<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The Nagaland State Rural Livelihood Mission is the implementing agency for the NRLM in the state and embodies the principles and vision of NRLM while keeping in mind the unique features of the state. The Mission aims at bringing about sustained improvement in the household incomes, livelihood, well-being and empowerment status of the rural poor through sustained livelihood enhancements and improved access of financial and non-financial services. The present study was about an impact of NSRLM on socio-economic and livelihood status of rural women in Mon District of Nagaland. 
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Methods: A total of 100 respondents (80 beneficiary and 20 non beneficiary respondents) were surveyed. Ex post facto research design was used for the study. Both primary and secondary data were used. Collected data were scrutinized and statistically analyzed using statistical tools like t-test, Pearson&rsquo;s correlation analysis and index analysis to draw valid conclusions. To measure the impact, six types of assets viz., human assets, physical assets, natural assets, social assets, financial assets and food security were considered. 
 
Result: Annual income earned from different sources, expenditure and saving of NSRLM beneficiary respondents found increase in comparison to non beneficiary respondents. The average assets value, average annual household income and average annual household expenditure per household of the beneficiary respondents were found comparatively greater than that of non-beneficiary respondents. Beneficiary respondents remained significantly better off than that of non-beneficiary respondents in all six types of asset creation. Some of the independent variables viz., age, income and expenditure were found positively and significantly associated with creation of human assets, financial asset and food security among the beneficiary respondents.</div>

​​Impact of Nagaland State Rural Livelihood Mission (NSRLM) on Livelihood Status of Women in Nagaland

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Diversification is a continuous adaptive process whereby household add new ctivities maintain existing one or drop others, thereby maintaining diverse and changing make greater contribution to general livelihood portfolios. Livelihood in rural areas is very erratic and risk hidden. The land-based livelihood of small and marginal farmers is becoming unsustainable in recent times due to continuous flood and decrease in availability of arable land. Diversification activities make greater contribution ta key strategy by which people try to improve the generate cash incomes for poor households and it is a key strategy by which people try to improve their wellbeing. 
Methods: Based on the primary and secondary data, Barbarua Development Block is finally selected for the study. In the block itself three nos Missing community dominated villages and three nos Scheduled Caste dominated villages are selected for the study. Through random sampling, 10 households of each diverse socio economic background are selected from each village. Semi structured schedules are prepared for interviewing the villagers, local village head (Gaon Burah), school teacher, unemployed youth, agricultural labour, landless people and women. 
Result: As the entire survey area is inundated by flood water in every year, a part from farm activities various income generating activities carried out under livelihood diversification. Some households end upon multiple activities. A common pattern is for every poor and the comprehensive well-off households to have most diverse livelihood. Farm income accounts for 54.0 per cent of the total household income coming from off farm activities. It is also revealed that 44 per cent households prefer livelihood diversification due to limited agricultural income. About 22 per cent reported that the availability of non-farm activities encouraged them to adopt non farm activities. Managing livelihood has always been a critical factor or challenge among the poor in everywhere.&nbsp;</div>

Livelihood Pattern of Riverine Areas of Dibrugarh District and its Prospects of Livelihood Diversification

Background: This study evaluates the potential of local agricultural residues namely longkong peel, cajeput bark and oil palm bunches-as sustainable alternatives for fertilizer production in Narathiwat Province, Thailand. The use of compost made from these residues can offer a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution to improve soil fertility and reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers. 
 
Methods: The raw residues and their corresponding composts were chemically analyzed for their nutrient content. Fertilizer equivalence was calculated to estimate their potential contribution to soil nutrient supply. A plant growth experiment was conducted involving treatments comprising of longkong peel, cajeput bark and oil palm bunch composts, as well as a control group and standard fertilization to assess the influence of these composts on plant height and fresh weight. 
 
Result: The chemical analysis showed that longkong peel compost had the highest nutrient content, with (2.59% N; 1.41% P2O5&nbsp; and 2.96% K2O). Cajeput bark compost having a higher carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio, resulted in slower decomposition and nutrient release. Oil palm bunch compost displayed moderate nutrient levels. Fertilizer equivalence analysis indicated that longkong peel compost provided the highest nutrient equivalence, with an estimated annual contribution of 610 tons of nitrogen, 332 tons of phosphorus and 698 tons of potassium. Plant growth experiments with maize showed that longkong peel and oil palm bunch composts (145.75 cm in height and 80.75 g in fresh weight) being highest with oil palm bunch. significantly improved plant height and fresh weight. Cajeput bark compost also enhanced plant growth, but to a lesser degree. 
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Evaluating the Potential of Local Agricultural Residues for Sustainable Fertilizer Production: Enhancing Soil Health and Crop Productivity in Narathiwat, Thailand, Contributing to Sustainable Development Goals

<div style="text-align: justify;">In post-conflict South Sudan, as in many other places, climate variability extreme events are already undermining communities&rsquo; livelihoods by causing adverse socioeconomic and environmental impacts. However, few studies have paid little attention to the extent to which climatic shocks have disturbed the community&rsquo;s livelihood and resilience strategies built by communities. Quantitative methodological review using a systematic protocol to select scientific literature was employed. A total of twenty-five articles were extracted and analyzed. The findings indicated that climatic shocks such as flood, drought, have resulted in disruptive changes in cropping pattern, reduction in the crop production, erosion of social assets, exacerbate resource-based conflicts, resulting in large losses of livestock and disturbed the physical topography of the area leading to extinction of flora and fauna that constituted the livelihoods of the communities. Results also showed that: (1) crop farming and livestock rearing, (2) diversification of livelihood assets and, (3) switching to alternative off-farm businesses are pursued by households. This review paper recommends that policymakers should focus on building livelihood assets and investing in and outside the agriculture sector in order to promote sustainable livelihoods development and income diversification while providing pathways for communities to recover and adapt to climate variability.</div>

Livelihood resilience and adaptation to climate variability in post-conflict South Sudan-A review

This review article shows a holistic approach regarding integrated farming system (IFS) for livelihood security and sustainable development of small and marginal households in India. Integrated farming systems are being developed for location specific because enormous problems are being aroused in the agriculture and allied sectors such as declined factor productivity, profitability, unscientific management of farm resources, decreases in crops and livestock productivity due to climate change, changes in food habits of the people, deprived soil health, low inputs use efficiencies, declined in crop diversification and biodiversity, increased cost of production, utilization of high energy inputs, produces low energy outputs and other problems are also coexisted in current farming system. The integrated farming system includes different components like crops, livestock, poultry, beekeeping, fisheries, mushroom, kitchen garden, boundary plantation and others to cultivate in an integrated way for efficient utilization of limited farm resources. Moreover, imperative need to resolve these ablaze issues with the help of development of location-specific integrated farming system modules/models. IFS is a tool of sustainable strategies for the meeting of assorted agrarian anxieties along with ensured food and nutritional security and conserved ecosystem services. The standardized and upscale IFS models increased the productivity and profitability of the farmers more than mono-cropping and single-farm enterprises. The conducted studies emphases about enhance soil quality indicators, recycling and saving plant nutrients by around 55.6% through proper management of farm-based waste and byproducts. A total of 265.18 kg nitrogen, 48.91 kg phosphorus and 269.48 kg potassium can be saved through recycled farm-based waste or byproducts of a 1.5 ha model which comprises nine components. In conclusion, IFS modules/models are emission-negative or low GHG emitters, paving the way for promoting of climate-friendly farming in India. IFS emerges as a holistic approach to increase climate-resilient, greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced, it is a potential for sustainable agriculture development requiring continued research, policy support and innovative strategies for widespread adoption. As regards to livelihood security, the IFS approach has adapted to meet the home-grown family needs of cereals, pulses, oils, fruits, milk, meat, eggs, and vegetables. The future direction for research includes vertical farming, climate-smart farming systems, and improving the quality and sustainability of the farming systems, especially for underprivileged farm householders.

Development of Sustainable Integrated Farming Systems for Small and Marginal Farmers and Ecosystem Services -A Comprehensive Review

<div>Modern agriculture is mainly concerned with enhancing output as well as quality improvement. This paper examines current thinking of agricultural improvements through innovations, what forms it takes, involvement of stakeholders and the social economic benefits derived. Rather than adopting newly developed technologies, agricultural advances frequently include the adaptation of existing updated technologies. Sustainable development is the process of meeting human needs and improving living conditions without endangering natural resources. It is a philosophy that tries to address human needs while simultaneously protecting the natural system. Economic growth, human development and ecological sustainability are all part of the sustainable development philosophy.&nbsp;Various research articles have been studied for current study which highlights the importance of innovation in agriculture and its benefits. The policy ecosystem of agriculture in India under the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture as well as future prospects and solutions for India are also highlighted. We have found that there is a need to look at the potential barriers while implementing sustainable agriculture practice and the options for overcoming or minimising these barriers.</div>

Role of Innovation for Sustainable Development in Agriculture: A Review

<div>Background: Legume production and consumption are essential concepts for sustainability of functional food production, food safety and agricultural sustainability. Production of legumes fluctuates owing to various reasons. The present research aimed to identify current situations and find solutions to sustainability principles. Additionally, the current situation about legume farming in Turkey, the sector situation, future expectations, facilities, strengths and weaknesses, targets, suggestions, plans, as well as the effect on input costs for legumes, profitability, economic and productivity factors, etc. production components on key sustainability issues were evaluated. 
 
Methods: In this research during 2021, survey was realized by 200 legume growers in Uşak province with face to face method. In addition to the results obtained, evaluations were made to ensure sustainability by conducting extensive research. 
 
Result: Investigation of this research showed that, legume cultivation is mostly done in small areas, crop rotation is applied with cereals, certified seeds are less preferred due to their expensiveness, pneumatic seeder is used while top fertilizer is not applied. The vast majority of farmers stated that they were not satisfied with legume cultivation. Additionally, there is need for development of better adapted and qualified varieties, standardization of products and easy market opportunity, better cost of input and regulation of product price, well planned schedule for import and political supports.</div>

​Evaluation of Legume Farming in Turkey and Agricultural Sustainability

The Rythu Bandhu Scheme (RBS), initiated by the Government of Telangana, India, on February 25, 2018, provides financial assistance to farmers across all categories. Its primary objective is to prevent farmers from succumbing to debt and to improve their financial stability. By enabling them to procure essential inputs like fertilizers, seeds, machinery, and labour, the scheme aims to enhance effective agricultural practices. However, it falls short in addressing critical environmental and social challenges in agriculture, including soil degradation, water pollution, climate change and food security. This paper proposes a comprehensive set of recommendations to enhance the Rythu Bandhu Scheme (RBS), ensuring its long-term sustainability and inclusivity for Telangana&rsquo;s agricultural sector. The following strategies are crucial for achieving these goals:&nbsp;To enhance soil health and reduce erosion, encourage practices like minimum tillage, crop rotation and cover cropping. Livestock rearing provides supplementary income, valuable manure and draught power, diversifying farmers&rsquo; livelihoods. Address environmental and health concerns related to chemical fertilizers by recommending organic or bio-fertilizers. Utilize crop residues as mulch, fodder, or biofuel instead of burning them to minimize air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Establish vegetation strips along water bodies to safeguard water quality, preserve biodiversity, and prevent soil erosion. Financial incentives for sustainable practices ensure farmers&rsquo; profitability and food security. Implement district-level advisory bodies to educate farmers about sustainable methods. These recommendations align with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) agenda, benefiting both farmers and the environment.

Reevaluating the Rythu Bandhu Scheme: Toward Sustainable and Inclusive Agriculture in Telangana: A Review

<div>Background: Coastal communities, like in Buguey, Cagayan, are highly dependent on marine and aquatic resources and mangroves for their livelihoods and the high population pressure in coastal areas has led to the conversion of mangrove areas for human activities, impacting environmental health. With this, the study assessed the socioeconomic profile of coastal villagers in Buguey, Cagayan, to provide insights for developing sustainable extension programs. 
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Methods: Descriptive-survey method of research was employed in this study. 
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Result: Findings revealed that the coastal villagers were male-dominated, mostly adults and married, elementary graduates and composed of four members in every household. The dominant dialect spoken was Ilocano and Roman Catholicism was the predominant religion. They mostly rely on fishing, mud crab and crablets catching as their main occupations, with most respondents using crab pots as their fishing gear. Some respondents violated fishing regulations by using active gear like filter nets. Mud crabs and river mullets are the primary catches, with river mullet being a particularly vulnerable species in the region. The average monthly income is&nbsp; 7,396 which is below the poverty threshold. Despite low income, there are respondents reported borrowing an average of&nbsp; 21,142.86 from lending companies or banks, primarily for investment in fishing equipment. Most respondents rely on portable pumps for water and dispose of waste primarily through burning, with limited access to formal waste management services. Over half of the motorized boat owners did not register their boats. Most respondents live in single-type houses, with permanent wall construction, permanent roofing and cement floor material. Training and financial literacy programs, enhancing education and skill development, promoting sustainable fishing practices and introducing boat registration and subsidy programs and providing health and welfare support to empower the community and improve their livelihoods and well-being. 
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Assessing the Socio-economic Profile of Coastal Villagers in Buguey, Cagayan: Inputs for Sustainable Extension Programs

The principal purpose of food packaging continues to be maintaining the safety, wholesomeness, and quality of food. The large growing middle class, liberalization and organized retail sector are the catalysts to growth in packaging. The key packaging materials are glass, metal, plastics, paper, laminates, co-extrusion and bio-degradable polymers, However there is a shift in demand which makes laminates and co-extrusion the finest among all.  The major segments of packaging industry in India are flexible packaging, folding cartons, corrugated boards and boxes, labels, shrink sleeves and wrappings and glass bottles. While the concept of sustainable packaging like green polyethylene is also prevailing, which is a plastic produced from ethanol sugarcane, a renewable raw material. These sustainable packages are derived from food, which create the problem of competing with the food resources in future.