Leptin a multifarious hormone was discovered in 1994, a protein synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue has been shown to regulate feed intake in several species of animals. Although, a nimiety of information exists regarding the physiological role of leptin in animals, but the regulation and action of leptin in reproductive aspects of domestic animals is still naive. Emerging evidence in several species indicates that leptin may also affect the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis thus augmenting various reproductive processes. Leptin mRNA receptors are present in the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus of several species. Evidence to support direct action of leptin at the level of the gonad indicates that the leptin receptor and its mRNA are present in ovarian tissues of several species, including cattle. These leptin receptors are functional, since leptin inhibits insulin-induced steroidogenesis of both granulosa and thecal cells of cattle in vitro. Leptin receptors are present in buffalo corpus luteum in different stages of the estrous cycle. In both primates and animals, leptin receptors exist in placental tissues and may regulate metabolism of the fetal-placental unit. During pregnancy, placental production of leptin may be a major contributor for the increase in maternal leptin in primates. Leptin association can be made for body energy stores, dietary energy intake and reproductive functions in animals.

Role of leptin in physiology of animal reproduction-A review

Background: Osteology is the study of the structure and function of bones, aimed at understanding how an individual&rsquo;s activity influences their size. While this branch of anatomy has been extensively explored in domestic animals, there have been limited investigations into Neotropical primates. This lack of research has resulted in a shortage of essential information for veterinarians and professionals working with wild populations, hindering efforts to ensure the health and protection of these species. 
 
Methods: A study was conducted on the large structures of the left and right hind limbs of the Colombian Amazonian primate Plecturocebus caquetensis. This study obtained morphometric data, validated in previous investigations, based on ten variables of the proximal region, eleven of the distal region five general variables of the femur, five of the tibia and four of the fibula. The investigation used structures from legal biological collections in Colombia to avoid unnecessary and unethical captures, as the species is critically endangered.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Significant differences were found between the right and left sides of the femur, tibia and fibula. Variables such as diaphysis length, axis, morphological lengthand biomechanical length of the tibia, maximum tibia and maximum fibula, present higher standard deviation values. These differences are due to the traction generated by the muscles inserted in these areas, which is influenced by external stimuli from the environment or physical surroundings.

Morphometry of the Femur, Tibia and Fibula of Plecturocebus caquetensis

Background: Tupaia belangeri is increasingly recognized as an essential animal model in neuroscience, metabolic disorders and emerging infectious diseases due to its close phylogenetic relationship to primates and its small body size. Phenotypic traits are crucial for studying biological systems. Tree shrews are widely used in environmental adaptation research due to their genetic diversity and phenotypic polymorphism. The measurement of its physical indicators and skull provides a new perspective for exploring the adaptive characteristics of different tree shrew populations. Establishing population-specific morphometric reference values is therefore essential for standardizing veterinary dosing and ensuring translational reliability when tree shrews are used as models for metabolic, neurodegenerative, or emerging infectious diseases. 
 
Methods: To elucidate the phenotypic diversity of the Tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) and its relationship with environmental factors, the present study measured the body shape and skull indicators of 134 individuals across 12 regions. 
 
Result: The results showed that there had significant phenotypic differences between different geographic populations, with inter population variation significantly greater than intra population variation, indicating that differentiation mainly occurs between populations. Especially Daxin population (T. b. tonquinia) and the Hainan population (T. b. modesta) had larger body mass and length, whereas the Kunming population (T. b. chinensis) was relatively smaller. Environmental factor analysis revealed significant correlations between latitude, altitude, annual average temperature, atmospheric pressure and precipitation with the morphological traits of tree shrews, with altitude had the most significant impact on phenotypic differences. The clustering and principal component analysis results also confirmed the geographical differentiation of the tree shrew in morphological studies. The research findings emphasized the role of environmental factors in shaping the phenotypic diversity of the tree shrew and provide important insights into the evolution and ecological adaptation of this species, which was of great significance for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem management. 
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Role of leptin in physiology of animal reproduction-A review

Morphometry of the Femur, Tibia and Fibula of Plecturocebus caquetensis

Phenotypic Diversity of Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri) with Implications for Biomedical Animal Research