<div>Background: Inclusion of high value vegetable crops like onion and potato in soybean based crop sequence may help to improve the productivity and profitability on sustainable basis. Nutrient management and cropping sequence are two important factors which affect productivity and profitability of crop. As such, information on soybean followed by onion and potato is lacking and it will be very useful for exploring the productivity and profitability of soybean followed by high value vegetable crop sequence.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The data pertaining to growth characteristics, yield characteristics, gross monetary returns and net monetary returns of Soybean (kharif) and Onion or Potato (rabi) was collected at regular interval in 2017-18, 2018-19 at Agronomy Farm, Dr. PDKV, Akola which was analyzed statistically in RBD (Randomized Block Design) and SPD (Split Plot Design).</div>

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<div>Result: S1- soybean-onion recorded more production efficiency than S2- soybean-potato. S1- soybean-onion reported greater economic efficiency than S2- soybean-potato. Soybean crop supplied with IN3 (100% RDN applied with FYM@ 5 t per ha and biofertilizer) registered highest production efficiency and economic efficiency than IN1 ( 50% RDN applied with FYM5 t per ha and biofertilizer) to soybean and found at par with IN2 (75% RDN applied with FYM5 t per ha and biofertilizer) to soybean. Rabi crop (onion/potato) supplied with F3&nbsp; (125% RDF) level registered significantly greater production and economic efficiency than lower levels of recommended dose nutrient.</div>

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management Levels on Soybean and its Residual Effect on Production Efficiency and Economic Efficiency under Soybean-Onion and Soybean-Potato Cropping System

Background: In the face of limited resources and changing climatic conditions, a major challenge for agriculturists is to ensure food security while addressing the issue of an ever-growing population. In India, the average productivity of soybean is low as compared to world average due to lack of improved agronomic practices, less importance and mostly grown under rain-fed condition. To bridge this gap, factors of production determining the per-unit production plays a crucial role in crop production. Therefore, in order to identify/evaluate the partial factor productivity and their contribution for better crop growth and individual input use efficiency study was undertaken. 
 
Methods: The field experiments were conducted during Kharif 2020, 2021 and 2022 in Randomized Block Design with seven crop management practices. To know the efficiency of individual crop management practices on growth, yield parameters, yield, economics and output efficiency in terms of partial factor productivity and agronomy efficiency of applied nutrients. 
 
Result: Three-year results concluded that, soybean grown with full package recorded significantly higher seed yield (2277 kg ha-1) over full package excluding weed management (1889 kg ha-1) and full package excluding RDF (2023 kg ha-1). The yield gap was higher with omission of weed management (388 kg ha-1) and omission of RDF (254 kg ha-1). Further, net returns and crop out-put efficiency in terms of partial factor productivity and agronomic efficiency was higher with full package over the omission of the practice. Thus it can be concluded that, for achieving higher productivity, profitability and agronomic efficiency of applied nutrients under full package comprising all crop management practices can be adopted over the years in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka.

Efficiency of Factor Productivity and Effect of Individual Input of Production on Growth, Yield and Economics of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Production

<div>Background: In India, the area under soybean is steadily increasing, while production and productivity is low compared to the world average. To bridge this gap, factors of production determining the per-unit production plays a crucial role. In order to identify and quantify the factors of soybean production and their contribution, present study was undertaken. 
&nbsp;&nbsp; 
Methods: The field experiments were conducted during kharif 2019 and 2020 in randomized block design with seven crop management practices for evaluation of effect of individual practice on soybean yield. 
 
Result: Soybean grown with full practice (3221 kg ha-1) gave significantly higher seed yield over omission of RDF (2489 kg ha-1) and weed management (2560 kg ha-1). Increase in seed yield with full practice over omission of RDF was 22.72% and over omission of weed management was 20.52%. The yield gap was higher with omission of RDF (732 kg ha-1) and omission of weed management (661 kg ha-1). Economic gain due to full practice was maximum over the omission of the practice. Least break-even cost was incurred with full practice (₹12.93 kg-1), while higher with omission of weed management (₹14.81 kg-1). Crop output efficiency in terms of partial factor productivity and agronomic efficiency was higher with full practice.</div>

Evaluation of Factor Productivity and Effect of Individual Input of Production on Growth, Yield and Economics of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]

Background: Nutrient management and cropping sequence are two important factors which affect soybean grain equivalent yield and system productivity of soybean based crop sequence. System productivity is one the important part of the successful crop production. A field experiment was conducted at Akola to check effect of levels of nutrient management on soybean grain equivalent yield and system productivity of soybean-onion and soybean-potato cropping system. Agronomic crop is combined with the high daily used vegetable crop to check feasibility of combination to increase the system productivity of crop sequence. 
 
Methods: At the research farm of the Department of Agronomy, Dr. P. D. K. V., Akola (MS), the current experiment, titled &ldquo;effect of nutrient management levels on growth, yield attributes, soybean grain equivalent yield and system productivity of soybean based cropping sequence,&rdquo; was carried out in 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20. Three replications and a split plot design were used to set up the experiment. The data pertaining to growth characteristics, yield characteristics of Soybean in (kharif) and onion or potato crops (rabi) was collected at regular intervals which was analyzed statistically in RBD (randomized block design) and SPD (split plot design). 
 
Result: Among the cropping sequences soybean-onion cropping sequence recorded significantly higher soybean grain equivalent yield, system productivity as compared to soybean-potato crop sequence. Application of 100% RDF + FYM 5 t ha-1 + Biofertilizer applied to kharif soybean and 125% RDF to rabi sequence crops (onion and potato) recorded significantly higher soybean grain equivalent yield, system productivity than rest of the combinations and found statistically similar with treatment combination of 75% RDF + FYM 5 t ha-1 + Biofertilizer applied to kharif soybean and 100% RDF to rabi sequence crops (onion and potato).

Effect of Nutrient Management Levels on Soybean Grain Equivalent Yield (Sgey) and Total System Productivity (Tsp) of Soybean based Cropping Sequence

<div style="text-align: justify;">An experiment conducted during 2011-12 and 2012-13 under the ongoing All India Coordinated Research Project on Long-Term Fertilizer Experiment with soybean-safflower cropping sequence in Vertisol (Typic haplusterts) that commenced form 2006-07 at Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (M.S.) showed that the nutrients availability in soil, nutrient uptake, yield attributes and yield of soybean were significantly influenced by FYM along with 100% NPK application. The results revealed that the pods per plant (48.65), plant height (49.77 cm plant-1), grain (26.97 q ha-1) and straw (24.65 q ha-1) yield of soybean were significantly increased with 100% NPK+FYM@ 5 Mg ha-1. Conjoint use of FYM with 100% NPK improved the soil properties with respect to bulk density, organic carbon, exchangeable (Ca, Mg, Na &amp; K), cation exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation (BS), available N, P, K, S, Zn and Fe over initial value of soil. However, a significant buildup of available Zn due to the application of zinc sulphate along with 100% NPK as compared to all other treatments. N, P, K, S, Zn and Fe uptake of soybean were increased significantly with the application of 100 % NPK+FYM@ 5 Mg ha 1 than other treatment. It can be concluded from these experiment that the balanced use of fertilizers continuously either alone or in combination with organic manure is necessary for sustaining soil fertility and productivity of crop.</div>

<div>Impact of Long-term fertilizer application on soil fertility, nutrient&nbsp;uptake, growth and productivity of soybean under soybean-safflower&nbsp;cropping sequence in Vertisol</div>

<div>Background: Intercropping is an effective tool to enhance productivity, biodiversity and stability of the fragile agro-ecosystem. In the era of shrinking resources, intercropping based on pulse crops like soybean can play an important role in crop diversification as well as agricultural sustainability. But, the information on soybean based intercropping systems is limited and needs to be explored for north-west India. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the effect of different soybean based intercropping systems under different planting patterns on productivity, profitability and energetics. Soybean crop was planted as sole as well as in intercropping systems viz., soybean (45 cm) + mung bean &nbsp;(1:1), soybean (45 cm) + cowpea fodder (1:1), soybean (45 cm) + groundnut &nbsp;(1:1), soybean (45 cm) + maize fodder (1:1) , soybean (60 cm) + &nbsp;mash (1:1), soybean (60 cm) + &nbsp;mung bean &nbsp;(1:2), soybean (60 cm) + &nbsp;cowpea fodder (1:2), soybean (60 cm) + &nbsp;groundnut (1:2), soybean (60 cm) + &nbsp;maize fodder (1:2) and soybean (60 cm) + maize (grain) (1:1).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The pooled results over two years elucidated that soybean equivalent yield was affected significantly by different intercropping systems. Soybean (45 cm) + groundnut (1:1) produced the highest soybean equivalent yield and it was significantly better than all other systems except soybean (60 cm) + groundnut in 1:2 row ratio. Similar trend was followed by production efficiency. Both, soybean (45 cm) + groundnut (1:1) and soybean (60cm) + groundnut (1:2) systems produced significantly higher energy productivity as compared to sole soybean. The highest gross (Rs. 98185 /ha) and net returns (Rs. 56122/ha) were obtained in soybean (45 cm) + groundnut (1:1) intercropping system whereas the highest benefit cost ratio was obtained in soybean (60 cm) + maize fodder (1:2) system.</div>

<div>Energetics, Productivity and Profitability of Soybean (Glycine max)-Based Intercropping Systems under Different Planting Patterns</div>

<div>Background: Large area under soybean is spread over Central India. Due to short growing season, soybean fits well in a number of cropping systems and is well suited for intercropping with a number of crops resulting in better land equivalent ratio and helps in the risk aversion due to climatic uncertainties in rainfed conditions. It has increased more cropping intensity and B:C ratio (profitability). All domestic demands of the farmers pertaining to agricultural produce could not be possible to fulfill by growing crops in existing soybean-wheat/gram cropping systems. 
 
Methods: A field trial was conducted during rainy, winter and late winter seasons of the year 2015-16 and 2016-17 at the research farm of Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Dhar, M.P. to assess comparative studies of soybean (Glycine max L.) based cropping systems for sustainable production in Malwa Plateau of Central India. There were altogether16 treatments comprising of soybean sequenced with wheat, chick pea, garlic, onion, potato and garden pea with inclusion of garlic, onion in late winter and assessed in randomized block design with four replications. 
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Result: Soybean (JS 93-05) - potato (Kufri jyoti) - onion (AFLR) cropping sequence recorded the highest system productivity 177.31 q/ha) in terms of soybean equivalent yield with greater production efficiency (56.55 kg/ha/day), land use efficiency (85.89%) and sustainable yield index (0.91) while existing crop sequence viz. T3- soybean (JS 95-60) - chickpea (JG-130) recorded minimum soybean equivalent yield (42.79 q/ha) with production efficiency (22.93 kg/ha/day), use efficiency of land (56.30%) and sustainable yield index (0.50).</div>

Comparative Studies of Soybean (Glycine max L.) based Cropping Systems for Sustainable Production in Malwa Plateau of Central India

<div>Background: Quality and higher fodder production is one of the important aspects to get higher productivity from live stock. India suffer a net deficiency of 35.6% green fodder, 10.95% dry crop residues and Jammu and Kashmir faces a net deficit of 19% in fodder. The choice to grow cultivated fodder crops during kharif season in Kashmir is limited and are grown generally under rainfed conditions. The major kharif season fodder cereal crops are maize and sorghum and the legume fodder crops are cowpea and soybean. To improve the quality and yield of fodder crops, it is important to standardise production technology for legume fodder crops. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was undertaken at Agronomy Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura of Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir during kharif 2019 and 2020 to study the impact of different fertility management practices on productivity and economics of forage soybean. The experiment comprising of seven treatments laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. 
 
Result: Application of N, P2O5, K2O (30, 90, 45 kg/ha) along with 0.1 tons/ha vermicompost recoded higher green fodder productivity and growth characters of soybean. However application of N, P2O5, K2O (20, 60, 30 kg/ha) was found economically viable option.</div>

Influence of Different Fertility Management Practices on Productivity and Economics of Forage Soybean

<div style="text-align:justify">Alfisols have inherent potential to increase Indonesia&rsquo;s soybean production, however, alfisols also known for its low phosphorus availability. Field experiment using ameliorants consisting of quail manure, zeolites and rock phosphate was conducted to increase phosphorus (P) availability and soybean production. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of ameliorant combinations for improving phosphorus availability and its correlation to soybean production in alfisols. Randomized complete block design with single factor was used, with 9 combinations of ameliorants under study (P0 &ndash; P8). Obtained results showed that phosphorus availability is increased up to 72.6% and soybean yield upto 75.9%. Correlation of phosphorus availability and soybean production was significant (r = 0.854). Finally, the best treatment to increase phosphorus availability and soybean production is quail manure 2.5 t.ha-1 + rock phosphate 5 t.ha-1).</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Effects of Various Ameliorants on pH, Phosphorus Availability and Soybean Production in Alfisols</div>

<div>Background: With the unparalleled growth in area and production, soybean has established itself as a leading oilseed crop of India. The crop is mainly grown under rainfed conditions, and the distribution of rainfall plays an important role in yield realization. The changed landform management with broad-bed furrow seed drill is gaining popularity as the system helps in in situ moisture conservation and draining out excess rainwater. A field experiment was conducted at Regional Sugarcane and Rice Research Station, Rudrur. The yield advantage by adoption of broad-bed and furrow (BBF) method over flat bed was 7.06%. Seed rate of 50 kg ha-1&nbsp;recorded significantly higher mean seed yield of 2804 kg ha-1 over 75, 38, 20 kg ha-1. The total benefit from adoption of BBF method recorded net returns of ₹ 53,233 ha-1&nbsp;and B:C ratio of 2.58 over flatbed planting. Seed rate of 50 kg seed ha-1 recorded the highest net returns and B:C ratio this was followed by 75 kg ha-1 seed rate. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted for three years (2017-19) at Regional Sugarcane and Rice Research Station, Rudrur, situated at an altitude of 286.3 m above mean sea level at 18&deg;49&rsquo;41&quot; N latitude and 78&deg;56&rsquo; 45&quot; E longitude. Indeterminate variety of soybean ASB 22 was selected. The experimental plots (6m &times; 6m= 36m2) were laid out with split plot design with three replications. Main&nbsp; plot treatments were methods of planting: M1- Flat bed, M2- Broad bed and Furrow, and sub plot treatments were : seed rates; S1- 75 kg ha-1 (30 &times; 10 cm), S2- 50 kg ha-1 (30 &times; 15 cm),&nbsp; S3- 38 kg ha-1 (30 &times; 20 cm),&nbsp; S4- 20 kg ha-1 (30 &times; 30 cm). 
 
Result: The grain yields, water productivity, harvest index and economics of soybeans under BBF method of planting (in-situ water conservation) and flatbed practices were studied. BBF method increased seasonal soil water storage by 5.37%, 5.78% and 6.20% respectively compared with flatbed planting for 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively. Seed rate of 50 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher mean seed yield of 2804 kg ha-1 over 75, 38, 20 kg ha-1. The yield advantage by adopting seed rate of 50 kg ha-1 was 16.08%, 56.02% and 67.6% over 75, 38 and 20 kg ha-1 respectively. The total benefit from adoption of BBF method recorded net returns of ₹&nbsp;53,233 ha-1 and B:C ratio of 2.58 over flatbed planting. Seed rate of 50 kg ha-1 recorded the highest net returns and B:C ratio this was followed by 75 kg ha-1. Broad bed and furrow method of planting and optimum seed rate in soybean will enhance the soybean productivity.</div>

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management Levels on Soybean and its Residual Effect on Production Efficiency and Economic Efficiency under Soybean-Onion and Soybean-Potato Cropping System

Efficiency of Factor Productivity and Effect of Individual Input of Production on Growth, Yield and Economics of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Production

Evaluation of Factor Productivity and Effect of Individual Input of Production on Growth, Yield and Economics of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]

Effect of Nutrient Management Levels on Soybean Grain Equivalent Yield (Sgey) and Total System Productivity (Tsp) of Soybean based Cropping Sequence

Impact of Long-term fertilizer application on soil fertility, nutrient uptake, growth and productivity of soybean under soybean-safflower cropping sequence in Vertisol

Energetics, Productivity and Profitability of Soybean (Glycine max)-Based Intercropping Systems under Different Planting Patterns

Comparative Studies of Soybean (Glycine max L.) based Cropping Systems for Sustainable Production in Malwa Plateau of Central India

Influence of Different Fertility Management Practices on Productivity and Economics of Forage Soybean

Effects of Various Ameliorants on pH, Phosphorus Availability and Soybean Production in Alfisols

Enhancement of Soybean (Glycine max L.) Productivity through Sowing Methods and Seed Rates in Telangana State