<div style="text-align: justify;">In the present investigation, 6 numbers of each apparently healthy adult Pati duck and local fowl of Assam were utilized for detailed gross, histomorphological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies. The Harderian gland in the Patiducks &nbsp;and Fowl were located in the medioventral region of the orbital cavity attached along with the eye ball. The gland was not having any grossly demercablelobulation but still there was dorsally slightly narrow part whereas the ventral part was somewhat more wider. In duck, from the capsule, thin connective tissue septa penetrated into the gland and divided parenchyma it into lobes and lobules which were unequal and polygonal in shape. Each lobule contained a central lumen. From the capsule and septa thin streaks of interstitial connective tissue penetrated between the acini and tubules. The columnar epithelial cells lining the acini showed considerable variation in height depending on their functional state. The nerve fibers were also extending from the capsule inside the parenchyma along with the other connective tissue fibers. Harderian gland of Fowl was also covered with a thin connective tissue capsule and consisted of coarse collagen, fine reticular and elastic fibers, blood vessels, &nbsp;and nerve fibers, which were penetrating the parenchyma very frequently by forming septa and trabeculae. The glands were to be of multilobulartubulo-alveolar type and emptied into a wide lumen which was lined by columnar epithelial cells. The histochemical sections were found positive for PAS Alcian blue. The reaction for acid phosphates and alkaline phosphatase were also moderate to intense in the harderian gland. The scanning electron microphotograph of harderian gland showed the acini, secretory granules and connective tissue fibers in the duck and fowl. The secretions of the gland were accommodated inside the acini and looks like a woollen ball.&nbsp;</div>

Macro and Micro anatomical study of Harderian Gland of Duck and Fowl

<div>The present study was aimed to examine histochemical changes in the Harderian gland of pre and post hatched chicks from 11 day of incubation to 24 days of age. In pre hatched groups, the gland was in the developing stage. There was no well defined parenchyma, septa and capsule in early embryonic stage. Histochemical observation revealed that weak or negligible activity of PAS, AB/PAS and Sudan black B was seen in epithelial lining of Harderian gland on 18th and 20th day of incubation. The gland was compound tubule-acinar type at 20th day of incubation, consisted of capsule, parenchyma and stroma. PAS activity was seen in the capsule, septa, epithelial lining of acini and tubule and interstitial connective tissue cells. PAS activity was aggregated towards the apical part of the tubular epithelium as well as at the free luminal surface epithelium of the acini. PAS activity increases with the development of connective tissue component of Harderian gland with the advancement of age. The Harderian gland was predominantly mucus and lipid secreting gland. All epithelial cells of the glandular unit of Harderian gland contain both neutral and acidic mucin. Intense AB-positive activity was seen at the apex of tubule with the advancement of age. Sudan black B activity was recorded in the cytoplasm of epithelial lining of tubule and acini of the Harderian gland and their presence increases with age.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Histochemical changes during development of Harderian gland in chicken</div>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>Skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for 15-20% of the total body weight and acts as a barrier between the external and internal environment and maintain homeostasis.The sweat and sebaceous glands in dermis of skin play vital role in developing the adaptive ability to the heat stress. Besides this, the distribution pattern and number of these glands vary in different animals that may aid in identification of different species.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The study was conducted on abdominal skin of 36 adult cattle, buffalo, horse, goat, pig and dog (six sample of each) collected from abattoir, Veterinary clinics and post-mortem hall of GADVASU, Ludhiana. After collection, the tissues were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for paraffin block preparation. The paraffin sections of 5-6 &micro;m were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The study revealed that the sebaceous glands were multilobular, alveolar glands comprised of several layers of epithelial cells and were associated with hair follicles in all species studied. The number of sebaceous glands/mm<sup>2</sup> was significantly higher (p&le;0.05) in goat (1.60&plusmn; 0.11) than in pig (0.44&plusmn;0.06) whereas sebaceous gland diameter was significantly higher (p&le;0.05) in buffalo (109.83&plusmn;6.14 &micro;m) than in goat (61.16 &plusmn;2.42 &micro;m).The sweat glands were of saccular and simple coiled tubular type and most of them were associated with hair follicles. The number of sweat glands/mm<sup>2</sup> was the highest in horse (3.10 &plusmn; 0.24) and the least in buffalo (0.76 &plusmn;0.05). Sweat gland diameter was significantly higher (p&le;0.05) maximum in buffalo (123&plusmn;3.15 &micro;m) and minimum in goat (50.33 &plusmn;2.85 &micro;m) and the difference.</div>


<div>Comparative Study on Distribution of Sebaceous and Sweat Glands in Skin of Different Domestic Animals</div>


<div><strong>Backround:</strong> Egg shell plays role in the respiration, regulation of humidity, protection against diseases and integrity of egg. Therefore thickness of egg shell is an important feature. Many factors contribute to the formation of the shell thickness. The effect of altitude is still the subject of research.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>103 eggs were randomly collected from locations at 915 m, 920 m, 931 m, 935 m, 939 m, 960 m, 968 m, 995 m, 1150 m and 1.350 m altitudes laid out between Tuz Lake and Hasan Mountain and the thickness of the shell at the Blunt end, Equatorial part and Sharp end of the eggs were measured.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Conclusion: </strong>The average thickness of the shell at the blunt end, equatorial part and sharp end were 0.54 mm, 0.58 mm and 0.60 mm respectively. These differences were statistically significant. When considering the effect of altitude on these three points and general egg thickness, the average values for general thickness varied from 0.53 mm to 0.60 mm, this was 0.51 mm - 0.56 mm for blunt end, 0.53 mm to 0.61 mm for equatorial part and 0.54 mm to 0.62 mm for sharp end. The differences according to altitude noted among equatorial part and sharp end were statistically significant. The correlations between the altitude with Blunt end, Equatorial part, Sharp end and General were insignificant. The results indicated that these altitudes had no obvious effect on eggshell thickness and that the difference detected in thickness could be caused by other factors that are ought to be determined by further studies.</div>


<p>A Study on the Effect of Altitude on Shell Thickness in Goose Eggs</p>


<div style="text-align:justify">The present study was carried out to observe the histochemical details of the lacrimal gland in ruminants. The lacrimal gland located at the dorsolateral aspect of the eyeball which helps to nourish the cornea. In the present study a strong PAS positive reaction were seen in the secretory units of lacrimal gland in cattle, sheep and goat whereas, few secretory units showed strong PAS positive reaction and few secretory units showed weak PAS positive reaction in buffalo. Few secretory units and few secretory cells in some secretory units showed positive reaction for Alcian blue at (pH 2.5) in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat. Intralobular and interlobular lipids were observed in buffalo, sheep and goat.</div>

Comparative histochemical studies of lacrimal gland in Ruminants<br />&nbsp;

<div>Communal grazing does not offer adequate forage for ruminants throughout the year. This problem is exacerbated during the dry season when grazing is scarce and of poor nutritional quality. Mineral shortages are common in communal grazing environments and yet they are nutritional requirements for optimal development, physiologic functioning and productivity in animals, as well as for cattle growth, reproduction and health. However, the use of groundnut (<em>Arachis hypogea</em> L.) shell (GNS) that are readily available but have no direct nutritional benefit in humans, have not been extensively investigated as a potential source of animal feed. This paper investigates the potential of GNS as feed supplement for ruminants on pasture and its use in other industries. After extracting the seed, the groundnut shell, accounts for roughly 21-29 per cent of the total weight of the nut. Despite the high lignin content of the shell that necessitates adequate processing before use in animal feed, groundnut shell includes 0.50 per cent crude protein, 59.0 per cent crude fiber, 2.50 per cent ash and 4.43 per cent carbs. Sodium (42.00 mg/100 g), potassium (705.11 mg/100 g), magnesium (3.98.00 mg/100 g), calcium (2.28 mg/100 g), iron (6.97 mg/100 g), zinc (3.20 mg/100 g) and phosphorus (10.55 mg/100 g) are all abundant in groundnut shells. In view of this, GNS, a by-product of industrial processing of groundnuts is a rich source of nutrients and can be used to supplement ruminants on pastures during times when pastures are in short supply and of poor quality. Studies are needed to investigate their use to supplement cattle on pasture grazing during times of feed shortage. However, its use as animal feed supplement is likely to face challenges from other industries such as biofuel production.</div>


<p>Groundnut Shells as a Potential Feed Supplement for Ruminants on Pastures: A Review</p>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> The present study was conducted to measure the dimensions of the adrenal glands in apparently healthy dogs for obtaining reference values via ultrasonographic modality.<br />
&nbsp;</div>

<div><strong>Methods:</strong> This study was carried out on 18 apparently healthy dogs divided into three groups of six each <em>viz</em>., Group I, II and III. Ultrasonographic examination was performed in all the animals in lateral recumbency. Ultrasound images of adrenal glands were reported in the sagittal plane and different measurements of both the adrenal glands were determined.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> Both the adrenal glands were longest in Group III and shortest in Group I. Similarly, the cranial pole diameter and caudal pole diameter was thickest in Group III and thinnest in Group I. The measurements recorded during this study can be used as reference values.</div>


<div>Ultrasonographic Reference Values of Different Dimensions of Adrenal Glands in Healthy Dogs</div>


<p style="text-align:justify">The histological and histochemical structure of lingual salivary glands in mole rat (Spalax leucodon) were studied using histochemical staining techniques to provide information of its salivary glands. A total of five adult mole rat (Spalax leucodon) were used as the material. It was observed that serous and mucous glands are placed in the root of the tongue. It was detected that although the mucous gland cells were rich in terms of AB pH 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and AF (+) mucosubstance, the PAS and KOH/PAS mucosubstances showed very weak reaction, and this mucosubstances were present at a very less amount in serous gland cells. &nbsp;In the PAS/AB staining, it was found that the serous and mucous gland cells showing only AB or only PAS reaction and also AB AB pH 2.5 (+) cells were found. The same findings were observed in serous glands by AF/AB staining. Consequently, the present study demonstrated characteristic features of the lingual salivary glands of the mole rat, and it revealed histological and histochemical data both in accordance with and different from that for the lingual salivary glands of mammals and other species.</p>


<p>Histological and histochemical structure of lingual salivary&nbsp;glands in mole rat (Spalax leucodon)</p>


<div><strong>Background: </strong>The fishing sector plays an important role in the global economy. The development of this sector is related to environmental issues, in particular to waste management. Indeed, the quantity of the halieutic waste are considered at several thousand tons of waste a year. Waste management is a solution to maintain an area with ecological harmony, but still can produce economic benefits that are beneficial to social welfare. Chitinases are enzymes that degrade chitin. Chitinase contribute to the generation of carbon and nitrogen in the ecosystem from shrimp shell wastes. Chitin and chitosan are naturally-occurring compounds that have potential to be used in agriculture. The present study was designed to prepare the shrimp shell waste compost (SSC)&nbsp;and also to analyse the enhancement growth of Ladies finger plant by using shrimp shell waste compost (SSC), shrimp shell waste compost (SSC) +cow dung (CD) and along with coir pith (CP).<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> This experiment was conducted within the period of 2017-2018 in Department of Microbiology, Kamaraj college, Thoothukudi. 1Kg of dried shrimp shell waste powder was used for the compost preparation using chitinolytic bacteria<em> Bacillus licheniformis </em>SSCL10. The present study shrimp shell wastes were composted into manure with adding chitinolytic<em> Bacillus licheniformis </em>SSCL10. After 90 days of composting, the compost was dried at room temperature and used as manure for plant study. The growth study of ladies finger (<em>Abelmoschus esculents</em> L.) was analyzed in shrimp shell compost and also along with other composts (SSC + CD and SSC + CD+CP).<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>In our study, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash content were increased in the shrimp shell composts (SSC) with adding chitinase producing bacterium (<em>Bacillus licheniformis</em> SSCL10) when compared with control soil. The maximum plant growth performances were showed in the SSC+CD (cow dung) compared to combination of CP (coir pith), shrimp shell composts (SSC) alone and control. So shrimp shell compost is used as supplements for other compost to induce plant growth performances.</div>


<div>Bioconversion of &nbsp;Shrimp Shell Waste into Compost Preparation and its Plant Growth Study</div>


<div><strong>Background:</strong> In developing countries goat rearing is the sustainable source of income for marginal farmers. The goat milk contains lower fat per cent (3.5%) as compared to cow (4.1%) and buffalo milk (7.4%), with smaller and homogenous fat globules. It is suitable for the persons with poor digestibility of cow milk and infants having mother milk intolerance. To improve the milk production it is important to understand the mammary gland pattern during the different phases of lactation. The present study aimed at analyzing these changes by histological and histochemical observations. The mammary gland is composed of parenchyma containing acini and stroma including the ductual system. These components change during the lactation cycle.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The present study was conducted on 24 goats, eighteen in lactating stage where as six from nonlactating stage. The mammary glands were collected from local abattoir with known history of stage of lactation and divided into three groups as early lactation (2-4 weeks), mid lactation (5-6 weeks) and late lactation (&gt; 6 weeks). The histological and histochemical studies were performed during the different stages of lactation and in non lactating stage to observe the morphological and morphometrical changes along with the presence and absence of different components.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The lobules of the mammary gland were polygonal, triangular, oval or elongated in shape during early lactation stage. Approximately all the alveoli observed in early lactation were filled with variable quantity of eosinophilic substance and appeared foamy, due to presence of variable size of fat vacuoles. In mid lactation the lobules became highly irregular. The long and short diameter of lobules was 1041.69 &micro;m and 563.93 &micro;m, respectively. The intralobular stroma was inconspicuous hence alveolar wall appeared to touch each other. In late lactation lobules became shorter in size. The large alveoli showed folded and collapsed appearance. In nonlactating stage well defined alveoli, clusters of desquamated cells were seen and degenerated alveoli were also observed. These histomorphological changes in the secretory unit of the mammary gland reflect the lactation yield and milk composition during different stages of lactation.&nbsp;</div>


Macro and Micro anatomical study of Harderian Gland of Duck and Fowl

Histochemical changes during development of Harderian gland in chicken

Comparative Study on Distribution of Sebaceous and Sweat Glands in Skin of Different Domestic Animals

A Study on the Effect of Altitude on Shell Thickness in Goose Eggs

Comparative histochemical studies of lacrimal gland in Ruminants

Groundnut Shells as a Potential Feed Supplement for Ruminants on Pastures: A Review

Ultrasonographic Reference Values of Different Dimensions of Adrenal Glands in Healthy Dogs

Histological and histochemical structure of lingual salivary glands in mole rat (Spalax leucodon)

Bioconversion of Shrimp Shell Waste into Compost Preparation and its Plant Growth Study

Histomorphological Changes in the Mammary Gland of Local Indian Goat during Lactation Cycle