Background: The study focuses on the degradation of two pesticides, Thiamethoxam and Acetamiprid, that belong to the Neonicotinoid chemical group. This group is known for its water solubility, making these pesticides possible pollutants in agricultural settings. A research study aimed to estimate the residues of the pesticides Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam in the soil of the Cabbage crop. 
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Methods: Fields on the cabbage crop, Globe master variety, with an area of 30 x 5 m&sup2;. The soil was preparedand the seedlings were moved from the appellant to the experimental field in three rows, during the autumn season for year 2023, Were used in the experiment Two concentrations of the pesticide acetamiprid, the recommended concentration 0.5 g/L and double the concentration 1 g/L, For Thiamethoxam, used at concentrations of 0.3 g/L and 0.6 g/L. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The findings revealed that Acetamiprid, at concentrations of 0.5 g/L and 1 g/L, decreased significantly over time. One-hour post-application, the residues measured 21.46 mg/kg for the lower concentration and 38.10 mg/kg for the higher concentration. These amounts further declined to 5.83 mg/kg on the ideal full degradation dayand the device could no longer detect the pesticide in subsequent days. After ten days, the highest detectable residue was 3.76 mg/kg. While Thiamethoxam, the residues one hour after application were 1.41 mg/kg and 8.87 mg/kg, respectively. These levels continued to decrease, reaching 5.2 mg/kg by the fifth day. After seven days, only a double concentration of 9.9 mg/kg remained detectable. The recovery rates for Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam were 90% and 86%, respectively, indicating the efficiency of the methods used to analyze the pesticide residues in the soil samples. 
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Estimating the Degradation of the Pesticides Acetamiprid and Thiamethoxam in the Agricultural Soil of the Cabbage Crop using HPLC Technique

<div>Background: Cypermethrin is used extensively to kill the pests that decreases the crop yield. Excessive use of cypermethrin results in soil and water contamination, thus affecting soil microflora and the aquatic life. Thus, removal of cypermethrin is particularly important. Different physical and chemical methods are available for the cypermethrin removal but are time consuming and costly. So, microbial degradation of cypermethrin is important. The present study aimed to isolate and identify cypermethrin degrading organisms, detection of the cypermethrin degradation product by GC- MS analysis and detection of residual amount of cypermethrin from the medium. 
 
Methods: In this laboratory investigation, soil samples were collected from different farms and isolation and identification of microorganisms capable of cypermethrin degradation was performed. Further, detection of residual cypermethrin concentration, cod value and cypermethrin degradation products using GC- MS analysis was performed. 
 
Result: Cypermethrin degrading microorganisms were isolated and identified as P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. These microorganisms degraded 200mg\lit cypermethrin and the cypermethrin degradation products were detected and identified by comparing with the standard database. Residual amount of cypermethrin was detected from the medium by colorimetric method. Residual cypermethrin concentration was decreased with time in the test indicating cypermethrin degradation ability of the P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Further, COD value was determined and COD value was found to be decreased in the medium in presence of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae indicating cypermethrin removal.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Degradation of Pyrethroid Insecticide- cypermethrin (25% EC) using Soil Microorganisms and Detection of Degradation Products</div>

<div>Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is a key global crop, crucial to economies and agricultural sustainability. However, cotton farming faces significant challenges from pests like bollworms and aphids, often controlled using synthetic pesticides, which raise concerns over soil health and environmental sustainability. Synthetic pesticides are effective against pests, but also impact beneficial soil microbes, reducing microbial diversity and altering ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling and disease suppression. The study summarized the different methods to calculate the impact of pesticide on soil microbial systems and also discussed the challenges for such work. We compiled the advanced techniques involved in sequencing as well as the various bioinformatic tools to calculate the diversity and variance among samples. Similarly discussed the functional aspect of metagenomics to identify the gene responsible for degradation of pesticide. These techniques help to identify the aspect of sustainable agriculture with respect to synthetic pesticides. Identification of pesticide degrading enzymes and utilization of these enzymes for clearing the environment and sustainable agriculture are the prime objectives of this study. Overall this review discusses the aspect of pesticides and its effect on the environment as well as the method available for degradation. This review will be helpful for planning such a study for similar pesticides.</div>

Advanced Techniques used to Study the Effect of Synthetic Pesticides on Soil Health and Sustainability: A Review

The economic implications of crop loss due to pest incidences have resulted in superfluous pesticide usage by the farming community, which in turns resulted in several ecological and environmental consequences. Considering this, present review is presented with the objective to determine which pesticides are being used by the farmers and also the presence of different pesticide residues in different vegetable crops. This review paper analysed a total of 21 research articles published in reputed journals. It was observed that application of insecticides was the major protective measure against the attacks by devastating pests. Vegetables mostly found to be contaminated were okra, brinjal, lettuce, cucumber and tomato. Pesticides found in most of the vegetable samples in the preliminary observations were Chlorpyrifos, Monocrotophos, Endosulfan, DDT and Lindane etc. Provisions to adherence of the policies of the government in the domain of pesticide application measures should be made and appropriate watch should also be kept against any violation of these policies and recommendations.&nbsp;

Presence of pesticide residue in vegetable crops: A review

Pesticides, whether naturally occurring or chemically synthesized, serve to combat various pests across sectors such as food production, forestry, agriculture, and aquaculture, but they also pose risks of toxicity to ecosystems. The World Health Organization classifies pesticides based on their harmful effects, underscoring the importance of public health considerations. By employing them judiciously and understanding their categorization, their usage can be minimized for the benefit of both human health and the environment. This review examines global perspectives on pesticides, including their distribution and environmental impacts, while literature highlights their potential uses, classification and adverse effects on natural systems, water, plants, human health and food preservation. Additionally, eco-friendly management strategies, like bacterial degradation, myco-remediation, phytoremediation, and microalgae-based bioremediation, are discussed as green solutions to mitigate pesticide pollution. The identification of potent microbes, novel genes and biotechnological applications for pesticide waste management is crucial for fostering a sustainable environment.

Effect of Pesticides on Human Health and Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Insight

The use of pesticide in modern agriculture and public health sector has been increased tremendously. Only 0.1% of pesticide applied to crops truly reaches the target, the rest of it enters into the environment. Several pesticides can persist in an ecosystem for longer periods accumulate in the body tissues of organisms and cause more health problems. Pesticide exposure generally occurs through ingestion, inhalation and skin contact or absorptions by intentionaly or unintentionaly which leads to acute and chronic health problems in non target organisms such as animals, birds, aquatic animals and human. A total of more than 100 articles related to impact of pesticide exposure were reviewed. To review the literature, we reviewed a number of studies, report and abstract between 1950 to 2020 using key words effect of pesticide on animals, birds, human, environment we used this term to search in in PubMed, ResearchGate and google scholar. Searching strategy also include cross-referencing of research and review article Improving epidemiological studies, metabolic studies, residue monitoring and experimental research on pesticide exposure can reduces human health risks of pesticide exposure. This article clearly explains how the pesticide enter into the atmosphere, soil and water and its adverse effect on birds, animals and human, major incidence regarding pesticide exposure and effort should be taken prevent the pesticide poisoning.

Impact of Pesticide Exposure on Environment and Biodiversity: A Review

<div>Soil is a critical resource for the future of humanity. India&rsquo;s total geographical area (328.7 Mha) is projected to be degraded by 147 million hectares (Mha). This is particularly concerning because India is home to 18 per cent of the world&rsquo;s population but only has 2.4 per cent of the world&rsquo;s land area. Soil degradation is characterized as processes that cause soil quality to deteriorate and make it less suitable for a specific purpose, such as crop production. Soil erosion, a degradation process, can take place anywhere from a few years to centuries and this changes the soil&rsquo;s composition and humus content. The process of soil retrogression is pedogenically induced and it is caused by the loss of nitrogen, ecosystem efficiency and standing plant biomass and it can only be reversed by a rejuvenating disruption that resets the mechanism. Retrogression occurs over time scales ranging from thousands to millions of years. The decrease in biomass over long time scale distinguishes retrogression from degradation. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) developed the conceptual framework for Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), to provide a scientific approach to planning, implementing and monitoring LDN. Soil retrogression and degradation are two regressive processes. It is critical to prioritize soil health in decisions taken to tackle deterioration and the value of soil as the source and destination of everything should be reaffirmed once more.</div>

Soil Degradation vs Soil Retrogression: A Review

<div>Background: Pesticides act as endocrine disruptors and cause enormous disturbances in steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis and sexual behavioural display. These toxicants modulate and/or disrupt the reproductive and hormonal environment by acting on hypothalamus, pituitary and reproductive organs. Few studies have been carried out to assess the levels of pesticides in dairy cattle / buffaloes. The information on pesticide residues in body fluids especially blood and semen in breeding bulls is lacking.&nbsp; 
 
Method: In the light of above background nineteen fresh semen ejaculates were collected from Milkfed, Khanna and PLDB (Punjab Livestock Development Board), Nabha, Punjab and stored at -80◦C. Immediately after collection, the semen was centrifuged at 4500 &times; g for 20 min at 4◦C. The supernatant (seminal plasma) was stored at -20◦C until processing for the assessment of pesticide residues using gas chromatography (GC). In the present study on crossbred breeding bulls, the semen samples were analyzed for organochlorines, organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroid pesticide residues. Seven OCP were screened namely Heptachlor epoxide, Chlordane, Fipronil, Lindane, Methoxychlor, op-DDT, Endrin. Eleven OPP were screened namely Chorpyrifos, Dichlorovos, Ethion, Monocrotophos, Malathion, Parathion-methyl, Profenphos, Phorate, Triazophos, Quinalphos and Phosalone and four SP&rsquo;s namely Cypermethrin, Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Cyalothrin were screened in the semen samples. Semen samples were also assessed for viability, HOST (%) and abnormality (%) for both fresh as well as post thaw samples. 
 
Result: None of the semen samples were found positive for any of the above pesticide residues. This may be attributed to the feeding of fodder cultivated at the stations without using any pesticides, hence no pesticide residue found in the semen samples of the crossbred breeding bulls of these semen stations In present study, viability (%) of sperms were found to be significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) in fresh (75.57 &plusmn; 5.31) as compared to post thaw (70.17 &plusmn; 4.64) semen of bulls. The abnormality (%) of sperms was found to be significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) in fresh (13.61 &plusmn; 3.71) than post thaw (18.22 &plusmn; 3.59) semen bulls. Also in present study the host (%) was found 67.23&plusmn;4.76 in fresh semen which decreased to 46.82&plusmn;3.55 in post thaw semen.</div>

​Evaluation of Level of Pesticide Residue in Seminal Fluid of Crossbred Bulls

<div>Background: Studies pertaining to the presence of OCP residues in the freshwater and marine &ucirc;shes caught from the Thamirabarani river basin region are not available to analyze the extent of bioaccumulation to assess their safety for human consumption. Hence, this study was undertaken as a maiden work to examine the OCP residues in the fishes collected from &ucirc;ve sites spanning from the source to mouth region of the Thamirabarani river system, along with other related niches to examine the effect of environment pollution. 
 
Methods: Pesticides from fish muscle and their organs were extracted as per AOAC 2007.01 using QuEChERS method. A Gas Chromatograph model Perkin Elmer - equipped with Ni Electron Capture Detector of activity 15 MCi was used for the analysis. A volume of 1.0&micro;l of the extracts was injected. The operating conditions were capillary column Elite-5 capillary column, 60m x 0.25mm, 1.00&micro;m temperature programme: 70&ordm;C (2 min) to 180&ordm;C (I min) 25&ordm;C/min to 300&ordm;C 5&ordm;C/min, Injection temperature: 270&ordm;C, Detector temperature: 300&ordm;C, Carrier gas: Nitrogen at 1.0 mL/min, Make up gas: Nitrogen at 29 mL/min. 
 
Result: Among fishes, rohu accumulated maximum of 0.4014 to 0.605 ug/kg of DDT in station IV and V respectively. <a href="#dhananjayan_2010">Dhananjayan and Muralidharan (2010)</a> reported OCPs in 156 fishes sample from Kaveri river. The average concentration of DDT ranged between 0 and 0.605 ug/kg. <a href="#buvanaeshwari_2012">Bhuvaneshwari and Babu rajendran (2012)</a> also reported 2.8 ug/g of DDT in fishes from Kaveri river. The low occurrence of DDT in the presence study is mainly due to their rapid degradation with living organisms.</div>

<div>Occurrence of Pesticide Residues in Freshwater and Estuarine Fishes of Thamirabarani River</div>

<div>Background: The pesticides are potentially toxic compounds that have become omnipresent in the environment. These toxicants modulate and/or disrupt the reproductive and hormonal environment by acting on hypothalamus, pituitary and reproductive organs. Fewer studies have been carried out on pesticide residues in body fluids especially blood and semen in breeding bulls. 
 
Method: Study was done to assess the pesticide residues in blood in relation to the endocrine profile in crossbred breeding bulls. Nineteen blood samples were collected and were allowed to clot overnight; serum was separated and stored at -20&deg;C until analysis. The samples were analyzed for the pesticide residues using gas chromatography (GC) for seven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) namely Heptachlor epoxide, Chlordane, Fipronil, Lindane, Methoxychlor, op-DDT and Endrin and eleven organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs)&nbsp;namely Chorpyrifos, Dichlorovos, Ethion, Monocrotophos, Malathion, Parathion-methyl, Profenphos, Phorate, Triazophos, Quinalphos and Phosalone and four synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) namely Cypermethrin, Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Cyhalothrin. 
 
Result: The blood samples of these bulls were found positive for organophosphate-phosalone and around 73.68% of the bulls were positive for phosalone at a retention time of 13.837 min. The concentration of phosalone in the blood of crossbred breeding bulls was found to be 1.89&plusmn;0.98 ng/ml. In the present study, the blood hormonal profile of pesticide residues was analyzed and it showed a significant increase in the level of Estrogen thereby decreasing the testosterone: estrogen ratio. The decreased testosterone: estrogen ratio may be attributed to the detection of phosalone in blood.</div>