<div>Background:&nbsp;The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis (Linford and Oliveiro) have been found consistently associated with plant damage and reduced yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), important pulse (grain legume) crop of India. 
 
Methods: Seeds of chickpea were soaked in S, S/2, S/4 extracts of rice polish and 0.1, 0.3, 0.5% solution of pyridoxine for 4 h. Four treated seeds were sown in each pot. Three week old plants were inoculated with 5000 M. incognita or R. reniformis larvae. 
 
Result: The root-knot nematode M. incognita and reniform nematode, R. reniformis caused significant reduction in different growth parameters (length and weight of plant, number of pods), chlorophyll content of leaf and water absorption of roots. Similar effects were also observed in plants raised from seeds soaked in different concentrations of water soluble fractions (WSF) of rice polish and pyridoxine solutions, however, the reductions were of comparatively lesser extent. Higher concentrations of the solutions were more effective as compared to lower ones and pyridoxine was more beneficial than WSF for improving plant growth and reducing disease incidence.</div>

Control of Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and Reniform Nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis on Chickpea

Background: The Convolvulceae family, which includes the several climbing herbs and weeds in the genus Ipomoea, is widely used in Ayurvedic, Unani and Siddha medicine. These plants are found across India. The current study to explore the Neuroprotective effect of naturally isolated scopoletin (ISCN) compound from Ipomoea reniformis (Choisy), Ipomoea cairica (L.) and Ipomoea triloba (L.) on learning and memory impairment in amnestic Swiss albino mice model. 
 
Methods: There was no mortality observed at intraperitoneal maximum dosages up to 100 mg/kg body weight; the ISCN showed a significant safety margin. The Neuroprotective Effect of ISCN was evaluated by taking various doses (3, 6, 12 mg/kg i.p), standard piracetam (150 mg/kg; i.p) and scopolamine (1 mg/kg; i.p.)to produce amnesia in mice by using Interoceptive includes estimation of acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) activity and extroceptive animal models include the Morris-water maze (MWM), object recognition test (ORT), passive avoidance test (PAT). 
 
Result: The memory score significantly improved after dosing of ISCN and standard piracetam in comparison with scopolamine-producing amnesia in mice. Dose-dependent ISCN shows significant (P&lt;0.01) improvement in Escape Latency in MWM, improvement in step-down latency in PAT, mice spent more time exploring the novel object in ORT and dose-dependent ISCN shows significant&nbsp; inhibition of&nbsp; AchE in mice brain. This finding indicates that ISCN may exert a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the AchE enzyme. ISCN has the potential to be therapeutically beneficial for reducing some of the memory impairments linked to Alzheimer&rsquo;s.

Neuroprotective Effect of Naturally Isolated Scopoletin (ISCN) from 3 Selected Ipomoea Species on Learning and Memory Impairment in Amnestic Mice Model