<div style="text-align: justify;">So far little and most likely no previous study had tried to investigate the relationship between Total Quality Management (TQM) practices and organizational performance particularly in post harvest processing of Indian citrus industry. Implementation of quality management in post harvest processing of citrus may take longer time to implement, and requires major changes in cultural aspects as well as stake holder mindset in citrus industry. Leadership, management, finance, organizational culture, skills and expertise are considered as the generic factors critical for the successful implementation within SMEs environment like citrus industry. Judgmental process of grouping similar requirements led to the classification of all these requirements into ten separate categories. Items identified for the purpose of measuring the performance of post harvest processing aspect and the items were clubbed in four categories. In this review paper several new critical factors pertinent to citrus industry have been identified and basic explanation has been provided, which may help in successful implementation of Quality management and contribute to the success of the citrus processing entity.&nbsp;</div>

Quality management and post harvest processing in citrus-A review

Background: Weeds are primary factors that adversely affect growth, yield and seed quality of summer green gram, which can be minimized with adoption of proper weed management practices. This field experiment was conducted to find out the effective weed management practice in summer green gram (Vigna radiata) under zero tillage condition. 
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Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation conducted during summer season 2019 on different herbicides were applied to manage weeds in summer green gram. Eight treatments were applied based on various application windows. In the field and laboratory, the collected samples were determined for growth parameters, nutrient uptakes, seed yield and seed quality of summer green gram. 
 
Result: The result revealed that weed free treatment recorded higher growth parameters like, plant height, number of branch/plant, number of leaves/plant and root biomass which was statically at par with Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) as post-emergence (POE) at 20 DAS and Pendimethalin as pre-emergence (PE) followed by one hand weeding 20 DAS. Same trends were also observed in seed yield, nutrient content and uptake by seeds. Seed quality parameters like germination per cent (98.00), shoot (25.63 cm) root (14.20 cm) and seedling length (39.83 cm), seedling dry weight (0.16 g), vigour index I (3903.33) and vigour index II (14.96) was higher under weed free followed by Shaked (Propaquizafop + Imezathyper) and Pendimethalin as (PE followed by one hand weeding 20 DAS&nbsp; over weed check.

Yield and Seed Quality of Summer Green Gram as Influenced by Weed Management under Zero Tillage

Livestock is the backbone of agriculture, in spite of that, its performance is poor with low productivity, the reason is lack of nutritious fodder in sufficient quantities that reduces milk production in cattle and causes health issues. The nutritional quality and yield of fodder crops can be improved by using appropriate agronomic practices such as adequate tillage operations, proper/timely water management, weed management, nutrient management, sowing at the right time with the right seed rate, timely harvesting and so on. In this review paper, several research and review papers have been studied to understand the impact of different agronomic practices on quality and productivity of fodder crops. When compared to zero tillage, the use of tillage operations such as primary, secondary, conventional and deep tillage increases dry matter and green fodder yield. Irrigation at critical phases and on a frequent basis boosts the organic matter (OM) content and dry matter of feed. In comparison to late harvesting, early harvested forages have higher DMD (Dry matter digestibility) and CP (crude protein) content. Nitrogen application certainly fostered crop growth and development resulting in higher green fodder yield with improved fodder quality. When it comes to raising the DMD % of fodder crops, intercropping is crucial. DMD % in intercropping of Maize + cowpea (2:1) is higher as compared to sole maize and sole cowpea. Fodder yield and quality are reduced as a result of late sowing. Therefore, we conclude that agronomic interventions have a significant impact on the primary and secondary quality characteristics of fodder crops. As a result, proper methods for improving nutritional quality and overall crop productivity should be implemented in the fields.

<div>Impact of Agronomic Management Practices on Quality and Productivity of Fodder Crops: A Review</div>

<div>Background: An ideal crop geometry is essential for obtaining optimum plant stand in the field as the yield of a crop depends on the final plant density with effective utilization of growth resources. Conjunctive use of chemical fertilizers and organic manures is important to maintain and sustain soil fertility and crop productivity. Nutrient Management system is gaining importance among the farmers and it is advisable to optimize the use of inorganic fertilizers along with organic manures for getting high yields of better quality besides keeping the production cost at sustainable level. The current field study was aimed to evaluate the impact of various crop geometries and nutrient management treatments on yield and quality of transplanted finger millet. 
 
Methods: A Field experiment was conducted at Agricultural college farm, Bapatla during the kharif seasons of 2018 and 2019 and the experimental design was split plot with three replications. The main-plot factor comprised of three crop geometries with different age of seedlings and seven nutrient management practices in subplots.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The experimental results indicated that significantly higher grain and straw yields with good quality grain of finger millet were recorded in the spacing of 30 &times; 10 cm fb 30 &times; 30 cm spacing and among the nutrient management approaches application of FYM @ 10 tonnes ha-1 + 125% RDF along with wooden log treatment (S6) recorded the highest yield and however was statistically comparable with 125% of RDF + FYM (S5).</div>

Effect of Crop Geometry and Nutrient Management Approaches on Yield and Quality of Transplanted Finger Millet

<div>Background: Canola is an important oilseed crop throughout the world which is grown in more than 53 countries. Proper nutrient management plays a key role in its production. Use of unbalanced and inadequate fertilizers accompanied by restricted use of organic manures resulting in a decline in crop yield and quality. Little information is available on the response of canola to these factors. Therefore, this study is focused on to evaluate effect of foliar application of sulphur and integrated nutrient management on canola. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted on sandy loam soil during winter (Rabi) season of 2017-18 and 2018-19 at Student&rsquo;s Research Farm, Khalsa college, Amritsar to study the effect of foliar application of sulphur and integrated nutrient management on yield, quality and economics of bed transplanted canola (Brassica napus L.). Canola variety GSC 7 was sown by transplanting method on beds at spacing of 30 cm &times; 10 cm under Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 6 treatment combinations of organic (Vermicompost and pressmud), inorganic and foliar fertilizer were used under three replications.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that treatment containing 100% RDF + 40 kgha-1 sulphur + 1% foliar sulphur spray (T2) led to maximum siliqua length (8.5 cm), no. of siliqua plant-1 (547.5), no. of seed siliqua-1 (28.8), test weight (4.64 g), seed yield (24.92 q ha-1) and stover yield (78.53 q ha-1) whereas treatment consisting 100% N through vermicompost + 40 kgha-1 sulphur + 1% foliar sulphur spray (T3) led to highest quality attributes i.e. oil content (43.73%), protein content (30.8%) in seed which was at par with 100% N through pressmud + 40 kgha-1 S + 1% foliar sulphur spray (T4) which also resulted highest sulphur content (0.48%) in seed. The maximum gross return (Rs. 104664 ha-1), net return (Rs. 59049 ha-1) and benefit cost rato (1.29) obtained from treatment containing 100% RDF + 40 kgh-1 sulphur + 1% foliar sulphur spray (T2). It was observed that foliar application of sulphur enhanced the yield whereas application of organic manures improved the quality of canola.</div>

<div>Effect of Foliar Application of Sulphur and Integrated Nutrient Management on Yield, Quality and Economics of Bed Transplanted Canola (Brassica napus L.)</div>

A study was carried out to assess effect of inorganic fertilizers, vermicompost, Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorhizae (VAM) and biofertilizers [Rhizobium and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB)] inoculation on seed yield and quality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The experiment was conducted in a split plot design for two consecutive cropping season, kharif 2012 and 2013, with two main plot treatments of inorganic fertilizers i.e. 100% and 75% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) and nine sub plot integrated nutrient management (INM) treatments including control (No organic fertilizer). Main plot treatments were at par but sub plot INM treatments differed significantly for plant height, seed yield, number of pods/plant, pod length, number of seeds/pod, 1000-seed weight, seed germination and vigour indices. Integrated use of inorganic fertilizers + Vermicompost 2.5 t ha-1 (4.76, 4.16 q ha&rdquo;1) performed significantly better than the control (3.32, 2.79 q ha&rdquo;1) for seed yield and its attributes as well as seed quality parameters during Kharif 2012 and 2013, respectively. It was at par with combined use of inorganic fertilizers + biofertilizer inoculation (Rhizobium + PSB) + VAM 10 Kg ha-1 Also, the mean cost benefit ratios (2.04, 1.90) were highest for combination of biofertilizer inoculation (Rhizobium + PSB) + VAM 10 Kg ha-1 +inorganic fertilizers 100% and 75% RDF, respectively.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on seed yield and quality in cowpea

Background: Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple crop widely cultivated around the world, playing a crucial role in global food security. However, the sustained productivity of maize is threatened by declining soil health and quality due to intensive farming practices and improper nutrient management. Integrated nutrient&nbsp;management (INM) is a judicious use of organic and inorganic&nbsp;sources of nutrient to crop fields for sustaining and maintaining&nbsp;soil productivity. However, the use of appropriate and conjunctive&nbsp;use of application of suitable nutrients through organic and&nbsp;inorganic solely or in combination can provide the solutions to the&nbsp;problems such as increase in the price of inorganic fertilizers and&nbsp;deterioration effect of soil fertility and productivity. Hence, judicious&nbsp;application of these combinations can sustain the soil fertility and productivity. 
 
Methods: A field experiment comprising of 12 treatments was carried out in the kharif season of 2022 at the research farm of the Department of Agronomy, School of Agriculture, LPU, Phagwara. Aim of this research was to optimize nutrient availability and enhance soil fertility. Addressing these challenges, the present investigation entitled, enhancing physio chemical properties and nutrient content of maize through integrated nutrient management. 
 
Result: Application of 100% RDN+ mixed biofertilizers + FYM+ 1% spray of ZnSO4&nbsp;+ resulted in showed the highest protein content (10.15%), starch content (60.4%) and ash content (1.19%) in maize grains, followed by 75% RDN + Mixed Biofertilizers + FYM + 1% spray ZnSO4&nbsp;and T11. Additionally, T12&nbsp;showed the highest available zinc status in the soil with 1.5 kg/ha and the highest available zinc content in grains and straw after harvest with 325.6 mg/kg and 27.3 mg/kg, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of combining various nutrient sources to optimize maize growth and enhance its productivity. 
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Enhancing Physiochemical Properties and Quality of Maize Through Integrated Nutrient Management

Background: Lactating goats show a negative energy metabolism, which is why supplementation during this period is beneficial for the female, improving the production and chemical composition of milk. Various studies have shown that the use of protected fats in ruminants increases the quantity and quality of milk. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of a bypass fat on milk production and quality in grazing goats. 
 
Methods: In an extensively managed goat herd in the Comarca Lagunera, goats (n=30) were selected and distributed in 3 treatments: (GCON), this group only consumed the vegetation in the grazing sites, (GHP95) this group received grazing plus bypass fat and (GLM45) this group received grazing plus bypass fat, the supplementation with bypass fat was 100 g/goat/d. During the study, live weight, body condition, milk production and quality were determined. 
 
Result: The research shows that supplementation with bypass fat is sufficient to increase production (p&lt;0.05) and quality of milk (fat; p&lt;0.05) after calving in the different samplings (p&lt;0.05). The results favored GHP95. This supplementation makes the use of protected fats in animal feed more efficient, increasing productive parameters and income for grazing goat producers.

Bypass Fat Increases Milk Production and Quality in Goats under Extensive Management

Background: Post-harvest management of copra quality poses significant challenges due to improper handling by farmers and traders, a lack of awareness about mycotoxin contamination, and the associated health risks from metabolites produced by molds. Most traders noted that copra extraction happens at the farmers&rsquo; level, which heightens the risk of mold infestation, as many farmers do not realize that improper drying can result in fungal contamination. Copra quality is found to be reduced by many fungi. 
 
Methods: In the present study mycoflora isolated from storage copra. Potential biocontrol agents and chemical preservatives were screened against isolated mycoflora by using dual culture technique to enhance copra quality and to ensure better preservation methods in the industry. 
 
Result: Isolation studies revealed that Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Rhizopus spp, Drechslera spp, Botryodiplodia spp and Penicillium spp are the commonly associated mycoflora on copra during storage.&nbsp; Aspergillus flavus was predominant among the mycoflora with percent colonies ranging from 68 to 92 per each sample. Dual culture studies carried out with the three species of Trichoderma isolated from soils of coconut gardens revealed that T.viride, T.harzianum and T.hamatum were found very effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of A.flavus under in vitro conditions.&nbsp; of them, T.hamatum was found very effective in controlling A.flavus. Among various chemical preservatives tested, Menadione showed the highest inhibition of A. flavus strains at 100 percent, followed by Potassium metabisulfite at 77.23 percent and Benzoic acid at 63.33 percent. Compatibility studies between A.flavus and the widely used chemical preservatives in food industry gives an idea of the nature of chemical preservatives to be used. 
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In-vitro Studies on Aflatoxin Contamination and Management of Copra Quality

In dairy production, rigorous herd management is essential to ensure the well-being of cows, their metabolic health and ultimately, the quality of the milk produced. This study compares two types of dairy farms: Modern farms (Category 1) and resource-limited farms (Category 2). The objective is to assess the impact of feeding practices on the health and welfare of dairy cows by measuring metabolic parameters via blood sampling and behavioral observation. At the same time, milk quality is analyzed, both in terms of hygiene and physicochemical properties, using techniques such as lactofermentation tests and infrared spectroscopy. Finally, the study examines livestock infrastructure and its correlation with zootechnical performance, based on criteria defined by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). A statistically significant comparative study (P&lt;0.05) highlights that optimized feeding practices on modernized category 1 farms lead to high cow welfare (65/100) and increased milk production (25.75 kg/day).&nbsp;In contrast, category 2 farms with stressful practices exhibit poor well-being (21/100), metabolic issues like low sugar (1.09 g/L) and triglyceride (0.86 g/L) levels, decreased production (19.67 kg/day) and reduced milk protein content (&lt; 3%).&nbsp;The study confirms that the rearing environment, high-quality feeding practices and animal welfare are intrinsically linked to cow health, quality milk production and farm sustainability. Investment in these areas, particularly herd hygiene and welfare, directly translates into robust health, improved animal welfare and increased milk production, thereby justifying the implementation of necessary adjustments for farms. 
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