<div>Background: Cancer is still a major health problem worldwide, despite the big development in treatment and diagnostic methods. For this reason, this study aims to find new drugs with low cost and fewer side effects on cancer cells continue. Medical plants represent a suitable candidate for discovering new materials for cancer treatment. 
 
Methods: Ten plants usually used in traditional medicine were used to evaluate their effectiveness as anti-cancer. These plants were divided into two mixtures according to traditional usage, named mixtures A and B. The anticancer effect against HepG2 was determined by MTT assay. The IC50 was also calculated. 
 
Result: Mixture A showed cytotoxicity reached 66.98%, while mixture B showed 63.66% by using 400 &micro;g/ml at 4 8h. The IC50 for mixture A was 53 &micro;g/ml, while for mixture B was 44.29 g/ml. All these results compare to normal cell line HnFd cells. In conclusion, mixing medical plants can effectively increase the anticancer activity of the synergistic effect between the phytochemicals. Future studies will be done to scan these effects.</div>

The Synergistic Anticancer Effect of Some Plant Extracts in Combination against Human Liver Cancer Cell Line

<div>Background: Plant defense against the pathogens can be induced by using different defense inducers. Plants can be treated with elicitors for fast and more intense mobilization of defense responses which can enhance the resistance against biotic or abiotic stresses. 
 
Methods: The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the synergistic effect of different plant defense inducing chemical (Salicylic acid, Isonicotinic acid, Oxalic acid and Chitosan) and biological (Trichoderma harzianum and Pseudomonas fluorescens) elicitors. Enzyme activity was expressed as the increase in absorbance using spectrophotometer. 
 
Result: Among all the treatments the maximum PAL activity (35.58 mg/g of fresh weight) was found in case of oxalic acid but after 48 hrs its activity reduced drastically. Next to oxalic acid Pseudomonas fluorescens (31.38 mg/g of fresh weight), chitosan + Trichoderma harzianum (29.38 mg/g of fresh weight) and chitosan + Pseudomonas fluorescens (27.89 mg/g of fresh weight) showed the maximum enzyme activity. The PPO activity reached the highest at 96 hr after challenge inoculation in case of chitosan + Trichoderma harzianum (9.74 &micro;mol/min/mg/protein) treated plants followed by Trichoderma harzianum (3.53 &micro;mol/min/mg/protein) alone. the maximum PO activity (49.12 &micro;mol/min/mg/protein) was found in case of chitosan + Pseudomonas fluorescens treated plants followed by chitosan (42.48 &micro;mol/min/mg/protein) after 72 hrs. the maximum phenolics (27.53 mg/gm of fresh weight) was found in case of chitosan + Pseudomonas fluorescens after 48 hrs of treatment.</div>

Synergistic Effect of Plant Defense Elicitors and Biocontrol Agents on Induction of Defense Enzymes in Pea against Downy Mildew

Background: The aim of current investigation was to analyze synergistic effect of natural penetration enhancers in combination with a synthetic drug in an animal model to enhance transdermal drug delivery. 
 
Methods: Initially, while carrying out the work in 2021-23 trial formulation batches were prepared with different penetration enhancers and then these were undergone through optimization study to optimize various parameters. A 32 full factorial design was utilized for study of optimization. An appropriate animal model was selected to analyze anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of product. Statistical analysis was doneby utilizing one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey-Kramer test utilizing GraphPad Prism 9. Value of p&lt;0.05 wasdeemed considerable. 
 
Result: It was concluded from the study that reduction in paw licking activity was approximately found to be 69.52, 72.32 and 74.10 % with Emulgel 1, Emulgel 2 and Emulgel 3, compared with group of control (p&lt;0.05 vs control). These findings showed that the analgesic effect of all three formulations was promising. Emulgel 3 i.e., Sapindus mukorossi showed better anti-inflammatory activity in comparison to Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale.

Investigating the Synergistic Potential of Combination of Natural Penetration Enhancers and a Synthetic Drug in Animal Model for Improved Transdermal Delivery

Background: Linseed, popularly known as flaxseed, is a prominent dual-purpose crop cultivated for both fiber and oilseed crops. It is especially valued for its rich nutritional profile, which includes alpha-linolenic acid, an essential omega-3 fatty acid, along with dietary fiber and lignans, making it more suitable for value addition and sustainable agriculture. Despite its adaptability and uses, it faces challenges such as grain yield followed by oil yield due to moisture stress. In the past few years, it has received special attention due to its industrial application and health benefits. Although the individual impact of seed priming, use of humic acid, and sulphur on healthy seedling establishment, crop growth, and oil yield under limited water conditions has shown the beneficial impact, their synergistic studies remain to be explored. Therefore, an integrated effort with seed priming, humic acid, and sulphur was implemented to mitigate the adverse response to moisture stress. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: An experiment was executed using a split-plot design considering the most popular variety of linseed (LC 2063) over the research farm of Lovely Professional University. The main plot treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation: I0, I1, and I2, that is, no irrigation, moderate irrigation, and full irrigation, while subplots treatments comprised seven combinations, including seed priming with KNO3, humic acid, and sulphur used as soil application (C0&nbsp;to C6), whereas 15 mM of KNO3&nbsp;was used as seed priming and humic acid was used besal application @ 12 Kg ha-1. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The frequency of irrigations had a significant impact (p=0.05) on the phenological traits in linseed. Out of all the irrigation frequencies, two irrigations (I2) minimized the days taken to the branching and 50% flowering, and maximized the days taken to maturity, number of capsules plant-1 and oil yield qt ha-1&nbsp;as compared to single (I1) and no post-sowing irrigation (I0). As for the percent increase or decrease over control is concerned, I2 reduced days by 16% and 13%, and increased maturity, number of capsules, and oil yield by 7%, 23% and 22%, respectively. The combined application of KNO3&nbsp; and humic acid (C5) was the most effective treatment at (p=0.05), significantly reducing days to emergence, branching, 50% flowering and maturity by 47, 18, 13, and 4% respectively, and enhancing maturity, number of capsules and oil yield by 4%, 38% and 32%. A negative relationship was detected between the relative water content (RWC%) and proline content (&micro;mol g-1) across the irrigation regimes, wherein I2&nbsp;showed the highest RWC and lowest proline. Among the chemical treatments, C5&nbsp;maintained the highest RWC% and proline, followed by C4&gt; C6&gt; C3&gt; C2&gt; C1&gt; C0. Most of the parameters studied had a significant interaction effect between the irrigation frequency and chemical treatments at (p=0.05), indicating that the combined application of C5&nbsp;with I2&nbsp;can markedly enhance oil yield in linseed.

Enhancing Linseed Oil Yield using the Synergistic Effect of Seed Priming, Humic Acid and Sulphur under Optimized Irrigation

<div>Background: The study investigates the role of Trichoderma viride (T.V) and other phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) in enhancing phosphorus solubilisation and other nutrient availability in wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivation. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The present work was conducted at FEEDS experimental farm, Manipur on 15/12/ 2021 in Wheat (Shriram super 252). The experiment was carried out with six treatments(T), T1 @ Trichoderma viride (T.V), T2 @ Azotobacter chroococcum (A.C) + Trichoderma viride (T.V), T3 @ Pseudomonas putida (P.P) + Trichoderma viride (T.V), T4 @ Azotobacter chroococcum (A.C) + Pseudomonas putida (P.P) +&nbsp;Trichoderma viride, T5 @ Azotobacter chroococcum (A.C) and T6 @ Azotobacter chrocooccum (A.C) + Pseudomonas putida (P.P) with four replications. Graded doses of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are applied in the ratio 100:50:50. Soil sample for PSM enumeration were collected at 0,30,65 and 95 days after sowing (DAS). 
&nbsp; 
Result: The results demonstrated a significant increase in microbial populations, phosphorus solubilisation, nutrient availability and grain yield. Out of the six treatments, T3 which received T. V and P. P showed highest Carbon (c), P and Potassium(K) content and T6 showed highest Nitrogen(N) content in the soil. The mean of the highest total Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) population is observed in 30 DAS in T6 and the lowest total PSB population in T1 at 65 DAS. The mean of the highest total Phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF) population is at 30 DAS in T1 and Lowest PSF population detected is in T6 at 0 DAS. The highest yield was observed in T4@ Azotobacter chroococcum (A.C) + Pseudomonas putida (P.P) + Trichoderma viride indicating a synergistic effect.</div>

Synergistic Role of Trichoderma viride with Other Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms for Enhancing Phosphate Solubilization in Wheat Cultivation of Manipur

Background: Drug aceclofenac is commonly used as an analgesics both topically and orally. Though it has diverse side effects related to oral delivery. Aim of recent work is to design and optimize a transdermal gel loaded with penetration enhancer from various natural sources so as to promote the delivery via skin. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Carbopol was used as a gelling agent. Other ingredients used include essential oil from Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale, Triethanolamine, tween 80 etc. For animal studies Albino Wistar rats were employed in which analgesic as well as anti-inflammatory activity of Aceclofenac were evaluated. 
&nbsp; 
Result: All the prepared Emulgel were good in appearance and viscous in nature. The pH of the Emulgel from both essential oils ranged between 5.00-7.00. The spreading coefficient ranged between 19.00 - 28.00 gm.cm/sec for FA1-FA9 and between 17-26.4 gm.cm/sec for FZ1-FZ9. All the formulations showed optimum viscosity. The drug release percent of Emulgel FA1-FA9 ranged between 75.0-89.0% and 80-90 for FZ1-FZ9. In in-vivo studies comparable analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity were found. As a concluding statement we can say that essential oil from both Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale can act as a potential candidate for enhancement of drug delivery through skin.

&nbsp;

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Screening of Natural Oils to Study Their Synergistic Activity with Aceclofenac

Background: This study at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, evaluates the combined effects of hydrogel and Arka Vegetable biostimulants on brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) production. Brinjal&rsquo;s high water and nutrient needs make it sensitive to water scarcity and seasonal variations. Hydrogel enhances soil moisture retention, reducing irrigation needs, while Arka Vegetable biostimulants improve plant growth and stress tolerance. Using both together aims to optimize water management and plant health, addressing key challenges in brinjal cultivation. 
 
Methods: In the study, the hydrogel was applied during the sowing stage, while Arka Vegetable Special was sprayed twice, with a 15-day interval after transplanting. The treatment designated as V2H2 (5 g/L + 1.5 kg/acre) was utilized, where &lsquo;V&rsquo; represents concentration in grams per liter and &lsquo;H&rsquo; denotes application rate in kilograms per acre. This treatment is aimed at optimizing vegetative growth. Various levels of Arka Vegetable Special and hydrogel application were tested to observe their effects on growth characteristics. 
 
Result: The study&rsquo;s findings revealed the effectiveness of the V2H2 treatment in enhancing vegetative growth. Application of Arka Vegetable Special and hydrogel at different levels significantly improved all the studied growth characteristics. This suggests the potential of integrating biostimulants and Hydrogel practices to optimize Brinjal production, offering a sustainable solution to meet year-round vegetable demand and mitigate water scarcity challenges in agricultural systems.

Exploring the Synergistic Effects of Biostimulant and Hydrogel Combinations on Brinjal Growth: An Assessment of Growth Parameters

Background: The integration of green manuring and nitrogen fertilization is a sustainable approach to enhance soil fertility and improve crop quality. Specifically, in crops like Basmati rice, these practices are known to influence critical parameters such as protein content and the availability of essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This study aims to evaluate the effects of various green manuring crops and nitrogen application levels on both soil nutrient status and grain quality of Basmati rice. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The experiment was conducted during the 2023 kharif season at the Agricultural Research Farm of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, using a split-plot design. Four main plots were used: M0&nbsp;(Control, no green manuring), M1&nbsp;(Sesbania aculeata), M2&nbsp;(Crotalaria juncea) and M3&nbsp;(Vigna unguiculata), along with four nitrogen levels as sub-plots: N1&nbsp;(0 kg ha-1), N2&nbsp;(15 kg ha-1), N3&nbsp;(30 kg ha-1) and N4&nbsp;(45 kg ha-1). Key parameters such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium availability in the soil, alongside protein, nitrogen content in the rice grains, were assessed to figure out the impact of these treatments. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The application of green manures, particularly in Sesbania aculeata (M1), resulted in significant improvements in both the protein content of Basmati rice grains and the availability of essential nutrients in the soil. The treatments involving Vigna unguiculata (M3) and Crotalaria juncea (M2) also had positive effects, through to a lesser degree. Among the nitrogen levels, the highest protein content and nutrient availability were observed at 45 kg ha-1&nbsp;nitrogen application followed by 30 kg ha-1&nbsp;(N3), 15 kg ha-1&nbsp;(N2), whereas the control treatment with 0 kg ha-1&nbsp;(N1), with no nutrient input, exhibited the lowest values. These findings underline the critical role of integrating green manuring and nitrogen fertilization to enhance both soil fertility and basmati rice quality. 
&nbsp;

Synergistic Effects of Green Manuring and Nitrogen Fertilization on Soil Fertility and Grain Quality of Basmati Rice

Inherent phytic acid and tannins interfere with bioavailability of iron and zinc from plant-based foods. Food acidulants, b-carotene-rich vegetables and Allium spices are understood to promote mineral in vitro bioavailability from legumes. In this study, it has been verified whether these promoters would counter negative effects of phytate and tannin on bioavailability of iron and zinc from legumes. Combinations of promoters &ndash; citric acid, spinach and garlic with phytic acid and tannin exogenously added individually were examined for their influence on iron and zinc bioavailability from the legumes. Effect of these promoters was generally dominant in the presence of phytic acid or tannic acid. The negative effect of the inhibitor was not only annulled, but also the positive influence of the promoter was fully retained. This information helps to evolve diet-based strategy to maximize mineral bioavailability and prevent deficiency situations prevalent in population dependent on plant foods.

Synergistic promoting influence of citric acid, spinach and garlic on&nbsp;the bioavailability of iron and zinc from legumes

Background: This study evaluated the insecticidal effectiveness of aqueous extracts from Cynanchum acutum L. (climbing vine swallowworts), Sonchus maritimus L. (Sow Thistle) and their 1:1 mixture against aphids collected in El Oued Province. 
 
Methods: Plant materials were prepared using standard extraction techniques and bioassays were conducted on adult and larval aphids at five different concentrations, with mortality noted after 24 and 48 hours. 
 
Result: Probit analysis showed significant, dose- and time-dependent mortality for all extracts, with larvae generally more vulnerable than adults. The mixture was the most effective, showing the lowest LC50 values: from 0.73 mg/mL (adults, 24 h) to 0.56 mg/mL (adults, 48 h) and from 0.49 mg/mL to 0.12 mg/mL for larvae. Sonchus maritimus L. alone exhibited potent activity against larvae (LC50&nbsp;= 0.025 mg/ml at 48 h), while Cynanchum acutum L. was less powerful. Nearly complete larval mortality was observed at concentrations above 0.666 mg/ml for all extracts. These findings suggest that mixed botanical extracts have great potential as sustainable, potent agents for aphid control, justifying further field testing and safety evaluations. 
&nbsp;