<div>Nutrient management in the subtropical fruit production is very important for obtaining high quality fruits. It involves using crop nutrients as efficiently as possible to improve productivity while protecting the environment. The key principle behind nutrient management is balancing soil nutrient inputs with crop requirements. A well-nourished fruit plant not only produces good yield but also improves quality and remains for longer period in healthy and productive condition. This plan will lay out how nutrients are managed according to land base characteristics, crops being grown, type of nutrient, proximity to water and application methods. Records of nutrient application rates, methods and timing help with future planning. Thus, proper nutrient management helps the plants to meet their nutrient requirement and to restore the fertility of the soil.</div>


<p>Nutrient Management in Subtropical Fruit Production: A Review</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background:</strong> Labour being a principle Factor of production in the Agriculture and has great influence in the crop production, therefore, a study was conducted to understand the labour Man-days and its efficiency in the production of different temperate fruits. From the study, we will try to found labour Man-days used in different farm activities under different temperate fruits and its role in the production of the different fruits.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> In this study field investigation was conducted during the Year 2018-2019 and data of 200 farming households of different farm size were collected from 10 different panchayats of Jubbal &amp; kotkhai Block of district Shimla.<br /><strong>Result:</strong> From our study, it was discovered that most labour Man-days utilization per hectare can be seen in Apple production across all farm size as compare to other fruits production. As far as labour productivity per kg is concern it has been observed that it high in apple production as compare other fruit production, however, when we look it from farm size point small farm performance looks better in most of the crops.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Labour Usage and Productivity in Temperate Fruits Production in Himachal Pradesh A Study of District Shimla</div>

<div>A data by UN FAO proclaims that the availability of land area for the crop cultivation will be 4% in 2050 with additional population of 2 billion to the existing global population. This context creates a strong pressure over agricultural production, where there will be more demand for food. The food production obtained from these traditional methods of cultivation which have been followed by farmers right now were not sufficient or may fail to feed this growing global population. Adaptation of new and latest technological solutions for the improvement of farming might be the only possible way to meet out the food requirement in future. While artificial intelligence (AI) proved to support all sectors of agriculture to boost the productivity and also helps to control uninvited natural condition. AI-supported solution makes the farmers to produce more with less in addition quality improvement in products. AI technology helps to achieve competitive advantage in market. In recent years AI powered systems aids the farmers in all process of fruit production such as in irrigation scheduling through smart irrigation systems, detection and diagnosis of pest and diseases, weed management, precise predictions, etc. Current review discussed the insights in artificial intelligence and its various applications in fruit production.&nbsp;</div>


<p>Application of Artificial Intelligence in Fruit Production: A Review</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Dietary fibre is an important component of diet conferring plethora of health benefits and helps in prevention of various diseases. Plant foods are particularly associated with high amounts of dietary fibre. Large amount of pomace produced from juice and wine industries presents cheap source of dietary fibre. Fruit and vegetable pomace represents a novel ingredient for fibre enrichment in bakery products owing to its better functionality due to balanced ratio of soluble/insoluble fibre, better hydration properties, better fermentability and presence of phytochemicals. Source of pomace and its processing to form powder by various pre-treatments, drying techniques and size reduction has influence on its functionality. Fruit and vegetable pomace can be used to improve the functionality of food by the virtue of its functional properties. Variety of fruit and vegetable pomaces are used in wide array of bakery products like biscuits, buns, cookies, crackers, cakes, muffins, wheat rolls and scones. &nbsp;Fruit pomaces tend to amalgamate well with bakery products and confer them better sensory properties. An important intervention of fruit and vegetable pomace is the improvment of the storage quality of baked products due to its associated antioxidants. Thus, fruit and vegetable pomace can be used as effective functional ingredient for development of fibre rich bakery products.&nbsp;</div>

Utilization of fruit and vegetable pomace as functional ingredient in bakery products: A review

<div>Agro-industrial by-products, which are not intended for human consumption, can serve as substitutes for traditional animal feed ingredients in animal nutrition. This can result in the production of animal products without causing competition for land or exacerbating the food versus feed dilemma, ultimately promoting environmental and economic sustainability. Utilizing co-products as animal feed has the potential to reduce feeding costs while enhancing the productive parameters, quality, animal welfare and sustainability of animal products. Numerous studies have indicated that fruits and vegetables are considered as significant sources of bioactive compounds. The extensive process of industrialization leads to the creation of considerable amounts of by-products, giving rise to grave ecological concerns. Hence, such a scenario necessitates the formulation of innovative approaches for effectively utilizing the resultant wastes, ensuring the potential to fabricate novel products with enhanced value. The generated by-products, reveal similar or higher antioxidant activity. It is recognized that these secondary products comprise various bioactive substances and may have the ability to serve as nutraceuticals for poultry, promoting their health and overall wellness. This review aims to summarize the exploitation of fruit wastes, namely, apple, citrus, banana, mango, pineapple and grape as well as vegetable by-products which are derived from tomato and olive cultivation. These byproducts can be in supplementation or substitution format. Some of these byproducts presented the following results: The addition of 2% dried sweet orange pulp to the diet significantly increased feed intake and total weight gain in broilers and the inclusion of dried orange pulp in broiler diets was found to reduce serum triglycerides and cholesterol. Also, the including of 10% apple peel in the diet led to an increase in the weight of the gizzard and small intestine in chickens. Additionally, diets containing 5% and 10% apple peel waste resulted in higher levels of lipids and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) in the blood serum, while LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and malondialdehyde levels decreased. Moreover, the including of 10% banana peel in poultry feed led to improved feed efficiency, feed conversion and the quality of poultry eggs and meat. However, the inclusion of olive cake with phytase to broiler chickens&rsquo; diet presented an increase of growth parameters increased. The incorporation of 10% of OC with phytase also resulted a reduction in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and an increase in plasma inorganic phosphorus.</div>


<p>The Impacts of Vegetables and Fruits by Products on Growth and Health of Broiler Chickens</p>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> The aonla-based multistoried production model is a climate-smart and profitable agro-technology that optimizes land use and mitigates climate change effects. Farmers in Bangladesh are grow dragon fruit as a single crop but only dragon fruit cultivation is not suitable for an over populated country like Bangladesh. Meanwhile both (red and white) dragon fruit genotypes are successfully grown in aonla based multistoried fruit production model without sacrificing the fruit yield comparing open field condition. But the biochemical composition of dragon fruit grown in shaded condition yet not been studied before.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> This study investigated the impact of shaded conditions on fruit yield and biochemical composition. Using a two-factor randomized complete block design with three replications, six treatment combinations were evaluated for quality attributes.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>Results indicated that multistoried cultivation did not significantly alter the biochemical composition of dragon fruits. The red-fleshed genotype under sole cropping exhibited the highest values in key parameters, including calories (62.43 Kcal), vitamin C (24.8 mg), sugars (11.92%), fiber (0.58 g), protein (1.16 g), pH (4.64), total soluble solids (25%), carbohydrates (12.49 g) and ash (1.76%). The white genotype performed well under multistoried and double-storied conditions. Mineral analysis revealed a consistent ranking of K &gt; Mg &gt; Na &gt; Ca across treatments, with white genotypes containing higher K, Mg and Ca, while Na was higher in red genotypes. These findings confirm that the aonla-based multistoried model supports dragon fruit cultivation without compromising nutritional quality, promoting sustainable agriculture in land-limited and climate-sensitive regions.<br />
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<p>Performance of Dragon Fruit Genotypes Grown in a Multistoried Production System</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> The research aims to enhance fruit quality and production of the Dashehari mango variety through micronutrient treatments in Rajasthan, India. Micronutrients play a crucial role in plant growth and development and their deficiency can lead to suboptimal yields and reduced fruit quality. This study seeks to investigate the effects of micronutrient application on mango trees, particularly focusing on the Dashehari variety, to improve both the quantity and quality of mango production. By understanding the impact of micronutrient treatments, the research aims to provide valuable insights into sustainable agricultural practices that can optimize mango cultivation and contribute to increased agricultural productivity.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>The research administered borax, ferrous sulphate and zinc sulphate to soil and trees in 10 treatments. The soil of an 18-year-old mango variety named Dashehari was treated in the first week of October with foliar sprays throughout the flower bud initiation, full bloom and pea stage initiation stages. A three-replication randomized block design was employed for the investigation.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The results show that the treatment known as &ldquo;T9&rdquo;-Application of borax to the soil in the amount of 125 grams, followed by the application of borax to the foliar in the amount of 0.2 per cent-produced the highest quality and quantity of mango fruit. Additionally, treatments of soil application of ZnSO<sub>4</sub> per tree 125 g, followed by foliar application of ZnSO<sub>4</sub> 0.4% and soil application of FeSO<sub>4 </sub>per tree 125 g, followed by foliar application of FeSO<sub>4</sub> 0.4%, also showed promising results.</div>

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<p>Maximizing Fruit Quality and Production of Mango cv Dashehari: The Impact of Micronutrient Treatments</p>


<div>Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). As per United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), change of climate is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time period. The earth&rsquo;s climate, although relatively stable over the past 10,000 years or so, has always been changing, mainly due to natural causes such as volcanic activity. However, since the second half of 20<sup>th </sup>century more rapid change has taken place, which has been attributed mainly due to human activities. Plausible climate change scenarios include higher temperatures, changes in precipitation, and higher atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations. Temperate region of the country, comprising mainly north-west and north east Himalayan region has witnesses a dramatic change in climate over the past 30 years, where adverse effect of climate change on temperate fruit production has been noticed. The carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulpherdioxide, <em>etc</em>. form greenhouse gas (GHG) pools in the atmosphere. Increase in the concentration of these gases is responsible for global climate change. According to Inter Governmental Panel on climate Change (IPCC), the climate is defined as the average weather, or more rigorously, as the statistical description of the weather in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over periods of several decades (typically three decades as defined by Meteorological Organization). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind, but in a wider sense the climate is the description of the state of the climate system. Global climate change and increasing climatic variability are recently considered a huge concern worldwide due to enormous emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and its more apparent effect on fruit crops because of its perennial nature. The changed climatic parameters affect the crop physiology, biochemistry, floral biology, biotic stresses like disease pest incidence, etc. and ultimately resulted to the reduction of yield and quality of fruit crops. So, it is big challenge to the scientists of the world. Mitigation is the most important measures to reduce the devastating effect of climate change.</div>


<div>Vulnerability of Temperate Fruit Production to Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation Measures: A Review</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Background:</strong> Pig farming is the integral component of farming system in the tribal dominated North Eastern region of India since pork is the most preferred meat among tribal population. However, pork still remains deficit and a high supply-demand gap exists due to low productivity of nondescript local pigs. In this context, popularization of crossbred pigs is the suitable option to enhance productivity. Thus, the study was carried out to evaluate the performance of crossbred pigs viz., Tamworth X Desi (T&amp;D), Hampshire X Niang Megha (H&amp;NM) in order to improve the pig productivity in the region.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> Data was collected from crossbred pigs viz., Tamworth X desi (T&amp;D), Hampshire X Niang Megha (H&amp;NM) and Niang Megha (NM) pigs which is maintained in the Pig breeding farm of the institute. This data included the study of productive (n=778 piglets), reproductive (n =107 sows) and carcass traits (n =45 slaughters) over a period of about eight years (2005-2013) from the farm record books cum-pedigree sheet of the pig farm. The date was analyzed suitable statistical tools. &nbsp;<br /><strong>Result:</strong> The study recorded no significant differences (P&lt;0.01) in pre weaning body weight, growth rate and mortality rate between T&amp;D and H&amp;NM crossbred pigs however, both the crossbred pigs revealed significantly (P&lt; 0.05) higher pre weaning body weight and growth rate than that of NM pig. Post weaning body weight were significantly (P&lt;0.05) highest in T&amp;D crossbred pigs followed by H&amp;NM crossbred pig as compared to NM pigs at all age groups. Farrowing rate were significantly (P&lt;0.05) highest in NM pigs and lowest in T&amp;D crossbred pigs. However, farrowing interval were significantly (P&lt;0.05) highest in NM pig and lowest in H&amp;NM crossbred pigs. Regarding litter size at birth and weaning, there was no significant (P&lt;0.01) difference between T&amp;D and H&amp;NM pig but both these pigs revealed significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher litter performance than NM pig. Back fat thickness and loin eye area were significantly highest in T&amp;D pigs and lowest in NM pig. However, NM pig has significantly highest lean meat content than T&amp;D and H&amp;NM crossbred pig. There was no significant difference (P&lt;0.01) observed of dressing percentage between T&amp;D and H&amp;NM crossbred pig but, both the genetic group yield significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher dressing percentage than Niang Megha pigs. Based on the productive, reproductive and carcass traits, the study concluded that T&amp;D pigs more suitable for fattener pig production due to their higher growth performance and carcass yield, whereas H&amp;M pigs can be utilized for breeding purpose in subtropical hill ecosystem of Northeast India.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">A Comparative Evaluation on Productive and Reproductive Traits of Tamworth X Desi and Hampshire X Niang Megha Pigs under Subtropical Hill Ecosystem in Eastern Himalayas Region of India</div>

<div>Silicon is a beneficial element as it can significantly improve the growth, yield and quality of fruit crops through silicon-enhanced resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Mechanisms involved in alleviation of abiotic and biotic stresses are stimulation of antioxidant system in plants, complexation or co-precipitation of toxic metal ions with Si, immobilization of toxic metal ions, exclude uptake of toxic metal ions and vacuolar compartmentation of metal ions. The ignorance of plant physiologists is because of the visible symptoms of either Si deficiency or toxicity are not apparent and because of the abundance of the element in nature. Whereas, repeated cropping and the constant application of chemical fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium have depleted the amount of Si that is available to plants in the soil. Awareness of Si deficiency in soil is now being recognized as a limiting factor for crop production and application of silicon fertilizer is practised worldwide, however there is limited case study regarding use of silicon fertilizer in our country despite its many advantages.</div>
