<div>Background: Although induced mutagenesis can rapidly generate genetic diversity, every genotype responds differently to different mutagen treatments in induceing genetic diversity. This study assesses and compares the genetic diversity of two mutant faba bean populations. 
 
Methods: Two genotypes representing landrace (Hassawi 2) and inbred variety (ILB4347) were exposed to gamma radiation and diethyl sulfate (DES). Two hundred eighty-two samples derived from individual 140 M2 mutant plants of Hassawi 2 and ILB 4347 and two parental lines were characterized using 11 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations. 
 
Result: 89,820 bands within 2,083 polymorphic alleles were generated from the samples. Genetic diversity comparison of the mutant populations revealed that each genotype had varying responses to different treatments. The two genotypes had a relatively similar response to gamma radiation, while different responses were recorded in DES-derived mutant plants. Based on the Nei&rsquo;s genetic distance, the populations were separated based on the genotypic origin. The population structure analyses showed that the Hassawi 2 and ILB4347 mutant populations were clustered into three and two groups, respectively. The difference in the number of clusters between the two mutant populations explains their breeding history. The present diversity considered as a valuable material used for breeding and conservation purposes.</div>

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Two Faba Bean Mutant Populations Based on AFLP Markers

The basic principle of crop regulation is to manipulates the natural flowering and fruiting of guava plant in desired season of the year that contribute to increased fruit yield, quality, profitability and sustainability of the environment by reducing the use of the frequency of the pesticides. This concept is based on the fact that guava flowers are borne only on new, succulent, vigorously emerging vegetative growths. These new growth flushes can be either new emergences of lateral bud on older stems or extensions of already established terminals of various size and vigor. The crop regulation can be achieved by the adoption of the various practices like withholding irrigation after harvesting during the months of April-May in Northern Indian plains. This results in the shedding of flowers and the tree goes to rest. The basin of the tree is dug up, manured and irrigated in June. After about 30-35 days the tree put forth profuse flowering and fruit mature in winter. Terminal portion of the shoots up to 20 or 30 cm length should be pruned between 20th to 30th April. Always avoid severe pruning in guava. Apply the recommended dose of fertilizers during the month of June to encourage vegetative growth in July-August for getting maximum flowering during August-September for winter season crop. To regulate the guava crop, it is essential to reduce the fruit set during the rainy season and subsequently increase the fruit set during winter season by the use of different chemicals like NAA ethereal and urea etc.&nbsp;

Crop regulation in guava-A review

<div>Background: Pigeonpea being highly branching and indeterminate growth habit responds very well to crop geometry. Hence to achieve potential yields, it is important to maintain optimum plant population which can effectively utilize available moisture, nutrients and solar radiation. The plant growth regulators are also known to enhance the source sink relationship and stimulate the translocation of photo assimilates, thereby increase the productivity. 
 
Methods: A field experiment was conducted at experimental farm of Agronomy Department, V.N.M.K.V., Parbhani during kharif season of 2018 and 2019. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four main plot treatments comprised of four crop geometries as 90 cm x 20 cm, 120 cm x 20 cm 60-120 cm x 20 cm and 75-150 cm x 20 cm and sub plot treatments were five treatments on foliar application of plant growth regulators i.e. NAA @ 40 ppm, Mepiquat chloride @ 50 g a.i. ha-1, Brassinosteroids @ 0.1 ppm, Chlormequat Chloride @ 75 g a.i ha-1 and control. 
 
Result: The crop geometry of 120 cm x 20 cm and 75-150 cm x 20 cm recorded higher values of all yield parameters followed by crop geometry of 60-120 cm x 20 cm. While the seed, straw and biological yield of pigeonpea as well as highest net realization of Rs. 72072 ha-1 was obtained with crop geometry of 60-120 cm x 20 cm followed by 90 cm x 20 cm. Among the plant growth regulators foliar application of Brassinosteroids @ 0.1 ppm (G3) tended to recorded higher yield parameters, seed yield and fertility coefficient of pigeonpea as well as highest net realization followed by foliar application of NAA @ 40 ppm.</div>

Production Potential of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] as Influenced by Crop Geometry and Plant Growth Regulators

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: Intensive cultivation with suitable crop geometry for optimum utilization of resources is one of the possible ways for increasing productivity of pigeonpea. Plant growth regulators have the capacity to stimulate and inhibit physiological processes, which directly or indirectly might affect crop yield and quality. This investigation was planned to study the influence of crop geometry and foliar application of plant growth regulators on production potential of pigeonpea. 
 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted at experimental farm of Agronomy Department, V.N.M.K.V., Parbhani, during kharif season of 2018 and 2019. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four main plot treatments and five sub plot treatments. The main plot treatments comprised of four crop geometries while thesub plot treatments were five treatments on foliar application of plant growth regulatorsalongwith control.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Various crop geometries shown remarkable effect on growth and developement of pigeonpea. The crop geometry of 60-120 cm &times; 20 cm and 90 cm &times; 20 cm recorded maximum plant height of pigeonpea as compared to other wider crop geometries. While in case of all the other growth attributes viz. number of functional leaves plant-1, leaf area, number of branches plant-1&nbsp;and dry matter accumulation plant-1 crop geometry of 120 cm &times; 20 cm and 75-150 cm &times; 20 cm were found superior as compared to other treatments and were at par with each other. The yield per hectare was increased at closer crop geometry 60-120 cm &times; 20 cm as the lower per plant yield was compensated by higher plant population. The crop geometry 60-120 cm &times; 20 cm produced significantly higher seed yield (1661, 1982 and 1821 kg ha-1 during 2018, 2019 and pooled mean respectively) over crop geometry of 120 cm &times; 20 cm and crop geometry 75-150 cm &times; 20 cm, but it was found at par with crop geometry 90 cm &times; 20 cm. Among the foliar application of plant growth regulators, growth characters viz., plant height, number of functional leaves, leaf area, number of branches and dry matter accumulation plant-1 as well as chlorophyll content were enhanced with the foliar application of Brassinosteroids @ 0.1 ppm and application of NAA @ 40 ppm during both the years of study. Foliar application of Brassinosteroids @ 0.1 ppm also recorded early flower initiation and significantly highest seed yield (1742, 2018 and 1880 kg ha-1 during 2018, 2019 and in pooled data, respectively), while it was at par with foliar application of NAA @ 40 ppm.&nbsp;</div>

&nbsp;​Morphophenological Characters and Productivity of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] as Influenced by Crop Geometry and Plant Growth Regulators

<div>The term &lsquo;bio-regulator&rsquo; has been used to encompass the natural and synthetic compounds that regulate various plant growth and developmental processes. Plant bio-regulators (PBRs) previously called plant growth regulators. Use of PBRs with a unique fact finding support assistance from biotechnology made a new approach of manipulating plant biological activities for enhancing growth, yield, quality, nutritive value and an important tool to reduce biotic and abiotic stress in plants. PBRs like jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives act as an omnipresent signaling molecules which mediate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Salicylic acid (SA) and methyl salicylate are endogenous signal molecules, also playing pivotal roles in regulating stress responses. A polyamine is low-molecular weight organic compound having two or more primary amino groups, act as ethylene repressor. Prohexodione calcium is a new generation anti-gibberellin. Along with listed names several other bio-regulators are in vogue to improve plant growth, development, stress resistance, pathogenic defense and productivity. In this review, it&rsquo;s an attempt to portray existing advanced knowledge about under utilized bio-regulators role and utility in cultivation of fruit crops.</div>

Advances in Application of Unexploited Plant Bio-regulators for Fruit Production: A Review

<div>The present study was conducted to know the genetic diversity of three Saudi sheep populations; Naeimi (NM), Herri (H) and Najdi (NJ). Genomic DNA was extracted from 156 animals of sheep comprising 47 Naeimi, 47 Herri and 62 Najdi breeds using 18 microsatellite markers. A total of 212 alleles were generated with a mean value of 11.80 alleles per locus, with a range of observed and expected heterozygosity of 0.505 to 0.875 and 0.595 to 0.854, respectively. Eleven of the microsatellites loci studied in NM, three loci in H and fifteen loci in NJ were observed to be deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The fixation genetic indices (Fst) among the three sheep populations were very low, ranging from 0.017 (between NJ and H) to 0.033 (between NJ and NM), indicating low population differentiation among the three sheep populations studied. The present study showed that the microsatellite markers are powerful tool in determining genetic diversity among sheep populations.</div>

<div>Genetic variability of sheep populations of Saudi Arabia using microsatellite markers</div>

<div>The leaf yellowing is the first visible sign of senescence, which starts at the margins of the leaf and progresses to the blade. Although, transcriptional factor family genes generally encode meticulous regulators which perform a range of functions in turns regulating the physiological and developmental mechanism of plant stature. However, the genetic relationship of TFs genes in regulating the cell death of Arabidopsis is well not understood to date. TFs family in a plant regulates various developmental and stress responses in underline pathways. In our review we observed the genetic relationship of TFs genes in regulations of cell death in Arabidopsis. Given that, programmed cell death (PCD) being an active process that includes the expression of hundreds of genes. It is speculated that many&nbsp;TFs are involved in the core elements of the regulatory network. There are only a few factors that are being demonstrated in involving the regulation of cell death, by evaluating the leaf senescence appearances of knocking of mutants and by identifying downstream target genes. In this review, we have focused on the manifold roles of TFs during genetic relationships and the regulation of cell death in Arabidopsis. We also deliberated how the transcription factors family gene regulates the cells&rsquo; death by different hormonal stress, environmental strain and their role in retrograde signaling. For deep understanding of regulatory molecular mechanisms of cell death in the plant, future research may be hypothesized to collect appropriate evidence and a detailed study may be implemented on the upstream pathway with a specific targeted gene that recognizes the stress signals involved in cell death in plants. Also, crosstalk between mitochondria and chloroplast is mainly being focused to better understand the regulations of cell death in plants. Present review concludes that regulating the cell death of Arabidopsis is very important for meeting future global food needs, crop yields. Overexpression of ERF transcription factors genes relating cell death of&nbsp;Arabidopsis confers broad-spectrum resistance to pathogens and other abiotic stresses and can also make transgenic plants resistant to drought, salinity and freezing.</div>

Genetic Relationship of Transcriptional Factor Genes in the Regulation of Cells Death in Arabidopsis: A Review

Present studies deal with continuous observation of aphid population on different brassica species at every fourteen days interval. Five plants were selected randomly from each plot. The top 10cm terminal portion was used for counting of aphid population. The first appearance of aphid population was found at end of December in Brassica rapa var toria, B. rapa var yellow sarson and Brassica juncea. The correlation coefficients between aphid population and abiotic factors revealed contradictory results. Except for a few instances the abiotic parameters show a low order of association with aphid population. A significant negative correlation of aphid population was found with maximum temperature in B. rapa var toria (r= -0.963**), B. rapa var yellow sarson (r= -0.877*) and B. juncea (r= -0.913*). The population dynamics study of coccinellid beetles revealed that its population increased gradually with the increase of aphid population and vice-versa. In our experiment none of the weather parameters alone was responsible for the multiplication and growth of the aphid but it is assumed that during major part of rabi season, the meteorological parameters remained conducive for the rapid multiplication of aphid.

Population dynamics of aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer)&nbsp;(Hemiptera: Aphididae) on different Brassica species

<div>Background: A population is continuously facing the changing environment and its directly influencing the production of animal so to adopt these changes population must be flexible and have sufficient variability to overcome the adverse affects of environment. The evaluation of animals in terms of production performance traits along with impact of inbreeding coefficient is essential to formulate breeding and selection strategies for higher genetic improvement. 
 
&nbsp;</div>

<div>Methods: Genealogy data of 6429 animals maintained at ICAR-NDRI, Karnal, India was analyzed by web-based POPREP application tool (http:// poprep.tzv.fal.de) and ENDOG V5.8 used to study the population structure and genetic diversity and regression model&nbsp; to study the effect of inbreeding on first lactation productive traits in Murrah buffaloes. 
 
&nbsp;</div>

<div>Result: The result indicated that 91.91% of the individuals had known pedigree. The maximum generation traced was 13 with mean, full and equivalent complete generation as 5.93, 1.67 and 3.25 respectively. The average generation interval was 8.28 years and longer for the sire-son pathway and 2.16% was average inbreeding in whole population. The average genetic diversity loss was 2.10% indicated that the population has been stable with sufficient diversity. The study also revealed non significant effect of inbreeding on all first lactation traits. The low&nbsp; inbreeding was firstly due to introduction of new genetic variant and culling of animals avoiding mating of related ones and secondly due to incompleteness of pedigree in earlier years. This can be used as a base line information of phenomic needs to be generated before applying genomics tools in particular herd to be used as reference population in future for genomic selection.</div>

Study on Population Dynamics and Effects of Inbreeding on Performance Traits in Indian Murrah Buffalo

<div style="text-align: justify;">Guava (Psidum guajava L) is one of the most promising fruit crops of India and is considered to be one of the exquisite nutritionally valuable and remunerative crops. In recent years guava is getting popularity in the international trade due to its nutritional value and processed products. It is hardy, prolific bearer and highly remunerative fruit crop. Its cultivation is done on the commercial scale. There are mainly three bahar season of the guava fruit viz., Ambe bahar, Mrig bahar and Hasth bahar. Continuous bearing results in reduction of yield with small size fruits. The heaviest flowering is observed in rainy season cropping, but, the fruits of this season crop are rough, insipid in taste, poor in quality, less nutritive and are heavily attacked by many insects, pests, and diseases. In order to overcome this problem and to force a full crop in any of the three seasons, as required by the grower and the traders, bahar treatment is practiced. The main objective of crop regulation is to force the tree for rest and produce profuse blossom and fruits during any one of the two or three flushes. The methods to be followed for crop regulation depend on climatic factors, cropping pattern, extend of the damage by the disease and pests, market and industry demand, cultivar, etc. Crop regulation is achieved by the various techniques like water management to induce stress, pruning of shoots and roots at different levels and at different times, training of shoots and manual or chemical thinning of flowers.&nbsp;</div>

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Two Faba Bean Mutant Populations Based on AFLP Markers

Crop regulation in guava-A review

Production Potential of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] as Influenced by Crop Geometry and Plant Growth Regulators

Morphophenological Characters and Productivity of Pigeon Pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] as Influenced by Crop Geometry and Plant Growth Regulators

Advances in Application of Unexploited Plant Bio-regulators for Fruit Production: A Review

Genetic variability of sheep populations of Saudi Arabia using microsatellite markers

Genetic Relationship of Transcriptional Factor Genes in the Regulation of Cells Death in Arabidopsis: A Review

Population dynamics of aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on different Brassica species

Study on Population Dynamics and Effects of Inbreeding on Performance Traits in Indian Murrah Buffalo

Crop Regulation in Guava: A Review