Background: White-brined cheese is widely consumed and produced in the Mediterranean countries and Jordan. Traditionally, white-brined cheese produced from sheep&rsquo;s milk. The study aimed to examine the effect of storage duration and mixing different milk proportions and combinations of sheep&rsquo;s and goats milk on cheese yieldand texture profile of white-brined cheese.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Jordanian WBC which is made by mixing different proportions from sheep&rsquo;s and goat&rsquo;s milk types then boiled for 15 min. Some characteristics such as texture profile&nbsp; and cheese yields were measured and evaluated. after storage for 12 months at room temperature.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: WBC made from sheep&rsquo;s milk or from mixtures of sheep&rsquo;s and goat&rsquo;s showed an increase in cheese yield by 11.07% and 5.59% for sheep&rsquo;s and sheep&rsquo;s \milk mixtures, respectively. The addition of goat&rsquo;s milk in a percentage &gt;25% to sheep&rsquo;s milk decreases cheese hardness and gumminess while adding goat&rsquo;s milk in a percentage of 25% causes a significant increase in cheese hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess. The increase in hardness for treatment 5 to 4801.2&plusmn;1463 gf compared with the control treatment 1 of 4111.4&plusmn;1401 gf. Storage of WBC increased hardness significantly (p&lt;0.05) after 12 months by 47.2% of WBC made from sheep&rsquo;s milk. The texture profile and cheese quality characteristics of White brined cheese are influenced by storage time and milk types.

Textural Profile Characterizations of White Brined Cheese Manufactured from Sheep&rsquo;s, Goat&rsquo;s or Combination Milk Mixtures

<div>Background: Foley&rsquo;s catheters are widely used for treating obstructive urolithiasis and are often associated with high rate of urinary tract infections. The urinary catheters act as a platform for colonization and biofilm formation by pathogens, leads to increasing the risk of catheter associated bacterial infections.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present study was aimed to address the antimicrobial activity and biofilm inhibition effect of silver Foley&rsquo;s catheter in male buffalo calves suffering from obstructive urolithiasis. The study was conducted on twelve male buffalo calves suffering from obstructive urolithiasis, randomly divided into two groups irrespective of their age viz., group I (latex Foley&rsquo;s catheter treatment) and group II (silver hydrogel coated Foley&rsquo;s catheter treatment). Cultural examination and antibiotic sensitivity of cultured bacteria from the urine passed through fixed urinary catheter was performed at 0th, 7th, 14th and 28th postoperative days in both the groups.&nbsp; 
 
Result: There was significant reduction in growth of bacteria like Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and E. coli bacterial colony formation on blood agar and MacConkey lactose agar, respectively in silver catheter group as compare to latex catheter group from day 0 to day 28th. The zone of inhibition was more pronounced for both antibiotics viz., Cefotaxime and Ceftriaxone (upto 24 mm) in urine samples collected from silver hydrogel coated Foley&rsquo;s catheter as compared to latex Foley&rsquo;s catheter indicating its biofilm inhibition effect on bacteria. Silver-hydrogel Foley&rsquo;s Catheter are more cost-effective as compare to latex Foley&rsquo;s catheter.</div>

Efficacy of Silver Coated Foley&rsquo;s Catheter in Comparison with Latex Foley&rsquo;s Catheter for Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance and Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Obstructive Urolithiasis of Male Buffalo Calves

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Studying the growth and developmental mechanisms of steppe (Brandt&rsquo;s) voles is important for biological control and protection of steppe ecology. In this paper, preliminary biological experiments&rsquo; data showed that the mortality of Brandt&rsquo;s vole increased after retinoic acid treatment. 
 
Methods: LPH inhibitor, retinoic acid, quercetin and DMSO (Standard treatment concentration 10 mg/ml) were given them through oral with the help of Animal oral gavage feeding needles. The hind legs muscles of surviving Brandt&rsquo;s voles were collected for transcriptomic analysis. 
 
Result: A total of 4047 and 2251 up- and down-regulated transcripts, respectively, were observed upon retinoic acid treatment compared to the DMSO (control) treatment. Transcriptomic changes were enriched significantly in 31 KEGG pathways, most of which were involved in sugar metabolism, particularly for fructose and mannose (ko00051), protein digestion and absorption (ko04974), phenylalanine metabolism (ko00360), tyrosine metabolism (ko00350) and the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (ko04151), which is related to growth and development. A total of 114 differentially expressed genes were screened as candidate genes according to the enrichment results, including c-Jun N-terminal kinase and tubulin epsilon chain verified by RT-PCR. Ultimately, we proposed a preliminary regulatory molecular mechanism of retinoic acid relevant to mouse development and death.</div>

Transcriptome Analysis of the Regulation of Retinoic Acid on the Growth and Development of Brandt&rsquo;s Vole

<div style="text-align: justify;">Flavonoids are the molecules derived from a core molecule flavan which are synthesized in plants and microbes by a complex process catalyzed by enzymes located in endoplasmic reticulum. These exist in human body in association with glycosides which can be absorbed in small intestine and are metabolized further in liver. This review consolidates the Biosynthesis of flavonoids in plant systems, its metabolism in human body, the role of different rings and groups on the antioxidant potential of flavonoids, the chemical mechanisms of its actions and finally clinical implications of these molecules against Alzheimer&rsquo;s disease, Parkinson&rsquo;s disease, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis and cancers.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Flavonoids: Biosynthesis, Metabolism, Mechanism of Antioxidation and Clinical Implications: A Review</div>

<div>Background: Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors affecting the survival, growth and metabolism of fish. The current study was aimed to study the effects of water temperature on the metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile Siganus guttatus. 
 
Methods: The juveniles were domesticated at 28&plusmn;1&deg;C for two weeks and then the temperature was adjusted to the target temperature groups (31&deg;C, 27&deg;C, 23&deg;C and 19&deg;C) by the gradually increasing or decreasing temperature with the change rate of 2&deg;C per day. The experiment lasted for 70 d. At the end of the experiment, the fish were anesthetized and all the livers were dissected on ice plate and stored in the refrigerator at -80&deg;C for the determination of enzyme activity. 
 
Result:&nbsp;The activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) tend to be increased with the reduction of temperature. The above enzymes activities in 19&deg;C group were highest. The activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and citrate synthase (CS) was lowest in 19&deg;C. These results suggests that 19&deg;C had exceeded the suitable temperature range for juvenile S. guttatus. At low temperature, S. guttatus mainly use fat for energy, but less anaerobic metabolism for energy.</div>

Effects of Water Temperature on Activities of Metabolic Enzymes of Juvenile Siganus guttatus

<div>Background: The industrial hub of Punjab, Ludhiana is polluted with heavy metals. The dairy animals experience stress due to pollution of heavy metals as well as the hot summer season. The stressors lead to disturbance in metabolic profile and affect milk production. The present study aimed at evaluation of detrimental effect of environmental heavy metal pollution on the metabolic profile of buffaloes during summer and winter seasons in Ludhiana district of Punjab, India. A total of 100 buffaloes were randomly selected from heavy metal exposed (n=60) and control area (n=40) during summer and winter seasons.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The location of the experimental area surveyed on the basis of levels of heavy metals. The dairy farms are located in and around Ludhiana, Punjab were identified with levels of heavy metal above the permissible limits (FSSAI, 2010) viz. Chromium-0.05 &micro;g /ml; Nickel-0.02 &micro;g /ml; Arsenic-0.05 &micro;g /ml and Lead -0.05&micro;g /ml. The plasma samples were analyzed for metabolic profile. The water levels of heavy metals were below the permissible limits; therefore, it was taken as uncontaminated or control area. 
 
Result: Buffaloes of heavy metal exposed areas exhibited significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher levels of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and CK levels as compared to control area. A significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease was observed in plasma total protein, albumin, A:G ratio, BUN: creatinine ratio in the buffaloes of exposed area as compared to the control area. However, significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher levels of plasma glucose, BUN, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and CK levels were observed during summer as compared to winter season in both exposed and control areas. Significantly (P&lt;0.05) decreased levels of plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin and BUN: Creatinine ratio were observed in the buffaloes during summer as compared to winter in both exposed and control areas. The Cr, Ni, As and Pb levels showed highly significant (P&lt;0.01) positive correlation with plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, creatinine, ALT, AST, CK and GGT. Highly significant positive relationship (P&lt;0.01) was observed among plasma levels of glucose, total cholesterol, creatinine, BUN, ALT, AST, ALP, CK and GGT whereas, plasma BUN had highly significant (P&lt;0.01) negative correlation with plasma total protein and A:G ratio considering both the areas together. Plasma levels of total protein showed significant (P&lt;0.01) negative correlation with all other metabolic profile constituents of both control and heavy metal exposed areas. Thus it may be concluded that the metabolic disturbance in heavy metal exposed buffaloes may have been mediated by heavy metal pollution.&nbsp;</div>

​​Effect of Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution on Metabolic Profile of Buffaloes in Ludhiana

<div>Background: Lactating animals tend to lose body tissue reserves in support of lactation and move into a negative energy balance that leads to a higher incidence of metabolic disorders and compromised productive performance. Despite several efforts to assess the influence of parity on BCS and metabolic profiles in postpartum buffaloes, systematic information is less. The current study was conducted to evaluate the effect of parity on metabolic profile and changes in BCS in postpartum Surti buffaloes. 
 
Methods: In the present study conducted from September-2017 to May-2018, fourteen postpartum Surti buffaloes were selected and grouped based on parity as primiparous and multiparous (2nd to 5th lactation). The blood sample was collected from all the selected animals on the day of calving, 15th, 30th and 60th day post calving. Serum biochemical parameters viz., glucose, total protein, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), cholesterol and Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were analysed. The body condition score (BCS) was assessed from the day of calving up to 60th day of the study at 15-day interval. 
 
Result: The study revealed that the BCS was significantly higher in multiparous buffaloes as compared to primiparous group. Among biochemical parameters, glucose was significantly higher in primiparous group as compared to their multiparous counterparts. Parity did not have a significant influence on serum total protein, BUN, cholesterol and NEFA. However, NEFA was slightly higher in multiparous group of Surti buffaloes. High NEFA and low serum glucose indicated a greater degree of negative energy balance in multiparous buffaloes due to higher milk output.&nbsp;</div>

Body Condition Scoring and Serum Metabolic Profiles vis-a-vis Parity in Postpartum Surti Buffaloes

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Oxidative stress is a unified concept for the assessment of metabolic status of buffaloes affected by a cocktail of heavy metal exposure from environment and it may significantly affect the metabolic profile and milk production during summer season. &nbsp;The present study aimed at evaluation of effect of probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 1026) and amla powder (Embilica officinalis) supplementation on levels of heavy metals, antioxidant status, oxidative stress in lymphocytes, metabolic profile and milk production of summer stressed buffaloes exposed to environmental heavy metal pollution. &nbsp; &nbsp; 
 
Methods: Twenty summer stressed lactating Murrah buffaloes of the same age group, close parity and in early lactation from the heavy metal exposed area were divided into two groups: Control (without supplementation) and Treatment group (supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae1026) @ 50 billion live cells / animal /day and Amla powder @ 86 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. Blood and milk samples were collected from both the groups on the day of starting of supplementation (i.e. day 0) and on there after days 15 and 30 and analyzed for antioxidant status, metabolic profile, milk yield and quality. 
 
Result: Oral supplementation of probiotic and amla powder for 30 days improved the antioxidant status, metabolic profile and milk production of summer stressed buffaloes residing in heavy metal exposed area. The percentage monetary gains from buffaloes fed probiotic and amla powder was 13.68% more as compared to control.</div>

<div style="text-align:justify">Effect of Probiotic and Amla Powder Supplementation on Metabolic Profile and Milk Production of Summer Stressed Buffaloes Residing in Heavy Metal Polluted Areas of Ludhiana</div>

Background: A negative impact on livestock productivity and the environment due to accumulation of greenhouse gases, might be mitigated by using secondary metabolic compounds from plants in the form of tannins which potentially proven in reducing the methane production of ruminants. This study aims to explore the Fodder Trees Species (FTS) in terms of nutritional value, energy metabolism content and its potential as an inhibitor of methane gas produced in rumen fermentation.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This research was carried out in two stages. Phase I, evaluation of the nutritional value of the FTS which includes a proximate analysis and analysis of the NDF and ADF fiber fractions components. Phase II, the evaluation of FTS with in vitro gas methods.&nbsp;The study was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 6 species of FTS as treatment and 4 replications. Profil GP and metan&nbsp; production are measured at incubation time of 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. DM digestibility, OM digestibility, N-amonia and energy metabolism were measured at the end of in vitro gas study.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The Species of FTS has varied chemical composition, potential nutritional value and not only provides protein but also a source of energy for ruminant animal. At incubation times of 12 to 24 hours, the production of methane gas from M. oleifera, S. grandiflora and L. leucocephala is greater than that from G. sepium and C. calothyrsus. However, at incubation times exceeding 24 hours, C. calothyrsus produces more methane gas than P. falcataria and G. sepium. The highest levels of N-ammonia are produced by M. oleifera, L. leucocephala, S. grandiflora and C. calothyrsus, while the lowest levels are observed in P. falcataria and G. sepium. P. falcataria and G. sepium found as the potential low methane-producing feeds and have protein characteristic which are resistant to rumen microbe digestion.

Nutritive Value, Energy Metabolism, Organic Matter Digestibility of Some Fodder Tree Species and its Potential as Methane Inhibitor

<div>Background: Healthy transition from non-lactating pregnant state to non-pregnant lactating state is an important in the profitability of dairying. Though feeding and managemental practices play an important role in the adaptation to transition, animals kept on similar feeding and management exhibit differences in adaptation indicating an underlying genetic cause. In the present study, the sequence of gene SNAI2, which is considered to have an effect on metabolic adaptability has been compared among animals with apparently varying adaptability, as indicated by their &beta;-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) concentration. 
 
Methods: During the period from August 2018 to May 2019, blood was collected and serum was separated from 30 pregnant cross bred (belonging to Sunandini genetic group of cross bred cattle of Kerala) dairy cows at fortnightly intervals from four weeks before the predicted day of parturition until four weeks after parturition. Concentration of BHBA was determined. Based on BHBA concentration the animals were sorted into two groups (High BHBA and low BHBA) using cluster analysis. Blood was collected, DNA extracted and&nbsp;SNAI2 gene amplified using custom synthesised primers. Amplicons from representative animals of each group were sequenced. The sequences obtained were aligned and compared using clustal-&omega;. 
 
Result: The comparison of the sequence of SNAI2 gene amongst the animals having high BHBA and those with low BHBA revealed two variations between the groups, one at promoter region, 61 bp upstream to the gene and other was at exonic region at 1560 bp. In silico structural analysis revealed difference in protein structure. The changes observed in the gene SNAI2 between the sets of animals grouped based on BHBA has to be studied on a larger population to ascertain the suitability of them being used as markers of genetic selection for metabolic adaptability, which in turn can increase the profitability of dairying.</div>

Textural Profile Characterizations of White Brined Cheese Manufactured from Sheep’s, Goat’s or Combination Milk Mixtures

Efficacy of Silver Coated Foley’s Catheter in Comparison with Latex Foley’s Catheter for Prevention of Antimicrobial Resistance and Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Obstructive Urolithiasis of Male Buffalo Calves

Transcriptome Analysis of the Regulation of Retinoic Acid on the Growth and Development of Brandt’s Vole

Flavonoids: Biosynthesis, Metabolism, Mechanism of Antioxidation and Clinical Implications: A Review

Effects of Water Temperature on Activities of Metabolic Enzymes of Juvenile Siganus guttatus

Effect of Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution on Metabolic Profile of Buffaloes in Ludhiana

Body Condition Scoring and Serum Metabolic Profiles vis-a-vis Parity in Postpartum Surti Buffaloes

Effect of Probiotic and Amla Powder Supplementation on Metabolic Profile and Milk Production of Summer Stressed Buffaloes Residing in Heavy Metal Polluted Areas of Ludhiana

Nutritive Value, Energy Metabolism, Organic Matter Digestibility of Some Fodder Tree Species and its Potential as Methane Inhibitor

Molecular Markers for Metabolic Adaptation in Dairy Cows: SNAI2 Gene Variations