An 8-week trial in ranching cages was conducted to determine lysozyme concentration changes, and to examine the relationship between fish condition index, fish sizes, and fish lysozyme concentrations in southern bluefin tuna (SBT). Frozen pilchard were prepared for SBT each day during the ranching trial period. The results showed that lysozyme concentrations significantly increased in southern bluefin tuna over time in the culture. The lysozyme concentrations increased continuously from week 0 to week 8, from 26.09&plusmn;13.46 to 215.91&plusmn;62.11 &micro;g/ml, representing an almost 800% increase. During the 8 weeks, the number of Cardicola forsteri and Caligus spp increased from 0 to 9.2&plusmn;5.45 and 1.1&plusmn;1.6, respectively. As C. forsteri or Caligus spp increased, lysozyme concentrations increased. In addition, the lysozyme concentration increased with increases in weight, length, and condition index. This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for artificial SBT health cultures.

Changes in lysozyme concentrations over time in cultures of&nbsp;southern Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus maccoyii

<div>Background: This study assessed the perceived influence of agricultural extension on cassava production in southern Nigeria. Specifically, the study sought to; ascertain the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents, identify the perceived influence of agricultural extension on cassava production in the study area and constraints in the production of cassava by farmers in the study area.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study adopted a multi-stage sampling technique. Stage one was a purposive selection of municipalities in Southern Nigeria due to its endowment with cassava production. Stage two involved a random selection of five (5) municipalities in Southern Nigeria namely; Uyo, Calabar, Umuahia, Abakaliki and Owerri. Stage three equally involved a random selected of twenty (20) respondents from each of the municipals, giving a total of hundred (100) respondents used for the study. Data were obtained from primary sources using structured interview schedule. Objectives were analysed using descriptive statistics such as; percentage, frequency, mean, rank and standard deviation. 
 
Result: The result on the house hold size showed that 39% had between 6-10 persons, while 27% had 11-15 persons, 21% had 1-5 persons. Also 13% had 16 and above number of persons. The result also revealed that the respondents observed help in reducing soil compartment, training of farmers on pest/disease control, production practices, processing and marketing with mean scores of <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAAKCAYAAACJxx+AAAABIklEQVQoFR3OzyuDYQDA8SeRlMMOLrIUxYWD5mSHpRy0cDCkrTkoN3MQklYO3NyUOCvKP+DIYS4O5NfNymGrzV5t74/9et73efd8mfu3T18B4Fk2U/1B+oSgq7MD0dmN6Bng/qWEwK+DL8GqgW0Dkjpg+FDUIPCKGF/vhIKDDAcC5PJvnF6eIXqHmFw6QKAN0BWuL8452t+jRZnM6wMTs6vkAKF0G5R8fjyT2lin4TpEojNkDROzHXi4SOWgZIm1+AIr8QQFy8FSTSQK0WpVgQqFfIbpyAjpw2PkvykxdRGB66DlN6nNeexqllgsiVH2aeLSwEJgWyQX53h8usNHsrOV5ubqFgXU8BEn27uEx8cwa2XqWrEcTRAaDfNjejT/Jn8Bgqj79E6h3/gAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" /> = 2.43, <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAAKCAYAAACJxx+AAAABIklEQVQoFR3OzyuDYQDA8SeRlMMOLrIUxYWD5mSHpRy0cDCkrTkoN3MQklYO3NyUOCvKP+DIYS4O5NfNymGrzV5t74/9et73efd8mfu3T18B4Fk2U/1B+oSgq7MD0dmN6Bng/qWEwK+DL8GqgW0Dkjpg+FDUIPCKGF/vhIKDDAcC5PJvnF6eIXqHmFw6QKAN0BWuL8452t+jRZnM6wMTs6vkAKF0G5R8fjyT2lin4TpEojNkDROzHXi4SOWgZIm1+AIr8QQFy8FSTSQK0WpVgQqFfIbpyAjpw2PkvykxdRGB66DlN6nNeexqllgsiVH2aeLSwEJgWyQX53h8usNHsrOV5ubqFgXU8BEn27uEx8cwa2XqWrEcTRAaDfNjejT/Jn8Bgqj79E6h3/gAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" /> = 2.27,&nbsp;<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAAKCAYAAACJxx+AAAABIklEQVQoFR3OzyuDYQDA8SeRlMMOLrIUxYWD5mSHpRy0cDCkrTkoN3MQklYO3NyUOCvKP+DIYS4O5NfNymGrzV5t74/9et73efd8mfu3T18B4Fk2U/1B+oSgq7MD0dmN6Bng/qWEwK+DL8GqgW0Dkjpg+FDUIPCKGF/vhIKDDAcC5PJvnF6eIXqHmFw6QKAN0BWuL8452t+jRZnM6wMTs6vkAKF0G5R8fjyT2lin4TpEojNkDROzHXi4SOWgZIm1+AIr8QQFy8FSTSQK0WpVgQqFfIbpyAjpw2PkvykxdRGB66DlN6nNeexqllgsiVH2aeLSwEJgWyQX53h8usNHsrOV5ubqFgXU8BEn27uEx8cwa2XqWrEcTRAaDfNjejT/Jn8Bgqj79E6h3/gAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" /> = 1.92,&nbsp;<img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAAKCAYAAACJxx+AAAABIklEQVQoFR3OzyuDYQDA8SeRlMMOLrIUxYWD5mSHpRy0cDCkrTkoN3MQklYO3NyUOCvKP+DIYS4O5NfNymGrzV5t74/9et73efd8mfu3T18B4Fk2U/1B+oSgq7MD0dmN6Bng/qWEwK+DL8GqgW0Dkjpg+FDUIPCKGF/vhIKDDAcC5PJvnF6eIXqHmFw6QKAN0BWuL8452t+jRZnM6wMTs6vkAKF0G5R8fjyT2lin4TpEojNkDROzHXi4SOWgZIm1+AIr8QQFy8FSTSQK0WpVgQqFfIbpyAjpw2PkvykxdRGB66DlN6nNeexqllgsiVH2aeLSwEJgWyQX53h8usNHsrOV5ubqFgXU8BEn27uEx8cwa2XqWrEcTRAaDfNjejT/Jn8Bgqj79E6h3/gAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" /> = 1.86 and <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAAKCAYAAACJxx+AAAABIklEQVQoFR3OzyuDYQDA8SeRlMMOLrIUxYWD5mSHpRy0cDCkrTkoN3MQklYO3NyUOCvKP+DIYS4O5NfNymGrzV5t74/9et73efd8mfu3T18B4Fk2U/1B+oSgq7MD0dmN6Bng/qWEwK+DL8GqgW0Dkjpg+FDUIPCKGF/vhIKDDAcC5PJvnF6eIXqHmFw6QKAN0BWuL8452t+jRZnM6wMTs6vkAKF0G5R8fjyT2lin4TpEojNkDROzHXi4SOWgZIm1+AIr8QQFy8FSTSQK0WpVgQqFfIbpyAjpw2PkvykxdRGB66DlN6nNeexqllgsiVH2aeLSwEJgWyQX53h8usNHsrOV5ubqFgXU8BEn27uEx8cwa2XqWrEcTRAaDfNjejT/Jn8Bgqj79E6h3/gAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" /> =1.69 respectively; as perceived influence of extension on cassava production. This implied that extension workers had no significant influence on cassava production in the study area, this may be attributed to inadequate funding of extension services in Nigeria. Majority (60%) believed that language barrier and unfavourable attitude of farmers with mean of <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAAKCAYAAACJxx+AAAABIklEQVQoFR3OzyuDYQDA8SeRlMMOLrIUxYWD5mSHpRy0cDCkrTkoN3MQklYO3NyUOCvKP+DIYS4O5NfNymGrzV5t74/9et73efd8mfu3T18B4Fk2U/1B+oSgq7MD0dmN6Bng/qWEwK+DL8GqgW0Dkjpg+FDUIPCKGF/vhIKDDAcC5PJvnF6eIXqHmFw6QKAN0BWuL8452t+jRZnM6wMTs6vkAKF0G5R8fjyT2lin4TpEojNkDROzHXi4SOWgZIm1+AIr8QQFy8FSTSQK0WpVgQqFfIbpyAjpw2PkvykxdRGB66DlN6nNeexqllgsiVH2aeLSwEJgWyQX53h8usNHsrOV5ubqFgXU8BEn27uEx8cwa2XqWrEcTRAaDfNjejT/Jn8Bgqj79E6h3/gAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" /> = 2.43 and <img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAgAAAAKCAYAAACJxx+AAAABIklEQVQoFR3OzyuDYQDA8SeRlMMOLrIUxYWD5mSHpRy0cDCkrTkoN3MQklYO3NyUOCvKP+DIYS4O5NfNymGrzV5t74/9et73efd8mfu3T18B4Fk2U/1B+oSgq7MD0dmN6Bng/qWEwK+DL8GqgW0Dkjpg+FDUIPCKGF/vhIKDDAcC5PJvnF6eIXqHmFw6QKAN0BWuL8452t+jRZnM6wMTs6vkAKF0G5R8fjyT2lin4TpEojNkDROzHXi4SOWgZIm1+AIr8QQFy8FSTSQK0WpVgQqFfIbpyAjpw2PkvykxdRGB66DlN6nNeexqllgsiVH2aeLSwEJgWyQX53h8usNHsrOV5ubqFgXU8BEn27uEx8cwa2XqWrEcTRAaDfNjejT/Jn8Bgqj79E6h3/gAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" /> = 2.42 respectively were the constraints of agricultural extension workers in enhancing cassava production in the study area. This implied that influence of extension agents in the area may not be significant. This may be due to ineffectiveness of extension services in Nigeria. the study concluded that, rural farmers need to be involved in the mainstream of extension services in order to identify and prioritize their production activities. The study therefore, recommended that agricultural extension workers should be involved in all areas of agricultural production and not on cassava production alone, so as to improve on the gross domestic production of the nation.</div>

Perceived Influence of Agricultural Extension on Cassava Production by the Farmers in Southern Nigeria

Background: Bullet Tuna (Auxis Rochei) is commonly found in Indonesian waters and its distribution in the world includes warm waters (tropical and subtropical). The utilization of this fish is still minimal because people prefer to consume it as a daily side dish. The high protein content in Bullet Tuna has the potential to be processed into fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) which has a higher economic value for applying in the food and pharmaceutical fields. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This study aims to obtain FPH from Bullet Tuna using the bromelain enzyme. The method used to produce FPH was hydrolyzing muscle tissue with variations of the bromelain at 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6% (w/v) at 55&ordm;C for 6 hours.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Characteristics of the best FPH obtained by the addition of bromelain 6% (w/v) were observed as protein content of 77.80%, nitrogen content of 12.45%, water content of 7.32%, fat content of 0.97%, ash content of 11.88% and degree of hydrolysis of 60.46%. It had 15 types of amino acids and an antioxidant activity value of 94.05 ppm. Results suggested that the FPH of Bullet Tuna produced showed a promising additive for food and industrial applications.

Nutrient Composition and Antioxidant Properties of Fish Protein Hydrolysate from Bullet Tuna (Auxis rochei)

Background: Gelatin is widely used in food industry and other industries as an emulsifying and emulsifying agent. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used to produce gelatin from tuna skin to enhance its physicochemical properties and extraction efficiency. This study aimed to determine precise method produces gelatin with a better yield, gel strength, viscosity, color and other physicochemical properties. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Two extraction sequences were compared: ultrasound extraction followed by acid-base extraction (method A) and vice versa (method B). Using both methods, gelatin was extracted from tuna skin, with yields measured, color analyzed by lightness and &Delta;E and gel strength tested. Viscosity, moisture, protein contents and pH were assessed to understand gelatin quality. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The result showed method B produced higher gelatin yield (13.34%) than method A (4.92%). Method B gelatin had greater gel strength (220 g vs. 200 g), brighter color (lower &Auml;E) and slightly higher viscosity (10 cP vs. 9 cP). SEM analysis revealed denser microstructure, supporting stronger gels. Significant differences occurred in yield, color and gel strength. Ultrasound-assisted acid-base extraction effectively produced high-quality tuna skin gelatin. This method offers potential applications in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, providing a sustainable alternative to mammalian gelatin. 
&nbsp;

Enhancing the Physicochemical Properties of Tuna Skin Gelatin Through Ultrasound-assisted Green Extraction: A Comparative Study

<div>Background: In the present study two hundred milk samples were collected from cows and buffaloes with no history of clinical mastitis in the ongoing lactation, from the Sirohi district of Southern Rajasthan. 
 
Methods: The pooled sample (collected from each quarter) and examined for the status of subclinical mastitis by Modified California mastitis test and Somatic cell count respectively. Positive samples were further investigated for isolation and identification of the major mastitis-causing pathogens: S. aureus, predominant Streptococcal species and E. coli for assessing antimicrobial resistance models in southern Rajasthan. 
 
Result: The results of the current study indicate high levels of multi-drug antibiotic resistance among bacteria that commonly cause mastitis, particularly ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and methicillin. However, the highest sensitivity was conferred to ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and co-trimoxazole, suggestive of judicious use of these antibiotics in the treatment of bovine mastitis. Concurrent implementation of gradient PCR indicated the presence of mecA and blaZ genes in 51.9% and 81.4% of S. aureus isolates, respectively. Meanwhile, 56.6% of the streptococcal isolate contained the tetracycline-conferring tetM gene and none of the streptococci contained the ermB gene. The 92.3% E. coli isolates contained the tetA gene and the tetB gene for tetracycline resistance.</div>

Multidrug-resistant Bacterial Isolates in Bovine Subclinical Mastitis from Southern Rajasthan

<div>Background: The yellow mosaic disease (YMD) creates a major hindrance and known to affect a number of grain leguminous crops in the Indian sub-continent. However, blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is the most important grain legume crop which is affected widely by this disease. The disease is caused by a single stranded DNA containing begomovirus viz., Yellow mosaic virus (YMV) which is mainly transmitted through whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.). Symptoms include severe patho-physiological alterations characterized by the presence of bright chlorotic yellow patches interspersed with green areas on leaf lamina. The present study was aimed to determine the variability among disease causing agents in six different geographical isolates representing four states viz. Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Odisha and Telangana states of southern India during the 2019 rabi season. 
 
Methods: The variability of YMV associated with YMD of blackgram was studied based on molecular characterization of partial DNA-A coat protein gene with subsequent nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic tree construction. 
 
Result: The synthetic primers designed for the partial DNA-A segment forms a distinct viral gene specific PCR product. The band size corresponding to CP ~704 bp was obtained for MYMV, whereas CP ~500 bp gene band was obtained for MYMIV. Further, phylogenetic analysis based on partial DNA-A gene sequences of six isolates with other isolates from GenBank formed into two unique clusters viz., MYMV and MYMIV. Overall, our study confirming that the begomovirus causing YMD of blackgram in southern India is explored to be as strains of MYMV and MYMIV.</div>

Molecular Variability of Yellow Mosaic Virus (YMV) of Blackgram in Southern India

Background: Peanut yields are affected by plant density and chemical controls.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted in Southern China to investigate the effects of population density and paclobutrazol applications on the growth and yield of peanuts with monoseeding and double seeding patterns.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Paclobutrazol application could improve peanut yields. The highest peanut yields were observed with 250 mg L-1 paclobutrazol and a plant density of 235 410 plants ha-1,&nbsp;with the monoseeding pattern. Our results suggest that monoseeding and paclobutrazol could be applied to enhance peanut yields in Southern China.

Improving Peanut Growth and Yield Responses with Monoseeding and Paclobutrazol Applications in Southern China

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The increasing population and need for higher quantity of food grain production necessitates efficient use of limited water in the country, as agriculture sector alone uses 78% of water resources of India. During rabi season, mostly the crops are grown with irrigation in southern Odisha. There is no enough information on water and irrigation requirement of maize, sorghum and pearl millet crops grown in the region, which necessitated this study. 
 
Methods: The model-based study involving FAO CROPWAT 8.0 was used for the estimation of gross and net irrigation requirement and scheduling of maize, sorghum and pearl millet grown in southern Odisha. 
 
Result: The water requirement estimated with FAO CROPWAT 8.0 model during rabi for maize, sorghum and pearl milletgrown in Southern Odisha was 252.3, 197.9 and 172 mm and irrigation requirement was 231.2, 178.8 and 156.3 mm respectively.</div>

Estimation of Irrigation Requirement and Schedule in Southern Odisha for Major Rabi Cereal Crops using FAO CROPWAT 8.0 Model

<div>Background: India ranks first in global livestock production and it is an important subsidiary enterprise that support more than 75 per cent of the rural community. But fodder production is not well practiced in our country and animals generally consume naturally grown grasses and shrubs which are of low quality in terms of protein and available energy. Hence, there is an urgent need to look for new fodder resources that are sustainable in nature and cover our fodder deficit. Keeping the above in view, the present study has been proposed to evaluate the predominant tree fodders and shrubs of Southern Kerala as a quality livestock feed. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted in College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram during January-September, 2020 to assess the nutritional value of predominant tree fodders and shrubs in Southern Kerala as a quality feed for cattle. Ten different fodder trees and shrubs that locally fed to the cattle viz., Agathi (Sesbania grandiflora), erythrina (Erythrina indica), Drumstick (Moringa oleifera), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Glyricidia (Glyricidia maculate), Matti (Terminalia elliptica), Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala), Cassava (Manihot esculenta), Banana (Musa acuminate) and Mango (Mangifera indica) were selected and analysed for proximate composition, crude fiber and mineral status. 
 
Result: The result revealed that mean values for dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract and total ash in tree fodders were 37.07&plusmn;4.02, 18.52&plusmn;1.72, 18.56&plusmn;2.07, 4.68&plusmn;0.51, 8.72&plusmn;0.66, respectively. The study also proved that Sesbania grandiflora (Agathi) is nutritionally superior to other tree fodders with high crude protein (25.24%) and lower crude fiber (8.43%) content. The Neutral Detergent Fiber content of fodder tree leaves varied from 17.34- 65.32 per cent and that of Acid Detergent Fiber from 11.10-48.69 per cent. Phosphorus and potassium status of top feeds comes under the range of 0.26-0.93 per cent and 1.0-2.7 per cent respectively. However the highest amount of Calcium as well as magnesium was found in Moringa oleifera (2.75 and 0.60 per cent respectively).</div>

​Nutritional Evaluation of Predominant Tree Fodders and Shrubs of Southern Kerala as a Quality Livestock Feed

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Soil degradation is the factor causing crops yield decline in the Southern region of Vietnam. Since the recommendations for limitation of soil constraints will consult the proper problem soil management.&nbsp; Methods: The soil limitation identified based on soil chemistry, physics and morphology properties, suggested by Sanchez et al (1998 and 2003). Soil data of 28 field experiments were analysed.&nbsp; Result: There were 25 rice soil fertility classes, among those, CC (clay in top and subsoil) and CCs (clay in top and subsoil, saline affected) types occupied in large areas. The major soil limitation for rice cultivation including soils low in % organic carbon (o); high in P fixation and high Fe toxicity potential (i); potential salinity (s-); low available P (p); low pH and high Al (a); actual acid sulphate soils (c, c-) potential acid sulphate soils (f, f-). The leaching soil toxicity, application of N, P, K fertilizers and organic matter were recommended.</div>

Changes in lysozyme concentrations over time in cultures of southern Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus maccoyii