Sudden deaths without any specific clinical sign occurred among one year old young ones on Siamese crocodile (Crocodylus siamensis) farms in Hainan province, China, during winter and spring in 2012 - 2013. The autopsy showed that the internal organs seemed normal except full of clear ascites in abdominal cavity. There were total six bacterial species isolated, Edwardsiella tarda, Proteus penneri, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter asburiae, Citrobacter freundii and Micrococcus luteus from either the heart bloods or the spleens and livers. The virulence of isolated strains was tested by intraperitoneal inoculation in female Chinese edible frogs (Rana rugulosa or Hoplobatrachus rugulosus). The six-day mortality revealed that E. tarda was the most pathogenic, whereas P. penneri and E. asburiae exhibited no infection at all, and the rest demonstrated similar inconspicuous toxicity. All these findings suggest that E. tarda would be the principal suspect causing death of Siamese crocodile. The sensitivities of the E. tarda isolates were tested against 20 kinds of antimicrobial drugs. The results showed that ceftazidime, norfloxacin and amikacin were highly sensitive to the isolates of E.tarda.

An investigation of sudden death in farmed infant&nbsp;Siamese&nbsp;crocodiles during winter and spring in Hainan, China

<div>The leaf yellowing is the first visible sign of senescence, which starts at the margins of the leaf and progresses to the blade. Although, transcriptional factor family genes generally encode meticulous regulators which perform a range of functions in turns regulating the physiological and developmental mechanism of plant stature. However, the genetic relationship of TFs genes in regulating the cell death of Arabidopsis is well not understood to date. TFs family in a plant regulates various developmental and stress responses in underline pathways. In our review we observed the genetic relationship of TFs genes in regulations of cell death in Arabidopsis. Given that, programmed cell death (PCD) being an active process that includes the expression of hundreds of genes. It is speculated that many&nbsp;TFs are involved in the core elements of the regulatory network. There are only a few factors that are being demonstrated in involving the regulation of cell death, by evaluating the leaf senescence appearances of knocking of mutants and by identifying downstream target genes. In this review, we have focused on the manifold roles of TFs during genetic relationships and the regulation of cell death in Arabidopsis. We also deliberated how the transcription factors family gene regulates the cells&rsquo; death by different hormonal stress, environmental strain and their role in retrograde signaling. For deep understanding of regulatory molecular mechanisms of cell death in the plant, future research may be hypothesized to collect appropriate evidence and a detailed study may be implemented on the upstream pathway with a specific targeted gene that recognizes the stress signals involved in cell death in plants. Also, crosstalk between mitochondria and chloroplast is mainly being focused to better understand the regulations of cell death in plants. Present review concludes that regulating the cell death of Arabidopsis is very important for meeting future global food needs, crop yields. Overexpression of ERF transcription factors genes relating cell death of&nbsp;Arabidopsis confers broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens and other abiotic stresses and can also make transgenic plants resistant to drought, salinity and freezing.</div>

Genetic Relationship of Transcriptional Factor Genes in the Regulation of Cells Death in Arabidopsis: A Review

<div>Background: Scatophagus argus is a euryhaline fish, but the molecular mechanism of salinity plunge response on liver antioxidant system of S. argus is currently poorly understood. Meanwhile, the transcriptome is a powerful tool for studying the effect of stress on physiological mechanisms. Transcriptome analysis of juvenile S. argus in salinity slump will provide a reference for future research on the stress resistance of S. argus. 
 
Methods: 5 ppt was selected as low salinity and 20 ppt was used as the control group. The experimental treatment time was 6 h. Liver samples were separately obtained for transcriptome sequencing. Transcriptomic data of the liver after salinity plunge for 6 h were analyzed. 
 
Result: 474 differentially expressed genes were generated by the sudden change of salinity. The pathways related to immune defense were enriched, such as &lsquo;Antigen processing and presentation&rsquo; and &lsquo;Phagosome&rsquo;, implying that S. argus might enhance the immune defense system. Several antioxidant enzyme genes, such as HAO, Trx, PHGPx, were up-regulated to resist oxidative stress caused by low salinity. The down-regulation of Cul3 also might promote the activation of Nrf2 to activate the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes. These results indicated that S. argus initiated a molecular mechanism to resist low salt stress.</div>

Transcriptomic Response to Sudden Salinity Drop in the Liver of Juvenile Scatophagus argus

Background: H. isora is a species of the genus Helicteres, a medicinal plant known to be used in the treatment of liver cancer in Vietnam. However, there has been no recorded about biological activity of H. isora species in Vietnam. The current study aimed to study the antitumor activity through its antioxidant activity and inhibitory properties on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. 
 
Methods: Arial parts of Helicteres isora were collected from Dak Nong province. Samples were extracted maceration method in ethanol solvent. The antitumor activity were identified though the DPPH radical scavenging activity (<a href="#brand-williams_1995">Brand-Williams et al., (1995)</a> and WST-1 assay, Real- time PCR, Hoechst 33258 spectrofluorometric assay and Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Assay on the human liver cancer cells (HepG2) and non-malignant cells of Chang&rsquo;s Live.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The ethanol extract of H. isora exhibited antioxidant activity with IC50=21.16 &micro;g/ml. H. isora extract also exhibited inhibitory activity on HepG2 cell division with IC50=37 &micro;g/ml after 48 h. The expression of DNA fragmentation of the extract also increased with time (48-72h). Apoptosis induction of extract was associated with up-regulation of pro-apoptotic Bax gene expression and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 gene expression. The H. isora extract was found to induce the apoptotic process in HepG2 cells through the up and down regulation of the Bax/Bcl-2 gene.

Helicteres isora Ethanol Extract Induces Apoptotic Cell Death in HepG2 Cells

<div>Background: The principal cause of caprine enterotoxaemia is Clostridium perfringens type D which is normally resident in digestive tract and soil in fairly low numbers. Overeating of carbohydrate rich diet or sudden change in diet leads to proliferation of the bacteria and release of lethal toxins in intestine of the host. It causes sudden death in affected ruminants of different ages, though lambs of 3 to 10 weeks of age are highly susceptible. It causes sever enterocolitis with or without haemorrhagic diarrhoea and encephalitis resulting in acute nervous signs with a fatal outcome. 
 
Methods: Thirty goats of different breeds under 1-4 years age and both sex were presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli with the neurological signs and diarrhoea were the subject of study. Faecal samples were collected from all these cases and tested on spot by immunochromatographic test kit to identify the Clostridium perfringens Epsilon toxin (ETX). Blood and serum samples were collected and subjected haemato-biochemical analysis. Peripheral blood smears were also collected to rule out haemoprotozoan infections in all the cases. 
 
Result: Epsilon toxin was detected from faecal samples of 36.6 per cent of the goats. Diarrhoea was the most consistent finding which is due to enterocolitis in acute cases. A significant increase (P&lt;0.001) in the neutrophils and leukocytes count and a significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in the levels of BUN, creatinine, glucose, ALP and chloride levels were observed. All the cases were treated with sulphadimidine at recommended dose with supportive therapy but no response was reported due to the fatal encephalitis.</div>

Detection of Epsilon Toxin in Goats Affected with Acute Enterotoxaemia and the Haemato-biochemical Alterations

Background: Haemonchus contortus is a blood sucking parasite whose habitat is the abomasum of ruminants, which poses a significant threat to the health and production of sheep and goats in warm temperate and tropical regions. H. contortus leads to anemia, hypoproteinemia, reduced exercise tolerance and edema subcutaneous tissue that can result in the death of animals. In acute infection, animals suddenly become anemic and many are found dead. Even in the chronic phase, the condition is accompanied by a mild but persistent parasitic burden and is characterized by weight loss, widespread malaise and, in some individuals, anemia. The objective of this study was to identify the anthelmintic activity of Croton tiglium seeds extract against Haemonchus contortus and comparison with some drugs used against internal and external parasites.

Methods: A study was performed to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the methanolic extract of Croton tiglium seeds&nbsp; against Haemonchus contortus using an adult worm motility test. Six graduated concentrations of extract (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg/ml), were tested at different periods and changes over time in the viability of worms were registered for 2, 4 and 6 hr. Normal RPMI-1640 medium and ivermectin 0.1% were used as negative and positive control, respectively. Also, a histological study was conducted on the the integumentary tissue of the H. contortus and the changes that occur in it were observed.

Result: At 2 and 4 h post treatment, the concentrations of C. tiglium seeds extract (100, 125, and 150 mg/ml) have caused significantly higher mortality compared to the other concentrations, while, similar to ivermectin that caused death for nematodes within 6 h. The lower concentration (25 mg/ml) was significantly more lethal than the negative control (RPMI-1640 medium) at 2, 4 and 6 h of exposure. Each concentrations damages the cuticle and muscles of H. contortus. The increase in concentration is proportional to the increase in damage to the integumentary. The present study indicated that all concentrations of methanolic extract of C. tiglium seeds produced anthelmintic activity.

In vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Croton tiglium Seeds Extract on Haemonchus contortus

<div style="text-align: justify;">Hypersensitivity is a natural defense for plants in response to a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and is characterized by a programmed cell death (PCD) accompanied by an accumulation of toxic compounds within the dead cell. Hypersensitive response (HR) is considered a biochemical reaction rather than a structural defense mechanism but can be seen with the naked eye or with a microscope. There are two types of hypersensitive responses: structural and induced. PCD is seen in both structural as well as in induced hypersensitive response. PCD is extreme resistance shown by the plants in which it kills its cells (suicidal death), upon a perception of the pathogen to deprive it of nutritional supply and stops its growth. Cell death plays a central role in innate immune responses in both plants and animals. Apoptosis and autophagy are physiological processes and two forms of biochemical PCD. Induced hypersensitive response comes out when the plant recognizes specific pathogen-produced signal molecules known as elicitors. Recognition of elicitors by the host plants activates an army of biochemical reactions. These reactions include an oxidative burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), alterations in plant cell wall also including cell wall immunity (CWI) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), induction of phytoalexins and synthesis of PR proteins. These all, are comprised under the first line of defense of plants which come into action after recognition of conserved molecules characteristic of many microbes. These are called elicitors and are known as microbeassociated or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or PAMPs). The second line of defense of plants is the recognition of effectors through plant resistance gene products known as R genes, which result in effector-triggered immunity (ETI). This is supported by the gene for gene hypothesis. Avirulence gene encodes a protein which is specifically recognized by genotypes of the host plant harboring the matching resistance genes.</div>

Hypersensitive Responses in Plants

Dwarf gene plays an important role in the poultry development. Much has been known for the regulation of sex-linkage dwarf genes, less information is available about the autosmal dwarf genes. Xingyi bantam is an endangered native breed in Guizhou, which shows different characters from sex-linkage dwarf genes about pygmy and tall foot separation, Early embryonic regularity death. In this study, we examined rare phenomenon mentioned above through establishing &nbsp;pedigree. The ratio of pygmy foot individuals to tall foot individuals was 2:1 (X2 P=0.05) in Xingyi bantam pedigree, which is different from the classical ratio 3:1 of Mendel. The autocopuation (selfing) offspring of tall foot individuals were tall foot. Those results suggest that the pygmy character of Xingyi bantam is in control of Cp-cp, a pair alleles located autosomal. The pygmy foot is the dominant character to high foot, but the dominant homozygote is death. In addition, we preliminarily determined MORF4L1 was the major genes of Cp through candidate genes method. These findings may provide some insight regarding harmful genes knockout for the improved breeding of Xingyi bantam. 
&nbsp;

A systemic analysis on dwarf gene of Xingyi bantam

A nine month old male rat died in the Institute of Pharmacedutical Science, GGV, Bilaspur (C.G.). The owner observed the grayish spot on skin, after 10 days of first observation the affected area became hard as like corn and rat died suddenly within 45 days. Before death rat showed abdominal pain, blood tinged urine, weakness, dullness and loss of body weight. The carcass revealed dome shaped sessile blackish, grayish nodule about 0.8 centimeters in diameter on the right renal parenchyma. Microscopically, small spindle shape cell, polyhedral epithelioid shape cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm were observed in affected rat.&nbsp;

A case of melanosarcoma - in rat

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation is a noble goal for humanity and preserving the genetic materials of superior animal species. Females facing chemotherapy and radiation treatment are exposed to gonadal damage. In addition, superior animals due to sudden death or aging are also at risk to lose their genetic materials. Ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation has been successfully carried out in different mammalian species resulting in formation of ovarian structures and outcomes upon pregnancy. Trials were applied over ovarian cryopreservation and re-transplantation in humans and different animal species. Several factors effect on ovarian cryopreservation and re-transplantation including technical aspects of freezing ovarian tissue, size of ovarian tissue, age of female, location of transplantation, auto- and xenotransplantation. Restoration of ovarian follicle growth and development, ovulation and corpora lutea formation and development were confirmed in several studies. The growth and development of ovarian follicles to pre-ovulatory follicles and corpora lutea in mammals lasts several months. In addition, in vitro maturation of oocytes aspirated from transplanted ovarian tissues were confirmed in addition to their further embryonic development. Therefore, this review is carried out to collect and discuss the ovarian tissue cryopreservation and transplantation and its effects on both humans and animals as well.

An investigation of sudden death in farmed infant Siamese crocodiles during winter and spring in Hainan, China