<div>Climate change is no more a myth but a reality supported by scientific evidence. The rapid change in environmental green house gases post industrialization is one such indicator responsible for global warming. Atmospheric concentrations of core GHGs carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide have increased by 43%, 154% and 21%, respectively between 1750 to 2013. Similarly global average air temperature has increased from 0.74 in 1906 to 1.2&deg;C in 2020 and sea level by 8 inches in last century, besides increased frequency in natural hazards like floods, draughts, cloud bursts, storms, typhoons and heat waves. The changing climate has negative impacts on human life as well as on livestock. However, livestock is believed to be the main contributor of methane, an important green house gas with 21 times more global warming potential in comparison to carbon dioxide. Since human population has tremendously increased and is further expected to increase by 33% till 2050 and at the same time due to urbanization, improved incomes and increased purchasing capacity, the demand for food of animal origin is increasing. In order to have food and nutritional security the production of livestock products is a necessity. Therefore, on one hand increase in livestock production and on the other hand minimizing the GHG emissions, the livestock sector warrants climate smart livestock production which will encompass climate resilient, environmentally sustainable, economically viable production of nutritious, safe, affordable livestock food and products.&nbsp;</div>

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<p>Climate Smart Livestock Production - Call for Food Security: A Review&nbsp;</p>


<p><strong>Background: </strong>Smart farming uses information and communication technology (ICT) to optimize crop and livestock environments. It is applied in greenhouses, vinyl houses, and livestock barns. By collecting data on crop growth and environmental conditions, smart farms create optimal growth environments. This leads to higher productivity and better quality with less labor, energy, and nutrient input than traditional farming methods. In Korea, crop production has declined due to fewer farmers, and over 80% of agricultural products are imported. The low birth rate and aging population are worsening the shortage of agricultural workers. It is predicted that Korea could face a food shortage in three years due to low self-sufficiency. Smart farms are seen as a solution. They can be implemented in urban areas and are considered a profitable model due to their high production potential.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>Nutrient machines are a vital part of smart farming. They dilute and supply essential nutrients for crop growth. However, different machines require varying nutrient ratios, which complicates crop management. To address this, a recipe program has been developed. It automatically adjusts nutrient ratios according to the user&rsquo;s standard settings. This ensures uniform nutrient delivery, regardless of the type of machine used.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The recipe program is expected to improve crop production. It ensures consistent nutrient supply, optimizing growth conditions. It also enhances user convenience by standardizing nutrient management across different machines, reducing complexity in crop cultivation.</p>


<p>A Study on the Standardization of Smart Farm Communication</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Agriculture is a standout amongst the most critical imperative segments of our country. Farming contributes almost around 17.01% of India&rsquo;s GDP. There are different elements that affected the agriculture development; however the most essential bottlenecks are lack of instant information and drudgery involved in farming practices. To conquer these issues, agriculture should be made more alluring and done smartly. Already there are limited talks on climate smart agriculture, which aims for sustainable increase in agricultural productivity and incomes to meet out the current and future demands. Here, we are examining about how the mobile application can help agriculture development faster and hustle free. There are varieties of mobile applications, utilized over the globe for different segments, including farming, but here the usage is still is limited. We have elaborated various agricultural mobile applications which potentially can be used in farming and allied activities as indicated by their source and usage. In India, there are enormous opportunities for utilizing the smart phones as a part of agribusiness improvement. Its utilization is vital for quick growth and easy access to information to Indian agriculturists, farmers and growers.&nbsp;</div>

Smart phone applications: Role in agri- information dissemination

<div><strong>Background: </strong>Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an approach to increase farmers&rsquo; income and agricultural production by adapting to the changing climatic conditions. Ethiopian agriculture is predominantly rain-fed and vulnerable to variability in rainfall and temperature. Adoption of CSA practices and technologies among smallholder farmers remains low.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>This study was carried out in Ambo district, Oromia region, Ethiopia to assess the challenges faced by smallholder farmers in the adoption of CSA. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect data from 156 respondents from 3 rural villages.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Crop residue management and mulching faced stiff competition with livestock feeding since crop residues are allowed for grazing by livestock. Hence, it is suggested to promote the cultivation of fodder grasses. Minimum tillage was practiced by only a few farmers in the study area. The farmers&rsquo; belief on minimum tillage should be changed through proper education, training and result demonstration on the advantages of minimum tillage. The awareness of integrated nutrient and soil management should be enhanced by creating awareness of the benefits of soil testing.&nbsp;</div>


<p>Challenges and Opportunities in the Adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture Practices by Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia</p>


<div>Livestock plays a momentous role in a country&rsquo;s economy especially in a developing nation like India, where livelihoods of about 20.5 million people depend upon livestock and its allied sectors, suggesting that about two-third of the rural community is involved (Annual Report, 2018). The small ruminants like sheep and goat provide main source of income for many economically poor people, especially marginal and landless farmers. Similarly the role of these livestock to various pastoral communities cannot be ignored. So whenever there is a disease outbreak, the burden of huge economic loss falls on these poor livestock keepers. The traditional methods of disease management involve either treatment with antibiotics or vaccination for prevention of diseases. However, the indiscriminate use of these antibiotics has lead to antibiotic-resistant pathogens and likewise it is extremely difficult to develop vaccines against a wide range of pathogens that are frequently mutating and are caused by multi etiological factors. Hence, considering all these factors breeding of disease resistant animals becomes a top priority in this changing world. The literature is filled with references of indigenous animals and poultry being resistant to many diseases. Keeping this in view, the current review has been written to highlight sustainable and feasible methods for breeding them for disease resistance.</div>


<div>Livestock Breeding for Disease Resistance: A Perspective Review</div>


<div style="text-align:justify"><strong>Background: </strong>For formulating appropriate policies for development of livestock sector, it is necessary to assess the trends and dynamics of livestock population in the two states. In this study, we assessed the dynamics of livestock population in two central states of India,<em> viz</em>. Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh during the period 2003-2019.&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Methods:</strong> The study is based on secondary data, sourced from various Government of India publications. The analytical tools comprised of simple descriptive statistics and fitting exponential trend equations.&nbsp;<br />
<strong>Result: </strong>We found temporal variations in shares of different species to total livestock population. While population of cattle declined in Madhya Pradesh, the same registered a minor increase in Chhattisgarh. The reverse situation was observed in case of buffaloes. Within small ruminant population, importance of goats has increased compared to sheep. Rural livelihood dependency is highest on cattle in both the states. Economic dependence on sheep and pig is more in Chhattisgarh than Madhya Pradesh. The critical inputs and services availability and infrastructure for animal health care were also assessed at the respective state levels. Some policy suggestions have been given based on the findings of the study on leveraging the opportunities offered by livestock sector.</div>


<p>Livestock in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh: An Analysis for Some Policy Implications</p>


<p><strong>Background:&nbsp;</strong>Livestock makes multi-faceted contribution to socio-economic development of rural people. However, challenges exist in exploiting the opportunities offered by this sector. Focused research efforts will be a key factor in addressing these challenges. There is a need for a critical and objective evaluation of livestock research priorities at the regional, species and commodity-specific levels so as to ensure optimum use of scarce resources. This study was aimed to identify regional, species and commodity wise priorities for allocation of livestock research resources.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The study used multi-criteria scoring model incorporating the multiple objectives for making choices. The objectives included were growth, equity, sustainability and participation in trade. Such scoring models are used to rank a long list of commodities, research alternatives and target domains.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:&nbsp;</strong>The study identified regional, species and commodity priorities for allocation of livestock research resources. Significant tradeoffs in the priority rankings of states were revealed when equity and sustainability indicators were considered. Species-wise prioritization including all the criteria revealed that cattle and buffalo stake the highest claims on research resources. The study also revealed inter-regional variations in allocation of research resources based upon species.</p>


<p>​​Research Prioritization in Indian Livestock Sector: A Policy Appraisal</p>


<p>Ethiopia ranks first in Africa and 5th in the globe in its livestock population. The livestock subsector is immensely contributing about 60-70 % to the population&rsquo;s livelihood and about 80% of the farmers use animal traction to plough their croplands.&nbsp;<br />
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This study involved gathering livestock-based data from the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) for the years 2004/05 to 2018/19. Additionally, information on livestock holders was systematically organized and analyzed to track progress over the years. Quantifiable values indicating increases were presented in tables and figures. The relationship between cattle numbers and livestock owners&rsquo; growth trends was tested using the Pearson correlation. The findings were further supported or challenged through a comprehensive literature review.<br />
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The data show that the cattle population grew by 57% in 2018/19 than the number it was at the end of 2004/05 and the number of cattle owners increased by about 53 %. Likewise, the total number of sheep population grew by 82.69 % and their holders by 53%, the total goat heads grew by 162.2% and the camel population by 284%. From the total stock of cattle, 97.92% and 99.72% of sheep and all the goats and camels were identified as indigenous, respectively. The study found a significant and strong correlation (p&lt;0.01) between the number of animals used for production and the number of holders. This suggests that the growth in livestock population is primarily due to an increased number of livestock owners, rather than an increase in the number of animals per holder. The work identifies bottlenecks in livestock development and provides insights into growth trends and underlying causes. It highlights opportunities for policy interventions to enhance sustainable livestock production. Further research is recommended on addressing feed and water shortages and evaluating policy and institutional setup effectiveness.</p>


<p>The Tendency of Livestock Growth in Ethiopia: A Review</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> Weather monitoring is an important aspect of crop cultivation for reducing economic loss while increasing productivity. Weather is the combination of current meteorological components, such as temperature, wind direction and speed, amount and kind of precipitation, sunshine hours and so on. The weather defines a time span ranging from a few hours to several days. The periodic or continuous surveillance or the analysis of the status of the atmosphere and the climate, including parameters such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity and barometric pressure, is known as weather monitoring. Because of the increased usage of the internet, weather monitoring has been upgraded to smart weather monitoring. The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the new technology that can help with many precision farming operations. Smart weather monitoring is one of the precision agriculture technologies that use sensors to monitor correct weather. The main objective of the research is to design a smart weather monitoring and real-time alert system to overcome the issue of monitoring weather conditions in agricultural farms in order for farmers to make better decisions.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>Different sensors were used in this study to detect temperature and humidity, pressure, rain, light intensity, CO<sub>2</sub> level, wind speed and direction in an agricultural farm and real time clock sensor was used to measured real time weather data. The major component of this system was an Arduino Uno microcontroller and the system ran according to a program written in the Arduino Uno software.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> This is a low-cost smart weather monitoring system. This system&rsquo;s output unit were a liquid crystal display and a GSM900A module. The weather data was displayed on a liquid crystal display and the GSM900A module was used to send the data to a mobile phone. This smart weather station was used to monitor real-time weather conditions while sending weather information to the farmer&rsquo;s mobile phone, allowing him to make better decisions to increase yield.</div>


<p>An IoT based Low-cost Weather Monitoring System for Smart Farming</p>


<p>Covid-19 represents an unprecedented public health threat and a severe crisis of society globally. Government agencies, policymakers and the global institutions, on the other hand, should give particular attention to and try to alleviate the problem (present and prospective) of the pandemic and related crisis response on key sectors that contribute to food stability, nutrition and livelihoods. The livestock sector plays an essential role in these areas, particularly for the particularly vulnerable population groups. Covid-19&rsquo;s effects on livestock production are still largely unsubstantiated and not fully felt. Although case studies are not yet possible, observational data show interruptions in livestock&rsquo;s entire value chain. The consequences of Covid-19 on the livestock production chain are in particular interruptions throughout the entire livestock value chain, lack of sales markets, import/export restrictions due to border closures, substantial financial losses to producers, increased cases of food insecurity.</p>
