Pre-milling processing has an effect on both nutritional composition and its &shy;in-vitro availability. In the present study an attempt was made to find out the effect of different pre-milling processing on the in-vitro iron availability. Pearl millet grains were subjected to processing technique viz. acid treatment (2 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours and 24 hours), dry heat treatment (30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes and 120 minutes), blanching treatment (30 seconds, 60 seconds and 90 seconds), and malting treatment to find out the in-vitro iron availability. Iron content in raw pearl millet was 11.93 mg/100gm. After treatment the total iron content was reduced in all the treatments. The in vitro iron availability was found to be higher in all the treatments as compared to raw pearl millet. In vitro iron content was noted maximum after dry heat treatment for 120 minutes (i.e. 3.58 mg/100gm) and minimum for 24 hour acid treatment (i.e. 2.39 mg/100gm). Hence the present study indicates that the pre-milling processing may reduce the total iron content but it increases the in vitro iron availability.

Effect of pre-milling processing techniques on pearl millet grains with&nbsp;special reference to in-vitro iron availability

<div>Background: Mungbean is consumed as whole, sprouts or dehusked splits, in form of dal. Dal is prepared after removal of outer husk cover and splitting the cotyledons in abrasive emery roller mills to improve esculent properties. In the process of husk removal, milling byproduct, mixture of husk and cotyledon powder, is generated, which is usually utilized as low value cattle feed. The milling byproduct contains bioactive compounds useful for human health. In the study biochemical properties of two mungbean cultivars, namely, Shikha and Virat, were evaluated for whole, dal milling byproduct and its fractions, to explore using milling byproduct of mungbean for potential edible usages.&nbsp; 
&nbsp; 
Methods: In this study, mungbean cultivars were milled in abrasive roller after water soaking pre-milling treatment. Milling byproduct was fractionated into three particle sizes, i) &gt;1.0 mm, ii) &gt;0.125 mm and iii) &lt;0.125 mm. Biochemical components, viz, protein, phenols, antioxidant activity and calorific values were estimated for whole grain, dehusked split (Dal), milling byproduct and its fractions for the two selected mungbean cultivars. 
 
Result: The protein content was observed to be high in split dal and powder fraction (&lt;0.125 mm) of milling byproduct. Antioxidant value and phenolic compound were higher in the byproduct fraction retained over &gt; 1.00 mm sieve size due to presence of husk in this fraction. Calorific value of byproduct was higher than that of whole seed, dal and byproduct fractions. The study indicates that the mungbean milling byproduct, with beneficial bioactive component can be utilize to develop value added edible products of therapeutic and health benefits.&nbsp;</div>

​Biochemical Compositions of Milling Byproduct of Mungbean and its Fractions

<div>Background: Raw palm oil mill effluent is toxic effluent capable of posing serious threat to plants when discharged to the environment. In developing countries, the untreated effluent is often discharged to the surrounding land due to high cost associated with its treatment. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of palm oil mill effluent treated with locally available material on the growth of maize. 
 
Methods: The bunch ash obtained from local material by burning de-fruited oil palm bunch was used for the treatment. The experiment was consisted of eight treatments of concentrations of palm oil mill effluent viz 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0%, 6.0%, 7.0% and 8.0%. The treatment was carried out on potted maize plants with six replications. Four kilograms of soil was weighed into each pot. Six pots were labelled as control, with untreated palm oil mill effluent added to them. Eight other groups consisting of six pots each were treated with 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, 5.0%, 6.0%, 7.0% and 8.0% concentrations of the effluent. The maize seeds were planted one in each pot to avoid overcrowding. The pots were transferred to greenhouse and each pot was moistened daily with the specified concentration of the palm oil mill effluent. The growth rate, plant height and leaf length of the maize plants were thereafter determined. 
 
Result: The 8.0% concentration of bunch ash in the effluent had the highest expected effect on all the parameters whereas the control gave the lowest expected effect. The effects increased as the concentration of bunch ash in the effluent increased, indicating that increased concentration of bunch ash recorded significant increase in growth rate, height and leaf length of maize. The analysis of variance for the obtained data showed that the effects of the different concentrations were significantly different. This study provides an alternative and cost effective method of ameliorating the toxicity of palm oil mill effluent to plants.</div>

​Effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent on the Growth of Maize (Zea mays)

Background:&nbsp;Minor millets, with their small size and hard husk, pose challenges in dehulling that affect overall yield and utility. Pretreatment methods were employed to facilitate more efficient dehulling. 
 
Methods: The current study was undertaken to assess the dehulling efficiency and evaluate the impact&nbsp;of various pre-treatments on the spatial and functional&nbsp;properties of barnyard millet (Echinochloa crusgalli L.). The grains were subjected to abrasive dehulling [A] for 2[A2], 4[A4], or 6[A6] minutes&nbsp;followed by centrifugal dehulling and the efficiency indices were calculated. 
 
Result: A2 and A4 samples exhibited superior milling efficiency and whole kernel recovery reflecting&nbsp;better grain integrity after processing. The A6 treatment resulted in highest head rice yield with intact grains whereas the control has lower retention and reduced dehulling performance.&nbsp;Spatial analysis of the grain revealed that A4 has the largest grain dimensions compared to other&nbsp;samples. Functional property evaluation indicated that A6 had the highest water holding capacity and swelling power making it ideal in developing&nbsp;rehydrated formulations, A4 was more appropriate for processed foods applications, A2 has good hydration properties, while the control&nbsp;sample was best suited for snack preparation. Among the pre-treated samples A2 sample was reported&nbsp;significantly dominant among the other pre-treated samples. 
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Optimizing Dehulling Quality in Barnyard Millet Through Pre-processing Techniques

<div style="text-align: justify;">The present study was conducted to know the effect of pre-treatment on the cooking quality, functional properties, visual appearance and organoleptic quality in comparison with raw foxtail millet grains. Different pre-treatments were given to the millet grains in different combination such as roasting; cooking and drying; cooking, drying and roasting; soaking, steaming and drying; soaking, steaming, drying and roasting. Pre-treatments decreased cooking time (11.66 to 5.33 min) and per cent solubility (6.72 to 2.08 %). Pre-treatment increased cooked weight (28.66 to 37.33 g), cooked volume (23.66 to 32.33 ml) and swelling power (5.60 to 6.77 g/g). Pre-treatments decreased the visual appearance of grains. Cooked rice of pre-treated grains affected appearance, colour and texture in organoleptic evaluation. Each above mentioned quality characters was ranked and scores were given. As cooked dried and roasted grains got high total score than other pre-treatments, it can be used as ready to eat convenient rice.</div>

Cooking and organoleptic quality of pre-treated foxtail millet (Setaria italica) rice

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: It is usually accepted that some degree of post-surgical pain will be commonly present. There are different pain scales adopted in veterinary practice to assess these behavioural signs to measure pain. VAS had been used in human medicine for many years to measure pain and was found equally satisfactory in dogs. Pre-emptive analgesia (PEA) is grasping popularity in recent days, the concept of which originated during the time of growing appreciation of dynamic characteristics of pain pathway for obtaining effective analgesia prior to the surgical trauma. 
Methods:&nbsp;The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of tramadol, pentazocine lactate and meloxicam as pre-emptive analgesics in dogs premedicated with glycopyrrolate, induction and maintenance with propofol continuous rate infusion (CRI) for certain clinical and physiological parameters. The animals were randomly divided into three equal groups viz. Group-T, Group-P and Group-M comprising six animals in each group and all were premedicated with glycopyrrolate, I/M. After 10 minutes of pre-anaesthetic administration, pre-emptive analgesia was given (Tramadol in Group-T, Pentazocine lactate in Group-P and Meloxicam in Group-M intravenously). After 10 minutes of pre-emptive analgesic administration, induction was achieved with propofol I/V and also maintained by CRI method up to 1 hour. Clinical and physiological parameters were recorded at 0 (baseline) minute before premedication, thereafter at 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 2 hr and 3 hr after pre-emptive analgesic administration.&nbsp; 
Result:&nbsp;There was no sedation observed within 10 min following pre-emptive analgesia and quality of sedation was recorded as score-0 in all the groups. Time for induction was significantly higher in group-M as compared to group-T and P. Quality of induction in all the groups ranged from score-0 to score1, assessment of peri-operative analgesia was recorded as score-0 in group-T and group-P, whereas in group-M it ranged from score-0 to score-1. Depth of anaesthesia was recorded as score-0 to score-1 in all the groups and quality of recovery was recorded as score-0 to score-1 in group-T and group-P and score-1 to score-2 in group-M. Assessment of post-operative analgesia by VAS was significantly lower in group-T as compared to group-P and M. In all the three groups, the heart rate increased significantly at 30 min interval and thereafter it decreased significantly till the end of the study. Respiratory rate also decreased significantly till 1 hr and thereafter it gradually increased till the end of study in all the groups. Rectal temperature, SpO2, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure decreased significantly at 30 min and thereafter increased gradually and approached base values in all the groups.</div>

Evaluation of Tramadol, Pentazocine Lactate and Meloxicam as Pre-emptive Analgesics for Pain Management in Canine Ovariohysterectomy

<div>Background: Mango stones are in general recalcitrant. Moreover, they are available only during April- May months which are the drier parts of the year. So stone germination and plant vigour are very low. Proper seed orientation, age of stones after extraction from fruit and pre-sowing treatments need to be taken into consideration for inducing early germination, boosting growth, enhancing the seedling vigour and reducing the mortality. 
 
Methods: The experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized design with forty two treatment combinations replicated thrice. The treatments were comprised of two sowing positions viz., flat and stalk end up, three age of stones after extraction from fruit, viz., fresh extracted, 10 days and 20 days after extraction and seven pre-sowing treatments viz., 100 ppm GA3, 200 ppm GA3, 1 ppm KNO3, 2 ppm KNO3, cow dung slurry, water, control and their combinations.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Stalk end up sowing of freshly extracted stones pre-treated with 200 ppm GA3 for 24 hours recorded better germination and vigour of mango seedlings.</div>

​Influence of Pre-sowing Treatments, Sowing Positions and Age of Stones after Extraction from Fruit on Germination and Vigour of Mango

<div>Background: Herbicides are used in agriculture to reduce the density of weeds and improve the crop yield. Pendimethalin 30% EC is widely used pre-emergent herbicide to control annual grasses and certain broad leaf weeds; is no longer effective against established weeds like Cyperus and Commelina benghalensis, Acalypha indica and Phyllanthus spp. that are dominant in groundnut crop. Combination of Pendimethalin 30% and Imazethapyr 2% EC is a broad-spectrum herbicide that controls most broadleaf weeds and some annual grasses. The current study aimed to improve the profitability of farmers by effectively and economically by controlling the targeted weeds. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station (ZAHRS), Babbur Farm, Hiriyur, Karnataka during Kharif 2018, 2019 and 2020, to study the efficacy of pre and post-emergence herbicides for weed management in groundnut. The trial comprised of nine treatments involving two pre-emergence herbicides (Pendimethalin 38.7 CS 1.0 kg/ha PE and Pendimethalin 30 EC+Imazethapyr 2 EC 1.0 kg/ha PE (ready mix)) alone and in combinations with post-emergence herbicides (quizalofop-p-ethyl 50 g/ha at 15-20 DAS (PoE)), along with pre-emergence herbicides super imposed with hand weeding at 30 DAS and compared with two inter cultural operation at 15 and 30 DAS followed by manual weeding for intra rows and weedy check. 
 
Result: The experimental results revealed that, among the different herbicides treatments, the higher net return (Rs. 92,835/ha) and B:C ratio (2.70) were noticed in Pendimethalin 30 EC+Imazethapyr 2 EC 1.0 kg/ha PE (ready mix)+manual weeding at 30 DAS as compared to control plot (Rs. 2620/ha and 0.96, respectively) this has effectively controlled most of the weed flora present in the experimental field.</div>

​Efficacy of Pre and Post-emergence Herbicides for Weed Management in Groundnut

<div>The objective of present study was to select the best pre-anesthetic to be used in combination with propofol for neutering dogs. A prospective randomized study was conducted on 18 clinical cases of mongrel dogs admitted for neutering were subjected in to three groups (n=6). In group A (xylazine @ 2.2 mg/kg), group B (diazepam@ 0.25 mg/kg) and group C (medetomidine @ 40 &micro;g/kg body weight), were injected intramuscular as preanesthetics. After 3-5 minutes of pre-anesthetic, the propofol injection @ 6 mg/kg of body weight was administered intravenous as anesthetic drug in all three groups. Analgesia was tested by the presence or absence of following reflexes - tail pricking, toes pinch, pedal reflex and patellar reflex. Rapid onset (9.13 &plusmn; 1.41 minutes) and long duration (59.67&plusmn; 5.50 minutes) of analgesia was observed in group C compared other groups (onset 13.661&plusmn;1.72 A, 20.16 &plusmn; 1.75 B minutes) and duration of analgesia (48.56 &plusmn; 4.61 A and 40.66&plusmn; 5.46 B minutes). CBC, ALT, AST, ALP and blood urea nitrogen values were non-significantly (P&ge;0.5) same within and between all three groups.&nbsp;There was significant (P&ge;0.5) increase in ALT, AST, ALP, BUN and serum creatinine in group B at 24 hours interval. The results of our study showed that there was non significant decrease (P&ge;0.5) in Hb and total erythrocytes count while non-significant increase (P&ge;0.5) in total leukocyte count was noted in all three groups. &nbsp;The results showed that Medetomidine HCl in combination with propofol produce, rapid onset, and long duration of analgesia, with rapid and smooth recovery and no effects on haematological parameters of dogs.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Clinico-biochemical study on different pre-anesthetic drugs combined with propofol for neutering dogs</div>

Maturation and fertilization in vitro and further development to full terms of pre-pubertal mammalian oocytes has been confirmed in several mammalian species. Fetal and postnatal development of female germ cells has been described. Furthermore, oocyte maturation and fertilization processes in addition to further embryonic development were described of mammalian oocytes obtained during pre-pubertal, pubertal, follicular and luteal stages. In addition, the assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) were used for potential exploiting of pre-pubertal oocytes. The ARTs included were maturation and culture conditions, fertilization procedures in addition to reconstruction of artificial oocytes. Therefore, the articles concerning mammalian oocyte growth and development during fetal and postnatal periods in addition to maturation and further embryonic development were used for writing the manuscript and the articles were collected from databases of ScienceDirect, PubMed and google scholar. Maturation occurred for GV oocytes obtained from fetal stage but they were unable to develop further. On the other hand, pre-pubertal oocytes obtained from post-natal stage of different mammalian species were able to mature and develop to full terms after fertilization and culture in vitro. The female age were differed between mammalian species to collect competent pre-pubertal oocytes. The applied assisted reproductive techniques were resulted in significant substantial increase of pre-pubertal oocyte development. It could be concluded that pre-pubertal oocytes could be used to shortening the interval between generations and exploitation of genetically superior animals through assisted reproductive techniques.

Effect of pre-milling processing techniques on pearl millet grains with special reference to in-vitro iron availability

Biochemical Compositions of Milling Byproduct of Mungbean and its Fractions

Effect of Palm Oil Mill Effluent on the Growth of Maize (Zea mays)

Optimizing Dehulling Quality in Barnyard Millet Through Pre-processing Techniques

Cooking and organoleptic quality of pre-treated foxtail millet (Setaria italica) rice

Evaluation of Tramadol, Pentazocine Lactate and Meloxicam as Pre-emptive Analgesics for Pain Management in Canine Ovariohysterectomy

Influence of Pre-sowing Treatments, Sowing Positions and Age of Stones after Extraction from Fruit on Germination and Vigour of Mango

Efficacy of Pre and Post-emergence Herbicides for Weed Management in Groundnut

Clinico-biochemical study on different pre-anesthetic drugs combined with propofol for neutering dogs

Growth and Developmental Competence of Pre-pubertal Mammalian Oocytes: Applications of Assisted Reproductive Techniques