<div>Data on 3244 Sirohi kidding during 2004 to 2016 in farmer&rsquo;s flocks under All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Goat Improvement (AICRP) project, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur were utilized to estimate the average daily milk (ADM) at different lactation months and subjected to least square analysis to study the effect of various non-genetic factors like cluster, periods of kidding, season of kidding, parity, type of birth and regression of dam&rsquo;s weight. The overall least-squares means for ADM1, ADM2, ADM3, ADM4, ADM5 and overall ADM were 564.07&plusmn;18.34, 671.92&plusmn;15.17, 633.41&plusmn;10.75, 508.93&plusmn;8.01, 329.72&plusmn;7.93 and 540.79&plusmn;10.78 ml, respectively. Cluster and period wise variation were highly significant on all stages of average daily milk yields. The parity had statistically highly significant effect on average daily milk yields, in which seemed that milk yields increase as parity increase, thereafter declined slowly. The effect of type of kidding was non-significant on all stages of average daily milk yield under this study. The regression of dam&rsquo;s weight at kidding was positive and highly significant (P&pound; 0.01) on all average daily milk yield. The heritability estimates for these traits ranged from 0.03&plusmn;0.01 (ADM4) to 0.19&plusmn;0.02 0.06&plusmn;002 (ADM1). The high estimates of genetic correlations of average milk yield of different periods with overall average daily milk yield. The phenotypic correlations were positive and low between ADM1 and ADM4&shy;, ADM5 and medium between ADM1 and ADM4, ADM5. In order to augment goat milk production, goat keepers need to be focused on nutritional and others environmental conditions as it affect their flock.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Significance of Environmental Influences on Average Daily Milk Traits of Sirohi Goats in Their Native Tract</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Small millets are a group of six crops comprising of finger millet, kodo millet, little millet, foxtail millet, barnyard millet and proso millet. They are considered as nutri- cereals and are source of food, feed and fodder. The crops are grown in a variety of agro-ecological situations including plains, coast and hills as well as in diverse soils and varying rainfall. They are known for resilience and drought enduring capacity and are relatively less prone to major pests and diseases. The richness in calcium, dietary fiber, polyphenol and protein contents in millets make them unique among the cereals. Generally, millets show significant amounts of amino acids like methionine and cystine and also have high fat content than rice and maize. Millets have nutraceutical properties in the form of antioxidants which prevent deterioration of human health such as lowering blood pressure, risk of heart disease, prevention of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, decreasing tumor cases etc. The contribution of millets to national food security and their potential health benefits, millet grain is now receiving increasing interest from food scientists, technologists and nutritionists.&nbsp;</div>

Significance of small millets in nutrition and health-A review

Groundnut is calorie-dense and packed with vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and other nutrients that are vital for maintaining good health. The human dietary system includes groundnut like energy that could prevent immune-based disorders, decrease chronic disease risk and promote longevity. Also, hunger and malnutrition are serious threats in developing countries which can be reduced by the food supplements like groundnut which are nutrient-rich as well as bioactive compounds for the growth and calorie absorption in living things. With these, groundnut is commercially important crops that contribute significantly to the food and feed industry in the future. This review focuses on the nutritional components of groundnut related to human health exclusively are presented.&nbsp;

Nutritional Profiling and its Significance in Groundnut: A Review

<div>Background: The topographic and morphometric anatomy of various foramina provides an easy approach in performing nerve blocks by their proper tracking for regional anesthesia in surgical interventions. There is no previously reported information on the applied anatomy and clinical significance of the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of the Indian mithun. The present study was designed to provide important clinical landmarks related to tracking of the infraorbital, mental and mandibular nerves with its clinical significance in regional anesthesia in mithun.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was conducted on the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of twelve (n=12) adult Indian mithun of either sex (n=6, male and n=6, female). The head region samples of naturally died mithun were collected from different parts of the Mizoram and Nagaland state of India and processed as per the standard maceration technique. Altogether, a total of twelve measurements were taken in the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of mithun by using a digital vernier caliper and the results were expressed as mean&plusmn;standard deviation. The obtained parameters from the present study can be useful for an extraoral and intraoral approach for nerve block of the infraorbital, mental and mandibular nerve in the maxillofacial and mandibular regions of mithun.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The present study revealed that all the obtained parameters related to regional anesthesia showed a significant statistical difference (P&lt;0.01** and P&lt;0.05*) between the males and females of mithun. It can be concluded from the present study that the various applied parameters of the present study will aid the clinicians in the implication of regional anesthesia in the head region of mithun.</div>

<div>Applied Anatomy of the Maxillofacial and Mandibular Regions of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis) and its Clinical Significance in Regional Anesthesia</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Current study was carried in order to understand the significance of feeding practices for small ruminants. In this regards a detailed review of already conducted researches was performance, whereby obtained facts were found to be much interesting and valuable. It was indicated that the profitable small ruminants farming depends upon feeding practices because the feed cost about 70% in farming. Small ruminants are often offered grazing on summer and winter fodders for maintenance and production requirements. However, commercial production demands a change in feeding practice with a trend for more efficient utilization of scarce feed resources. It was further stated that goats spent more time on eating than sheep, while ruminating time remain higher in sheep than goats. Drinking time appears different among these species. Goats spent more time on playing and resting than sheep. Moreover, in extensive, semi-intensive and intensive feeding systems, dry matter intake was noticed higher in sheep than goats. Crude protein intake was reported significantly higher in sheep than goats fed intensively. NDF and ADF intake was higher in goats than sheep. Average daily weight gain was higher in sheep than goats on the extensive system followed by the semi-intensive system. Feed efficiency was similar in both species, while the cost of gain per kg was more economical in goats compared sheep. In conclusion both species performed better on extensive feeding system than the other systems. It might be because of natural grazing behavior.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Significance of Feeding Practices for Small Ruminants: A Reveiw</div>

Background: Infectious coryza, caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum, presents economic challenges to the global poultry industry. Previous research highlighted a highly virulent Av. paragallinarum strain (ZJ-C), which demonstrated a thousandfold increased virulence compared to a standard strain (Modesto) and evaded existing vaccine protection. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive genomic analysis of two distinct Av. paragallinarum serogroup C strains, focusing on the pathogenic potential and resistance profiles. 
 
Methods: High-throughput sequencing technology was employed to assemble and analyze the genomic sequences of the ZJ-C (highly virulent) and Modesto (reference) strains. Comparative genomic analysis was facilitated by sophisticated tools like Mauve and BLAST Ring Image Generator and comprehensive databases such as the Virulence Factor Database and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database. Additionally, the virulence differences predicted by genomic analysis were experimentally validated using a chicken infection model. 
 
Result: The study identified variations in gene composition, including virulence genes, antibiotic resistance genes and metabolic pathways. Comparative analysis showed that the ZJ-C strain demonstrates increased resistance to antibiotics and higher infectivity compared to the Modesto strain. Unique virulence genes and resistance pathways in ZJ-C suggest evolutionary adaptability. Significant disparities in protein ortholog gene clusters and metabolic pathways were uncovered, indicating strain-specific adaptations. Animal infection experiments confirmed that the ZJ-C strain induced significantly more severe and prolonged clinical symptoms compared to Modesto, validating genomic predictions regarding virulence differences. Our findings offers valuable insights of the genomic landscape and pathogenicity of Av. paragallinarum, important for informing future vaccine research and disease control strategies. The study highlights the importance of genomic analysis in understanding pathogenicity, resistance profiles and host interactions of Av. paragallinarum, crucial for improving disease management in the poultry industry.

Comprehensive Genomic Analysis of Two Avibacterium paragallinarum Strains with Significantly Different Virulence

<div>Background: India stands first in the production of most of the spices. Still we are not able to exploit the full potential of these spices since these are often subjected to wide price unsteadiness in the domestic as well as international markets which results in fluctuations in production and yield too rendering an intense discuss on spices growth and instability. The present study carried out to examine the trend in growth and instability of major spices grown in India. 
 
Methods: The growth and instability analysis was carried out at nationwide. The required data for the present study was collected for the period 1990-91 to 2018-19 which were further divided into three sub-periods. On the basis of highest area and production six major spices namely, pepper, cardamom, chilli, ginger, turmeric and coriander growing in the country was selected for the study. The growth rates were worked out by fitting the exponential growth function and instability analysis was used by generating Cuddy Della instability index.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The analysis has revealed that most of the spices have recorded a positive and significant growth rate in all the sub-periods. Sub-period I (1990-91 to 1999-2000) emerges to be the stable period in most of the spices which also recorded a notable growth rate compared to other sub-periods. However, sub-period II (2000-01 to 2009-10) witnessed a slow pace of growth in pepper and cardamom which registered a negative growth in area, production and yield. On the other hand, the study has shown comparatively unstable behaviour in most of spices in sub-period III (2010-11 to 2018-19).</div>

Growth and Instability in Significant Spices in India: An Empirical Analysis

Background: Rice is the staple food of more than half of the world population. Incidence of micronutrient deficiency disorder in rice consuming regions is a growing concern. This paper explores the potential of traditional rice varieties for addressing hidden hunger by assessing their nutritional value and chronicling the traditional wisdom and culinary practices associated with rice. 
 
Methods: Food and nutritional benefits of eight traditional rice varieties were analysed in CFTRI, Mysore during the year 2022 using proximate analysis and focussed group discussion were conducted among traditional rice farmers of Wayanad to elicit ethnic knowledge and practices related to the use of rice as a nutraceutical. 
 
Result: Nutritional analysis of traditional rice varieties (TRVs) revealed that they are good sources of micronutrients compared to the high yielding polished rice, which are consumed widely.&nbsp; TRVs are rich sources of calcium [85.63 mg 100 gm-1], iron [5.66 mg 100 gm-1], zinc [2.90 mg 100 gm-1] and potassium [221.87 mg 100 gm-1], which are available at significantly greater concentrations than the polished MRV available in Kerala for consumption.The study found that cultivation of TRVs is now mostly confined with indigenous farmers in the study area, as their culture and traditions are interlinked with rice cultivation. The culinary traditions and traditional wisdom associated with the use of TRVs contribute significantly for the conservation TRVs in Wayanad. People in low-income categories who cannot afford diverse food groups in their diet in rice-growing areas are more vulnerable to malnutrition-related health disorders. Since rice is the staple food of the rural poor, efforts to make staple foods more nutritive or increased consumption of TRVsare effective and low-cost strategies for reducing malnutrition in the country. 
&nbsp;

Agricultural Remedy for Nutritional Malady: The Significance of Traditional Rice Varieties in Addressing Malnutrition in Rice Growing Tracts of Kerala, India

Background: Cryptosporidium species and Giardia duodenalis are important protozoan parasites due to their wide host range and potential as zoonotic diseases. These parasites, responsible for Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis, are significant health concerns and have garnered attention from both the public and veterinary fields. Pets, such as dogs and cats, are susceptible to these infections and play a crucial role in transmitting these protozoans to humans. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, species, genotypes and zoonotic significance of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in asymptomatic adult stray cats and dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fecal samples from 75 adult stray animal, 42 dogs and 33 cats, were collected in Diyarbak&yacute;r city, southeastern Anatolia, Turkey. Direct immunofluorescence test was used to confirm the presence of G. duoenalis cysts and cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in collected fecal samples. Microscopic analysis was used to count the number of cysts/oocysts per gram as specified by the manufacturer. Molecular confirmation was done with Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Giardia SSU-rDNA and Cryptosporidium spp. SSU rRNA gene. The secondary PCR products of all positive samples were sequenced in one directions on an automated sequencer. Nucleotide sequence analysis was performed by BLAST alignment using the National Center for Biotechnology Information database.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 7.14% in 42 cats and 9.09% in 33 dogs. The prevalence of G. duodenalis was 23.80% in cats and 54.54% in dogs. The average number of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts per gram of cat and dog feces was 1866.3 and 1813.3, respectively. The average number of G. duodenalis cysts per gram of cat and dog feces was 1011.6 and 4786, respectively. All Cryptosporidium isolates were determined as C. canis in dogs and C. felis in cats. C. canis and C. felis isolates identified in the study, MT329018.1 and MN696800.1, AF159113.1 and KM977642.1 showed similarity with Genbank number, respectively. Assemblages A, E, C, D were found in dogs and assemblages A and E in cats in the result of the sequence of 130 bp gene fragments obtained from G. duodenalis isolates. This study sequence analysis of G. duodenalis cat isolates identified assemblages A (50%/10) and E (50%/10). In this study, assemblage E was the most common genotype isolated in dogs (38.8%), followed by Assemblage C (27.7%), Assemblage D (16.6%) and Assemblage A (15.5%). Assemblage A, which has zoonotic importance, was detected in cats and dogs, while assemblage E in cats and dogs was reported for the first time in Turkey.&nbsp;

Molecular Characterization and Zoonotic Significance of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in Asymptomatic Adult Stray Cats and Dogs in Turkey

Background: Livestock provides diverse food and non-food products, supports rural households along with serving as a secondary source of income for small and marginal farmers. Livestock aids in food production, enriches soil fertility and supply raw material to various industries. Livestock directly contributes to nutritional security by providing essential proteins and micronutrients, preventing under-nutrition and deficiencies.This paper delves into the changing scenario of India&rsquo;s livestock sector by examining production, export patterns of livestock products and the role of livestock in food and nutritional security. 
 
Methods: Available secondary data on production of livestock products in India have been divided into four sub periods: sub period-I (1980-81 to 1989-90), sub period-II (1990-91 to 1999-00), sub period-III (2000-01 to 2009-10) and sub period-IV (2010-11 to 2021-22) and have been analyzed along with export data covering the period 1991-2021 andpopulation data from first livestock census (1951) after independence to 20th livestock census (2019). Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) using trend equation and instability index using Cuddy Della Valle Index has been worked out for the data. 
 
Result: Production of egg, milk and meat has shown consistent growth of around 6%, 5% and 8%, respectively over the past five decades with low to moderate overall instability (~8-21%). But wool production has turned negative in the last two decades despite India being the world&rsquo;s third-largest sheep population. The growth in exports of dairy and meat products has gained momentum after globalization with a significant overall growth rate of 10.37% and 7.10% for the period under study. But in terms of instability dairy exports are more volatile (68.11%) compared to meat products (30.39%). Exports of poultry products showed negative growth rates with the highest instability (86.77%) over the entire study period.