<div style="text-align: justify;">Lathyrus taxa are used in different areas including nutritive, agricultural areas, and they are seen as the source of both protein and phenolics. Lathyrus taxa seeds contain a neurotoxic substance called &beta;-N-oxalyl-l-&beta;,&beta;-diaminopropionic acid (&beta;-ODAP) in different amounts. Lathyrus species grown in Turkey is reported to have low &beta;-ODAP and high protein content. In this study, antioxidant activities, phenolic profiles, &beta;-ODAP and protein contents of six Lathyrus taxa were investigated. Total phenolic content (TPC) in Lathyrus taxa used was ranging from 0.17&plusmn;0.05 to 5.10&plusmn;0.02. The antioxidant activities were observed in a wide interval that IC50&nbsp;values were between 7.05&plusmn;0.11 to 1.15&plusmn;0.08 mg/mL. The highest TPC and antioxidant activity were recorded for L. clymenum. In HPLC analysis, gallic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, chlorogenic acid and epicatechin in all of the extracts were determined. Also, &beta;-ODAP and protein contents in seeds of the Lathyrus taxa were found between 0.20&ndash;1.18 mg/g and 22.66&ndash;29.74%, respectively. &beta;-ODAP contents of investigated Layhyrus taxa were within the safe consumption range in terms of health (&lt;2.00 mg/g). The investigated Lathyrus taxa were found to be excellent protein sources with low &beta;-ODAP content and contain natural antioxidants. As a result, this study has provided important data for wild Lathyrus taxa to be used as a cheap protein source and functional food for promoting health.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Biochemical Composition of Lathyrus L. Seeds: Antioxidant Activities, Phenolic Profiles, &beta;-ODAP and Protein Contents</div>

Background: Dietary fiber can be effectively incorporated into processed meat products along with binders, extenders and fillers. Using millet in meat products can balance the enormous demand and supply for affordable, wholesome, dietary fiber enriched and healthful meat products. 
 
Methods: The duck meat sausages were developed by incorporating three different levels of roasted foxtail millet flour (FTMF) i.e. 5%, 10% and 15% and coded as T1 (5%), T2 (10%) and T3 (15%). The proximate composition, texture profile, colour profile and microbiological qualities of the control and treated sausages were estimated.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The moisture, crude protein, ether extract and calorie value of the sausages declined significantly (p&lt;0.05) with increasing levels of FTMF in the treated sausages. In the case of texture profile, a significant (p&lt;0.05) difference was observed in the springiness, hardness, chewiness and resilience (p&lt;0.05) of the sausages between the control and treated groups. However, no significant difference in cohesiveness was observed between the control and the treated products. The colour profile revealed no significant (p&gt;0.01) difference in lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*). TVC and TVPBC showed a significantly (p&lt;0.01) decreasing trend from control to treated products. However, the bacterial load increased during the storage for up to 15 days. No colititre, yeast, or mould were detected during the entire storage period.&nbsp;

Effects of Foxtail Millet Flour (Setaria italica) on the Proximate Composition, Texture Profile, Colour Profile and Microbiological Qualities of Duck Meat Sausages

Background: Tinospora cordifolia is a common climbing shrub that grows on other trees. It is native to India. Its root, stems and leaves are used in Ayurvedic medicine. 
 
Methods: Experimental animals (n=10) were equally divided into two groups of five animals each (average body weight 16.53 kg), designated as control (C) and treatment (C + T. cordifolia) group. A 60 day growth trial was conducted after giving adaptation period of 20 days. A 7-day metabolic trial was conducted towards the end of the experiment using standard protocol. Blood samples were collected at the end of study to determine biochemical and antioxidant profile. Rumen liquor samples were collected by oral intubation and used for quantification of microbial population. 
 
Result: T. cordifolia supplemented at the rate of 2% of DM intake in the total mixed ration of goat kids reduced the relative abundance of methanogens in the rumen, without any significant effect on nutrient digestibility, N balance, blood biochemical profile, cell mediated immune response and growth performance.

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Effect of Supplementation of Tinospora cordifolia on Nutrient Utilization, Blood Biochemical Profile, Cell Mediated Immune Response and Rumen Microbial Profile in Beetal Goat Kids

Background: Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruits are good source of phenolic compounds, vitamins and organic acids. Low chill peach cultivars require low chilling hour for bud burst and growth. 
 
Methods: Seven phenolic compounds, four vitamins and six organic acids were profiled in eight low chill peach cultivars at edible ripe stage using HPLC-PDA and evaluated using multivariate analysis.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and catechin were the most predominant phenolic components, ascorbic acid and niacin were the major vitamins and citric acid and malic acid were the prevalent organic acids in all peach cultivars. Though not a single low chill peach cultivar possessed all the nutraceuticals in good amount, Sharbati Surkha and Sharbati contained maximum amounts of total of identified phenolic components (1472.20 and 1306.89 &micro;g/g, respectively), whilst Sharbati, Sharbati Surkha and Pant Peach-1 had maximum amounts of total of identified vitamins (368.22, 341.48 and 335.13 &micro;g/g, respectively). Total of identified organic acids were recorded maximum in Pant Peach-1, Pratap, Shan-e-Punjab and Sharbati Surkha (21.12, 18.70, 18.56 and 17.66 mg/g, respectively). Sharbati Surkha was the best cultivar overall while other cultivars could be used either for fresh consumption or for imparting flavor in peach based processed products.

Screening of Low Chill Peaches Grown under Indian Subtropics for Phenolic Compounds, Vitamins and Organic Acids

<div>Background: Banana is a commercial fruit of many tropical and sub-tropical nations. India is the largest producer of banana in the world. The fruit is a valuable source of carbohydrates, phenolics compounds, minerals and dietary fibre. Due to bumper production, seasonality and market gluts, huge post-harvest losses are recurring phenomena in many banana growing states in India. Hence, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of some commercial banana cultivars in the development of wine and to evaluate the qualitative changes during ageing. 
 
Methods: Wine was prepared from banana varieties (Poovan, Grand Naine, Yangambi (KM-5), Karpooravalli and Palyankodan) in 1:1 and 1:2 dilutions of pulp and water. The TSS content of the substrate was raised to 20&deg;Brix, followed by addition of yeast @ 1.25 g/l. The must was treated with Potassium Metabisulphite (KMS) @ 0.05 g/L to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Fermentation was carried out for 15 days, followed by clarification and subjected to ageing for 2 months. 
 
Result: During ageing of wine, the pH and alcohol content showed an increasing trend whereas titratable acidity, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid and phenols showed a decreasing trend. The flavour profile analysis of wine revealed that ethanol, ethyl hydrogen succinate and glycerin were the major flavour compounds in banana wine. After the completion of ageing, alcohol content of banana wine ranged from 8.40 to 9.64%, phenols were in the range of 40.50 to 56.25 mg 100 g-1 and total soluble solids varied between 3.6 and 4.5&deg; Brix. Wine prepared from the Poovan variety had the highest overall acceptability score throughout the ageing period.</div>

Qualitative Changes and Flavour Profile of Banana (Musa spp) Wine during Ageing

The identification of&nbsp;acetovanillone (apocynin)&nbsp;in hydroethanolic extracts of&nbsp;Boophone disticha&nbsp;bulbs represents a notable advance in phytochemical profiling within South African Amaryllidaceae, a family traditionally recognized for its alkaloid diversity. This discovery is further expanded by evidence for acetovanillone in&nbsp;Crinum graminicola&nbsp;and&nbsp;C. buphanoides, alongside the exclusive detection of piceol in the latter, collectively extending the chemical landscape to aromatic, non-alkaloid phenolics. These compounds, characterized by mild vanilla-like aromas, highlight previously underappreciated facets of Amaryllidaceae&rsquo;s metabolic biodiversity. Importantly, acetovanillone&rsquo;s pronounced&nbsp;anti-inflammatory activity mediated via NADPH oxidase inhibition closely aligns with the documented ethno- pharmacological uses of these species for inflammatory conditions. Such phenolic antioxidants expand the pharmacognostic significance of Amaryllidaceae, supporting their therapeutic versatility beyond their alkaloidal content. Advancements in&nbsp;microbial biotransformation&nbsp;have shown Streptomyces tunisiensis can sustainably convert ferulic acid to acetovanillone, establishing new biosynthetic routes for industrial production and metabolic engineering targeting nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals. Beyond plant systems, acetovanillone has shown robust&nbsp;neuroprotective potential, notably binding and inhibiting TDP-43, a protein linked to the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, with superior pharmacokinetic profile compared to clinically approved agents. In cardiovascular research, acetovanillone, alone and in combination with carvedilol, has demonstrated potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, modulating redox-sensitive signalling cascades and reducing myocardial injury. It suppresses NADPH oxidase expression and upregulates Nrf2, HO-1 and SIRT1, key protectors against oxidative cardiac damage, while attenuating inflammatory cytokines and necroptosis. Acetovanillone and its derivatives with antibacterial and antileishmanial activities have a wide range of applications like plant immunity, reproductive biology, hepatoprotection and chemoprevention, underscoring its utility as a chemotaxonomic marker and pharmacological lead for oxidative stress related disorders. Through extensive biochemical and molecular evidence, acetovanillone emerges as a multifaceted bioactive with promise for phytomedicine, drug development and quality control innovation in herbal formulations. 
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Acetovanillone (Apocynin): A Multifaceted Phenolic Compound with Therapeutic and Biotechnological Relevance

<div style="text-align: justify;">The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extracts of five adzuki beans were evaluate according to cultivar. The predominant phenolic acids in five cultivars of adzuki bean were (+)-catechin and gallic acid. Antioxidant capacities were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt, and reducing power was positively enhanced according to the total polyphenolic content. In a cell-based assay, adzuki beans showed cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide and inhibitory effects on the production of reactive oxygen species, except for the cultivar Vigna angularis var. nipponensis cv. Whinnarae. In conclusion, (+)-catechin was the predominant phenolic compound found in adzuki beans, but there were differences according to the cultivar. Overall, the adzuki bean cultivars showed different antioxidant activities and cytoprotective effects according to the concentration and composition of phenolic compounds.</div>

Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of adzuki bean cultivars

Background: Date pit extract has been shown to significantly effect on body health and functions. 
 
Methods: Twenty Ardi goat kids (Body weight 9.47 kg &plusmn; 0.92) were distributed over two groups; control and date pits water extract groups. Chemical composition of date pits seeds including organic and inorganic components in addition to total phenols were determined. Body weights gain, physiological parameters, hematological and biochemical profiles were recorded. 
 
Result: The results showed that date pit contains 3.23% total phenols, 7.29% protein, 9.85% crude fiber, 28.38% total carbohydrates and 0.49% ash. In addition, the mineral contents (mg/kg) of Ekhlas date seeds show 11700 nitrogen, 2039.64 phosphorus, 1015 potassium, 9.026 copper, 238.33 iron, 462.34 magnesium, 10.6 manganese, 11.12 zinc, 0.31 lead and 0.026 cadmium. Date pits groups had higher (P&lt;0.05) final body weight (g) and rectal temperature if compared to control group. Pulse rate and SPO2 values were not differed between date pits and control groups. Additionally, red and white blood cells, packed cell volume and total protein values were increased of date pit group compared to control one. Besides, liver, kidney and muscle functions in addition to iron and cupper values were improved in date pit group if compared to control one. On the other hand, urea and creatinine values were decreased (P&lt;0.05) due to water extract date pit consumption compared to control one. It could be concluded that seven percent of water extract date pit consumption improved body weight, physiological, hematological and biochemical profiles in growing Ardi goat kids.

Chemical Composition of Ekhlas Date Seed Pits and its Water Extract Potential Impact on Body Weight Gain and Health Profiles of Ardi Goat Kids during Suckling Period

Background: Indiscriminate use of harmful synthetic preservatives to extend the shelf life of fish needs to be avoided. The objective of the present work was to study the qualitative and quantitative properties and bioactive properties of black tea powder found in local markets of Maharashtra. 
 
Methods: Low-value tea powder was selected through market survey and proximate analysis, total phenolic (Folin-Ciocalteau) and qualitative analysis (Agilent LC-MS system) for phenolic compounds including antioxidant properties was carried out using standard methods.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results for proximate content were protein (21.15%), lipids (1.3%), total ash (9.91%), crude fibre (18.35%) and moisture (3.3%). While total phenolic content was 220.02 mg GAE/g dry tea powder. Total 12 different bioactive compounds were identified by HR-LCMS. The antioxidant properties were DPPH (88.84%), ABTS (74.94%), FRAP (1398.24 &micro; mol Trolox/gram dry tea powder) and metal chelating activity (25.13%). Based on the findings of this preliminary study it is opined that, black tea powder can act as a promising source of low-cost tea polyphenols for incorporation as antioxidant and antimicrobial agent for fish meat value addition.&nbsp;

Phenolic Compounds and Bioactive Properties of Black Tea Powder

<div>Background: Anestrus is one of the most commonly encountered infertility problems in cattle and buffalo in India. Jaffarabadi is one of the heaviest buffalo breeds of the world and is a native of Saurashtra region of Gujarat. The breed is known for poor reproductive efficiency. To improve its reproductive efficiency, this study was undertaken on acyclic Jaffarabadi animals employing double Ovsynch protocol and its assessment through ovarian dynamics and blood biochemical and endocrine profile on a farm.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study included acyclic post-pubertal Jaffarabadi heifers (age 42&plusmn;2 and 48&plusmn;2 months; Gr-I and Gr-II, n=6 each) and the postpartum lactating acyclic buffaloes (Gr-III, n=6) using a double Ovsynch protocol, which consisted of i/m injections of 20 &micro;g Buserelin acetate on days 0, 10, 17 and 26 and 500 &micro;g Cloprostenol sodium on days 7 and 24, with a timed insemination on day 27. Ovarian dynamics was monitored by performing ultrasonography using real-time B-mode ultrasound scanner together with blood sampling for hormonal and biochemical profile on each day of hormone therapy and then on days 0, 12, 21 and 35 post-AI. The animals inseminated at induced estrus/FTAI were followed for return to estrus, if any. Pregnancy was confirmed in non-return cases on day 35 by ultrasonography and on day 70 by per rectal examination. The findings on ovarian dynamics, plasma endocrine and biochemical profile were compared statistically between groups and periods and fertility rates between groups. 
 
Result: In animals of treatment group I and II, a significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in numbers of small follicles was observed on day 26. Number of large sized follicles was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher on day 26 in comparison to day 0 and day 7 in group III animals. Large and subordinate follicular diameters increased gradually, but the differences between periods were significant (p&lt;0.001) only in group III with the highest diameter of large follicle on day 17. Plasma FSH and LH concentrations differed significantly (p&lt;0.001) among groups at all-time intervals. Plasma LH in group I and III differed significantly (p&lt;0.001). Plasma estrogen level was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in group II than group III. Plasma progesterone concentrations in group I and II animals were significantly higher on day 35 post-AI. Plasma insulin levels were significantly (p&lt;0.01) lower on all days for group III animals than group I and II. Blood glucose level was significantly (p&lt;0.001) higher in group I on day 17 as compared to group II and III. Plasma total cholesterol was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in group III as compared to group I and II. The conception rates at first service/FTAI in double Ovsynch treated animals of group I, II and III were 66.66, 83.33 and 16.66 %, respectively. Thus it was concluded that ovarian structures and the plasma endocrine profile reflected the ovarian response to different hormonal injections and that double Ovsynch protocol could be a better choice for improving conception rate in post-pubertal acyclic Jaffarabadi buffalo heifers as compared to multiparous acyclic buffaloes.</div>

Evaluation of Double Ovsynch Protocol in Acyclic Jaffarabadi Heifers and Buffaloes with Respect to Ovarian Dynamics, Hormonal Profile and Fertility