<div>Background: There was no literature showed superior provenance or clone of B. alnoides selected for the development of southern Fujian, as well as no suitable reforestation mixed pattern for B. alnoides developed for preventing the trunk pests effectively. It is significant to select an optimal reforestation pattern for B. alnoides to be expanded in southern Fujian. 
 
Methods: The tissue-cultured seedlings of Betula alnoides were introduced to south-east China for reforestation mixed pattern tests. B. alnoides was admixed with Castanopsis hystrix with five patterns at Wanshiqing Area and admixed with Cunninghamia lanceolata with four patterns at Beijing Area. A sample plot of 20 m &times; 30 m was set in each experimental treatment and each tree was investigated in the sample plot, including tree height (m), DBH (cm), pests and diseases and freeze injury. 
 
Result: The effects of the pure forest were better than that of the cluster mixed forest in tree height. The cluster mixed pattern was not beneficial to the tree height growth of B. alnoides and DBH growth of C. lanceolata in early stage. The average annual growth of B. alnoides in tree height, DBH and individual volume achieved 2.2-2.5 m, 2.8-3.0 cm and 0.0061-0.0074 m3, respectively.</div>

Betula alnoides Admixed with Castanopsis hystrix or Cunninghamia lanceolata from Two Reforestation Case Studies in Southeast China

A common environmental problem brought on by the atmospheric deposit of acidic accoutrements is acid rain. This abstract looks into the colourful aspects of acid rain, emphasizing its sources, consequences and strategies used to lessen its dangerous impacts. Anthropogenic emigrations of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, primarily from the burning of fossil energies and artificial processes, are the main causes of acid rain. Another factor contributing to this complex miracle is natural sources like stormy eruptions. The goods of acid rain span colourful ecosystems, impacting submarine life, soil quality, foliage and mortal health. Acidification of water bodies disrupts ecological balance, causing detriment to submarine organisms and posing a trouble to biodiversity. Also, acid rain&rsquo;s ecological goods are made worse by the release of poisonous essence into the terrain. Enhancing energy effectiveness and promoting indispensable energy sources are two sustainable practices that support a holistic strategy to reduce precursors of acid rain. One naturally being remedy that helps restore acid rain- affected ecosystems is reforestation. Understanding the sources, impacts and measures of acid rain is essential for developing effective programs and practices that promote sustainable cohabitation with our earth as humanity tries to strike a balance between development and environmental preservation.

Betula alnoides Admixed with Castanopsis hystrix or Cunninghamia lanceolata from Two Reforestation Case Studies in Southeast China

Causes, Effects and Management Measures of Acid Rain: A Review