damage (72.51, 71.35 and 70.39%) respectively over untreated check. The average grain yield of 1577 kg/ha was highest in fipronil 4+thiamethoxam 4 SC @ 40+40 g a.i./ha followed by fipronil 40+imidacloprid 40 WG @ 160+160 g a.i./ha (1555.5 kg/ha) and thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 50 g a.i./ha (1536.5 kg/ha). Whereas, B: C was higher in fipronil 4+thiamethoxam 4 SC @ 40+40 g a.i./ha (2.84) and thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 50 g a.i./ha (2.83). Therefore these insecticides can be used for effective management of pod fly.</div>

Positioning New Pesticide Chemistries in the Management of Pod Fly, Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Pigeonpea

<div>Background: Dairy farming is one of the oldest and well established subsidiary occupation and most widely adopted by all over farming community of Punjab state. Every farmer, if wish to start any entrepreneurship along with agriculture-First Think upon Dairy Farming. The latest training, new techniques and research work help in making this business work better. There is a need for substantial increase in the current yield of green fodder to provide complete and good quality feed to the animals. The current study aimed to study the effect of fly ash and phosphorous on the growth and fodder and grain yields of dual purpose oats.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Field experiments were conducted at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo, Bathinda to study the effect of different levels of fly ash and phosphorous on growth and productivity of oats during rabi seasons in 2018-19 and 2019-20. The trial was laid out in split plot design with three levels of fly ash (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1) in main plot and four phosphorous levels (0, 10, 20 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1) in sub plot, replicated thrice. 
 
Result: Fly ash @ 10 t ha-1 recorded highest plant height, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, number of effective tillers/m row length, number of seeds/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield and biological yield than control and 5 t ha-1. The per cent increase of grain yield in fly ash @ 10 t ha-1 was 8.69 and 18.11 over 5 t fly ash ha-1 and control, respectively. Phosphorous @ 40 kg P2O5 ha-1&nbsp;resulted in higher growth characters, yield attributing characters and productivity of oats. Phosphorous @ 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 (21.35 q ha-1) and 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 (20.87 q ha-1) treatments produced statistically similar grain yield of oats. Phosphorous @ 20 and 40 kg P2O5 ha-1 recorded 20.29 and 23.05% higher grain yield than 0 kg P2O5 ha-1, respectively. Application of P2O5 @ 40 kg ha-1 along with application of fly ash @ 5 and 10 t ha-1 produced statistically similar fodder yield of oats. The highest grain yield (22.97 q ha-1) was recorded in plots treated with the application of P2O5 @ 40 kg ha-1 along with the application of fly ash @ 10 t ha-1 and it was statistically at par with 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 and application of fly ash @ 10 t ha-1. The highest grain yield (22.97 q ha-1) was recorded in plots applied with P2O5 @ 40 kg ha-1 along with fly ash @ 10 t ha-1 and it was statistically at par with 20 kg P2O5 ha-1 and fly ash @ 10 t ha-1.</div>

Growth and Productivity of Oats (Avena sativa L.) as Influenced by Fly Ash and Phosphorous Levels in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

<div style="text-align: justify;">Background: Pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa is one of the most obnoxious pest causing grain damage ranging from 10-80% with a monitory loss of US$ 256 million annually. Being an internal feeder, infested pods do not show any external symptoms of damage until the fully grown maggots chew the pod wall, leaving a thin papery membrane intact called as window, through which adults exit from the pod. Several field studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of insecticides for the control of pod fly. However, these findings did not find acceptability and led to partial success. Insecticides that should leave lesser residues and pose lesser environmental threat have become imperative. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of certain new insecticide molecules against pod fly in pigeonpea ecosystem.&nbsp; Methods: Two field experiments were conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur during Kharif, 2012 and 2013 in a randomized block design (RBD) using pigeonpea cv. ICPL 85063 (Lakshmi) with 17 treatments including untreated control and 3 replications. Two sprays were given at 10 days interval starting from pod initiation stage. &nbsp;At maturity, number of pods showing pod fly damage were recorded and expressed as percentage. Grain yield was recorded and cost&ndash;benefit ratio was worked out.&nbsp; Result: Among different insecticides, thiacloprid 21.7 SC, followed by diafenthiuron 50 WP, flubendiamide 480 SC and dimethoate 30 EC were very effective against pod fly with more grain yield and registered highest incremental cost benefit ratio (ICBR). It was further suggested that effective insecticides may be alternated in order to avoid development of resistance to pod fly in pigeonpea.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Management of Pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa &nbsp;on Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)</div>

Background: House fly menace is a major problem in poultry farms and nearby households. Though application of insecticides is one of the major approaches in house fly control, development of insecticide resistance is widely prevalent. Use of house fly traps is an ecofriendly alternate strategy in control of house flies. In the present study, delta traps were used to control house flies in poultry units. 
 
Methods: Red acrylic delta traps with two different pellet baits (FMP and FMPB) were placed at ground level in poultry units housing caged layer chicken with a distance of 90 cm between two traps for seven days continuously and trial was replicated six times. Trapped flies were counted, sexed and species identified. Spot cards were used to determine house fly density pre-and post-trapping. Correlation of house fly population with meteorological parameters was assessed.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Out of the 80410 flies trapped, 52.74 per cent (42415 flies) and 47.25 per cent (37994 flies) were trapped in FMPB and FMP pellet baited traps, respectively. Daily fly trapping pattern showed variations. Overall trap catches were dominated by female flies. Reduction in spot card count was 36.34 per cent after deployment of traps. Trap catches correlated positively with temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity. Two species Musca domestica domestica and Musca domestica vicina were identified.

Control of Musca domestica (House Fly) in Poultry Units using Delta Traps&nbsp;

<div>Background: The popular vegetable sweet gourd (Cucurbita moschata) is cultivated throughout Bangladesh. However, its yield is low owing to the severe infestation by fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae. This study investigated the toxicity of chemical insecticides and neem oil on fruit flies infesting sweet gourd. 
 
Methods: The repellency of adult fruit flies and larvae and the body weight and mortality of the larvae of the fruit fly were evaluated using three chemical insecticides- Karate 2.5 EC (cyhalothrin), Ripcord 10 EC (cypermethrin) and Shobicron 425 EC (profenofos Q+cypermethrin) and neem oil (azadirachtin).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The repellency rate of the fruit fly larvae varied from 20.0&plusmn;0.0 to 86.7&plusmn;6.7% and that of the adult fly from 13.3&plusmn;6.7 to 73.3&plusmn;6.7%; Shobicron 425 EC, at 2000 ppm, exhibited the best results in both the cases. The treatments negatively affected the weight of larvae compared to the control, where Shobicron 425 EC caused the lowest weight (7.8&plusmn;0.2 mg). The insecticides at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment demonstrated toxic effects on the larvae, where the LC50 values ranged from 742.5 (550.4-1060.5) to 2476.3 (2150.6-2954.7) ppm at 72 h after treatment. On the whole, Shobicron 425 EC demonstrated better efficacy than the other insecticides against fruit flies.</div>

Evaluation of some insecticides against pigeonpea pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa Mall

Genetic analysis for shoot fly resistance traits in sorghum

Role of fly ash in improving soil physical properties and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Character association and assessment of yield loss in pigeonpea cultivars infested by pod fly and bruchid

Growth with Some Biochemical Responses in Two Cultivars of Cicer arietinum L. to Fly Ash Amended Soil

Positioning New Pesticide Chemistries in the Management of Pod Fly, Melanagromyza obtusa Malloch (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Pigeonpea

Growth and Productivity of Oats (Avena sativa L.) as Influenced by Fly Ash and Phosphorous Levels in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

Management of Pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa on Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.)

Control of Musca domestica (House Fly) in Poultry Units using Delta Traps

Toxicity of Chemical Insecticides and Neem Oil on Cucurbit Fruit Fly Bactrocera cucurbitae