<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was conducted during autumn, 2014 at ICR Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam to compare three different direct seeded upland rice varieties along with different integrated weed and nutrient management practices. The experiment was carried out in factorial randomized block design replicated thrice with 15 treatments involving 3 varieties: Inglongkiri, Maizubiron and Rasi along with 5 treatments of weed and nutrient management, i.e. 20-10-10 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O + &nbsp;pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha followed by grubber 30 DAS (W1), 30-15-15 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O + pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha followed by grubber 30 DAS (W2), &nbsp;10-5-5 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O &nbsp;+ pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha followed by grubber 30 DAS + Vermicompost @ 1 t/ha &nbsp; (split equally at sowing &amp; 30 DAS) + Sesbania (Sesbania aculeata) green mulch (up to 30 days) (W3), &nbsp;10-5-5 kg/ha &nbsp;N-P2O5-K2O + pretilachlor @ 750 g/ha followed by grubber 30 DAS with intra-row spacing 15cm (W4), &nbsp;and 20-10-10 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O + Weedy check (W5). The predominant weed floras observed in the experimental field were Ageratum conyzoides, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus iria. Treatment W3 resulted significantly lowest weed population at all growth stages. Weed dry weight was significantly lowest with application of 30-15-15 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O along with pretilachlor @ 750 g a.i./ha and grubber 30 DAS at 20, 60 DAS and at harvest of rice crop. The results revealed an increase in yields as evident by higher grain and straw yield for all the three varieties with pre-emergence application of pretilachlor (750g a.i./ha) + grubber 30 days after sowing + 30-15-15 kg/ha of N-P2O5-K2O.&nbsp;</div>

Weed dynamics and yield of direct seeded upland autumn rice (oryza sativa l.) Varieties as influenced by integrated weed and nutrient management practices

<div>Background: Finger millet production and productivity is lowering in India due to the growth of different weed species. Weeds are the prime yield limiting biotic constraints in finger millet. Therefore, the present investigation has been carried out to find out the suitable weed management practices on the performance of finger millet. 
 
Methods: In this regard, a field experiment was carried out during Kharif, 2018 at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India to evaluate the different weed management practices for transplanted finger millet under sodic soil. The experiment comprised of ten weed management practices with different herbicidal treatments viz., pre emergence (PE) application of pendimethalin at 750 g/ha, oxyfluorfen at&nbsp;50 g/ha, bensulfuron methyl at 60 g/ha + pretilachlor at 600 g/ha, early post emergence (EPOE) application of bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha, PE pendimethalin at 750 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha, PE oxyfluorfen at 50 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha, PE bensulfuron methyl at 60 g/ha + pretilachlor at 600 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha, PE oxyfluorfen at 50 g/ha fb hand weeding (HW) at 30 DAT, HW at 15 and 30 DAT and unweeded control (UWC) in transplanted finger millet.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that lower nutrient removal by weeds, higher nutrient uptake by crop and yield parameters viz., productive tillers/m2, earhead weight and total grains/earhead were registered in application of PE bensulfuron methyl at 60 g/ha + pretilachlor at 600 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha. The highest grain and straw yields were also registered in application of PE bensulfuron methyl at 60 g/ha + pretilachlor at 600 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha and it was on par with hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAT.</div>

Influence of Weed Management Practices on Nutrient Removal and Performance of Transplanted Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: In India, rice covers largest area under cultivation. Among the biotic stresses weeds pose serious threat to rice if not controlled in its critical crop-weed competition period, reducing yield by 50%, in case of transplanted rice. The experiment was carried out to evaluate effectiveness of different herbicides and its combination with mechanical weed control methods in checking weed population in transplanted rice so as to maintain sustained production. 
 
Methods: The experiment was carried out in lower Gangetic plain zone during kharif season of 2018. It was laid out in randomized block design with seven treatments replicated thrice. The treatments were&nbsp; pretilachlor 50% EC@ 1500 ml ha-1 (0-4 DAT), butachlor 50% EC @ 4000 ml ha-1 (0-4 DAT), bispyribac Na 10% SC @ 200 ml ha-1 (Post-emergence), Sesbania intercrop @ 25 kg ha-1 up to 30 DAT followed by mechanical incorporation followed by 1 hand weeding @ 50 DAT, pretilachlor 50% EC @ 1500 ml ha-1 (0-4 DAT) followed by bispyribac Na 10% SC @ 2000 ml ha-1 (25 DAT), two hand weedings at 25 DAT and 50 DAT and untreated control. 
 
Result: Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus difformis, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Ludwigia octovalvis, Echinochloa colona, Fimbristyslis sp. were the dominating weed species as per experimental findings. Among all treatments two hand weedings at 25 DAT and 50 DAT significantly reduced the total weed density (no.m-2) while total weed biomass (g m-2) as was found to be lowest in treatment of pretilachlor 50% EC @ 1500 ml ha-1 (0-4 DAT) followed by bispyribac Na 10% SC @ 2000 ml ha-1 (25 DAT). Highest growth characteristics in rice was observed in treatment of two hand weedings at 25 DAT and 50 DAT. Pre- emergence and post-emergence application of pretilachlor and bispyribac sodium, respectively, was successful in achieving highest yield attributes, yield (4.12 t ha-1) and economic return (Rs. 47438 ha-1).</div>

Response of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) to Weed Management Methods in the Lower Gangetic Plain Zone

Background: Weeds are the key pest, which reduce crop productivity. Direct-seeded rice is very prone to early-stage weed infestation during initial crop development. Cultural and mechanical methods are difficult due to unavailability of labour and poor work efficiency. Hence, use of herbicides is an effective method for timely weed control. However, the efficacy of agrochemicals depends on the efficiency of spraying equipment. Conventional knapsack sprayers are used most often to spray herbicides but they are highly time-consuming, labour intensive and labour drudgery practices. Hence, the current experiment was aimed to study the efficiency of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) on weed management.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during summer, 2022 to evaluate the efficacy of UAV-based herbicide application in direct-seeded rice. The study comprised of five weed management treatments such as pre emergence application of pretilachlor with safener and pyrazosulfuron through both UAV and knapsack sprayer and unweeded check as control. The experimental plot was laid out in a randomized block design with four replications. 
 
Result: The experimental findings showed that the application of pre-emergence pretilachlor significantly reduced the density and dry weight of grasses, sedges and broad leaved weeds in knapsack application. Moreover, it was found on par with UAV application of same herbicide without any phytotoxicity to rice seedlings. From the experiment, the application of pre-emergence pretilachlor through UAV is found to be more effective for timely weed control during early stages in direct-seeded rice, which reduce the labour intensity and drudgery than knapsack application.

UAV-based Herbicide Application for Efficient Weed Management in Direct-seeded Rice

Background: Finger millet is an important dryland crops since they can tolerate unfavorable weather and are frequently planted in soils with low nutrient and poor water holding capacity in soils. The main cause for yield loss is weed infestation which occurs in finger millet. Several integrated weed management techniques were carried out to control them particularly and to increase yield which benefits farmers. 
 
Methods: In this context a field experiment was conducted in Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, during Rabi season of 2022-23 in direct sown finger millet under irrigated condition. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with ten treatments and three replications viz., PE pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Hand weeding @ 35 DAS, PoE 2,4-D @ 2 kg ha-1 40 DAS + Hand weeding @ 35 DAS, PE pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Hand weeding @ 35 DAS, PoE 2,4-D @ 2 kg ha-1 40 DAS + Twin wheel hoe @ 30 DAS, PE pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe @ 30 DAS, PE pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe @ 30 DAS, Hand weeding @ 25 and 40 DAS, Twin wheel hoe @ 25 and 40 DAS, Hand weeding @ 25 DAS + Twin wheel hoe @ 40 DAS and Unweeded control. The CO 14 finger millet was used a test variety with 110 days medium duration. 
 
Result: The result showed that pre-emergence pretilachlor @ 0.75 kg ha-1 8 DAS + Twin wheel hoe weeding @ 30 DAS significantly decreased weed density, importance value index and summed dominance ratio of weeds with higher weed control. The same treatment combination recorded higher plant height (115.8 cm) and grain yield (2368 kg ha-1) at harvest.

Effect of Integrated Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics, Growth Performance and Yield of Direct Sown Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

Background: A field trial was carried out during the Navarai season (Jan - Apr) of 2025 at the wetland Farm of SRM College of Agricultural Sciences, located in Baburayanpettai, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India to assess the effect of integrated weed management strategies in drum-seeded rice. 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of ten treatments with three replications. The treatments comprised combinations of Bensulfuron methyl + Pretilachlor (PE), Trifamone + Ethoxysulfuron (EPoE), Florpyrauxifen-benzyl + Cyhalofop-butyl (POE), in combination of hand weeding and power weeding. 
 
Result: Findings indicated that applying PE Bensulfuron methyl + Pretilachlor (660 g/ha) followed by POE Florpyrauxifen-benzyl + Cyhalofop-butyl (150 g/ha) significantly reduced weed density, enhancing weed control efficiency and growth parameters like plant height, tiller count and panicle characteristics and also resulted in the highest straw yield (7215 kg/ha) and grain yield (5,550 kg/ha). The research concludes that employing combination of pre and post emergence herbicides represents a viable approach for effective weed control and enhanced productivity in drum-seeded rice. 
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Assessment of Weed Dynamics and Crop Response Through Integrated Weed Management Strategies in Drum Seeded Rice

Background: Rice is a major food source worldwide and direct seeding can shorten crop duration and reduce labour. The system of rice intensification (SRI) can boost yields with fewer inputs. Weed management is crucial for high yields, but chemical herbicides may not be necessary with SRI. A study evaluated herbicide performance based on rice establishment methods. 
 
Methods: An field experiment was conducted in January to May, 2021 (Navarai) to find out the efficient weed control techniques in puddled rice. The experiment has been carried out in split-plot design, which included two planting techniques viz., drum seeded rice and system of rice intensification (SRI) in main plot, as well as eight weed control techniques viz., hand weeding, cono weeding, pretilachlor, bispyribac sodium and fenoxaprop - p - ethyl as pre and post emergence application in sub plot.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results of the experiment demonstrated that among the planting techniques and weed management practices tested, the system of rice intensification and sequential application of pretilachlor @ 0.5 kg a.i ha-1 fb bispyribac sodium @ 20 g a.i ha-1 has revealed lowest weed density and highest weed control efficiency, yield attributes and yield and energetics.&nbsp;

Performance of Various Weed Management Approaches on Weed Dynamics, Yield Attributes and Yield of Puddled Rice under Different Planting Techniques

Background: Black rice a special type of rice species known in multiple ways through its beneficial nutrients and health needs and are in need to be cultivated to its outmost potential. Cultivation of weed suppressible variety along with integrated weed management can be considered for high outcome of yield.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A farm trial during kharif season of 2021 and 2022 was laid out in split plot design (SPD) on the experimental field of School of Agricultural Sciences (SAS), Nagaland University, Nagaland consisting of four integrated weed management in the main plot while sub-plot consisting of four cultivars respectively. 
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Result: Grasses, sedges and broad-leaved weeds with a total of 11 species were identified and recorded dominant. Lowest depletion of nutrients by weed was observed with hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS with cultivar Chakhao Poireiton and was followed with application of pretilachlor @ 1.0 kg ha-1&nbsp;(PE) fb HW at 40 DAS. Hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAS along with cultivar Chakhao Poireiton exhibited highest plant height, LAI and biological yield and was closely followed with application of pretilachlor @ 1.0 kg ha-1&nbsp;(PE) fb HW at 40 DAS with Chakhao Poireiton, while similar results were also observed with the phenological studies. Further, weedy check recorded lowest plant height and LAI. However, plant population showed no significant variation with context to integrated weed management and different cultivars in both the years. Additionally, correlation studies revealed a strong negative correlation between plant height and nutrient depletion by weeds. 
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Evaluation of Growth, Phenology, Yield and Weed Dynamics as Influenced by Integrated Weed Management in Black Rice Cultivars under Nagaland Condition

Background: Groundnut or peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is known as the &ldquo;King of Oilseeds&rdquo; which belongs to family Fabaceae (Leguminosae). It is highly susceptible to weed infestation because of its slow initial growth up to 40 DAS and small foliage cover. However, study on use of mechanical weed control methods with different fertility regimes for improving the productivity of groundnut was limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find a suitable method for optimising the productivity of groundnut. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar for two consecutive years of 2020 and 2021. The field experiment comprised 16 treatment combinations of four weed management practices and four fertility levels. The weed management practice included W1-Pre-emergence (PE) application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1, W2-Pre-emergence (PE) application of pretilachlor @ 0.5 kg ha-1, W3-Manual weeding (20 and 40 DAS), W4-Twin wheel hoe at 20 DAS followed by (fb) hand weeding at 40 DAS and four fertility levels includes T1-100% RDF (20:40:40) (N: P205: K2O kg ha-1), T2- 75% RDF + 5 tonnes FYM ha-1, T3- 50% RDF + 10 tonnes FYM ha-1, T4- without fertilizer + without FYM.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Amongst the weed management practices, use of twin wheel hoe at 20 DAS followed by hand weeding at 40 DAS significantly reduced the weed density, weed dry weight, weed index and recorded the highest weed control efficiency (69.8%). Highest weed index (32.9) was recorded with the application of pretilachlor @ 0.5 kg ha-1 (PE), which was followed by weed index of (28.5) with application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 (PE). The fertilizer management practice with application of 50% RDF + 10 tonnes FYM ha-1 gave the highest yield and considerably reduced the total weed density, weed dry weight&nbsp; and recorded the maximum weed control efficiency (71.8 % at harvest). We suggest that weed management with twin wheel hoe at 20 DAS followed by hand weeding at 40 DAS along with application of 50% RDF + 10 tonnes FYM ha-1 as the most effective strategy for controlling the weed menace in groundnut with the highest weed control efficiency.

Weed Dynamics and Crop Productivity as Influenced by Weed Management Practices and Fertility Levels in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

<div style="text-align: justify;">Characteristically boro rice is winter season, photo-insensitive, transplanted rice cultivated on supplemental irrigation, often under conditions, where farmers&rsquo; are not able to take any other rabi season crop. Butachlor, pretilachlor, bispyribac-sodium and anilofos are the most commonly used herbicides for control of weeds in boro rice. Weed competition is one of the prime yield limiting biotic constraints resulting in yield reduction to the tune of 28 to 45%. Echinochloa spp., Cynodon dactylon, Portulaca quadrifida and Cyperus spp. are the &nbsp;major weeds responsible for yield reduction in boro rice. However, continuous and indiscriminate use of herbicides for a longer period may result in buildup of problematic weeds and also development of herbicide resistance in weeds. It is therefore, necessary to review the performance of promising herbicides for chemical weed management to improve the production and productivity of boro rice under the climate change scenario.</div>