<div style="text-align: justify;">A five year old cow was brought with the history of delivering the calf without untying Buhner&rsquo;s suture which was applied to retain the recurrent cervico vaginal prolapse, resulting in rare occurrence of extensive laceration of perineum accompanied with cervico vaginal prolapse. Examination of perineum revealed two tears on the left lateral wall of the vagina. Absorbable suture material, poly glycolic acid (PGA) was used to appose the vaginal tears. Vulval labium was applied with simple interrupted suture using silk. Perineal repair was helpful in reconstructing the vagina and vulva. In conclusion, proper surgical apposition would restore the normal conformation of reproductive passage in cows affected with perineal laceration and Buhner&rsquo;s suture should essentially be removed to avoid extensive damage to the perineum at the time of second stage parturition.</div>

Surgical management of perineal laceration in a cow affected with cervico vaginal prolapse

<div>Background: Prostate gland affections are considered as common cause for perineal hernia in intact male dogs. Normal prostate gland is usually less distinct, radiographically; however, when enlarged it alters the anatomical position of rectum and urinary bladder and can be distinguished for its objective assessment. Radiography fails to differentiate the parenchymal abnormalities of prostate however, ultrasonography can. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the involvement of prostate gland using radiography and ultrasonography in perineal hernia affected dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Thirty-eight intact male dogs, suffering from perineal hernia and presented during the entire year of 2018, were investigated. Both radiographic (subjective and objective) and ultrasonographic modalities were applied to assess the enlargement of prostate gland. The subjective assessment parameters on radiography (n=38) included the lifting/displacement of rectum from normal position and cranial displacement of urinary bladder. The objective parameters (n=29) included the prostate length and depth measured using inbuilt calliper of computerized radiography system and ultrasonography and comparing it with 70% of the pubic brim to sacral promontory distance.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The mean prostatic length was significantly more than the prostate depth on both radiography and ultrasonography. There was a significant positive correlation between the radiographic pubic brim to sacral promontory distance and the prostate length and depth measured on both the diagnostic modalities. The subjective assessment of prostate over emphasized the prostate depth and under estimated the prostate length compared to objective measurements on radiography. There was a significant correlation between the prostate lengths measured on radiography and ultrasonography and the lengths were not significantly different on two diagnostic modalities. Objective analysis on radiography revealed the prostate length and or/depth of 54.72% perineal hernia dogs (15/29) to be more than 70% of pubic brim to sacral promontory distance. In conclusion, the prostate affections may not always be the primary aetiology in dogs suffering from perineal hernia and prior investigation of prostate is recommended as a deciding factor for whether castration should be done a few weeks prior to or simultaneously with the perineal herniorrhaphy. The increased length of the prostate is a better indicator of prostatomegaly than the depth.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Ultrasonographic and Radiographic Assessment of Prostate Gland in Perineal Hernia Dogs</div>

Background: Sex hormone dermatoses are uncommon in dog and causes overproduction of one or more of the sex hormones or exogenous administration. Ovarian cyst-induced hyperestrogenemia increased cortisol, hypertestosteronemia, and skin lesions mostly underwent undiagnosed and untreated. This case was documented as clinical pathological changes, diagnosis, and treatment of sex hormone imbalance-induced dermatosis due to an ovarian follicular cyst in a Labrador Retriever bitch.

Methods: This clinical investigation was carried out in the month of April&rsquo;2022 at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli with a history of prolonged proestrus bleeding, perineal pruritus with reddening, swelling, and enlargement of the vulva. Vaginal exfoliative cytology, hormonal assay, ultrasonography, histopathology of skin, and haemato-biochemistry were performed.

Result: Physical examination revealed hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratinization of the skin. Vaginal exfoliative cytology and progesterone assay revealed cytological estrus. Ultrasonography revealed &gt;10 mm-sized anechoic structures in both ovaries along with uterine endometrial hyperplasia. Hormonal analysis revealed hyperestrogenemia and increased cortisol and testosterone. A biopsy of the perineal skin revealed hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. The case was confirmed as sex hormone imbalance-induced dermatosis due to an ovarian follicular cyst. The animal was treated with two shots of Inj. hCG 500IU in 48 hrs interval followed by OHE after three months.

Successful Management of Follicular Cyst-induced Dermatoses in a Labrador Retriever Dog

<div>Background: Rabbit farming provides a valuable additional source of income in the rural areas of the county. Skin is the largest organ in the body and the hair coat forms the first line of defense against the invading pathogenic organisms as well as the physical environment. So far, no detailed comparative study has been conducted on the skin of various breeds of rabbits. Hence, the present work was undertaken to compare the structure and distribution of hair follicles in different breeds of rabbits commonly reared in Kerala. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted on the skin of six breeds of rabbits namely, Soviet Chinchilla, New Zealand White, Grey Giant, White Giant, Angora and crossbred. In total, 36 animals were used for the study. From each animal, skin samples were collected from eight representative areas of the body viz., dorsal nasal region, pinna, dorsal neck, dorsal thorax, dorsal abdomen, ventral abdomen, perineal and carpal regions. Standard procedures were adopted for histological studies. 
 
Result: All the six breeds of rabbits showed compound hair follicles with primary and secondary follicles with associated sebaceous glands. Arrangement of hair follicles showed differences among the breeds. There was no difference in the histology of hair/hair follicle among the breeds. This work will form a basis for further breed specific research in the area of fur and leather industry and skin penetration studies.</div>

<div>Histology of Hair Follicles in Different Breeds of Rabbits</div>

Background: In animals due to multiple factors sometime wound management with topical anti-septic dressing along with routine medication does not give any satisfactory outcome and becomes a challenge for the veterinarians. Due to antibacterial and wound healing enhancement properties of silver nano-particles in different forms, it is widely used topically in human wound therapy. The application of silver nano-particles in wound healing in chronic complicated wounds in animals especially in clinical cases is very less documented.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Total twenty seven animals of various species, viz., dogs (n=20), goats (n=6), cat (n=1) and buffalo (n=1) presented with different types of chronic complicated wounds on different body parts were included in this study. The wounds after evaluation were treated according to conditions with routine antiseptic dressing with other required parenteral medications for initial 3 days. All the wounds were also subjected for topical application of silver nano-particles (100 ppm AgNOs spay) twice a day. The day of presentation was considered as a day &lsquo;0&rsquo; and subsequent days for granulation, wound contraction and complete healing were recorded.&nbsp; 
 
Result:&nbsp;Amongst 20 canine wound cases, granulation of tissues with wound contraction was noted in around 5-12 days and complete healing of wound with or without scar formation was observed in 15-32 days. Among the six female goat patients, complete wound healing was observed on day 16 to day 19 according to the site and depth of wounds. In the wounds located on head, perivulvar, perineal, abdominal regions showed the marked granulation from day 3 to day 5 along with remarkable wound contraction. The wounds presented on limbs exhibited less granulation compared to wounds presented on other parts. The granulation was observed from day 5th on limb region. In all the cases healing period was found variable from day 10 to day 32.

Topical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles for Wound Healing Enhancement in Various Animals

<div>Background: Penile fractures are caused by the rupture of the tunica albuginea and the underlying layers of corpus cavernosum as a result of the exposure of the erect penis to blunt trauma. Although conservative treatment methods have been recommended in former studies, recent studies favor early surgical options. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a blood product rich in cytokines and several growth factors, obtained from the patient&rsquo;s own blood commonly used to stimulate healing in acute and chronic wound treatments. The efficiency of homologous PRP treatment in rats with penile fractures have been assessed in terms of clinical manifestation and histopathological findings in the present study. 
 
Methods: Thirty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups, each containing seven rats as follows: 1. Conservative group: Following the formation of penile fracture, medical interventions were not initiated on fracture area and the wound was left for secondary healing. 2. Bandage group: Following the formation of penile fracture, self-adherent elastic bandage (3M Coban) was applied to the fracture area for three days. 3. Primary repair group: Following the formation of a penile fracture, the lacerated area was repaired with 7/0 vicryl primary sutures. 4. Primary repair + Homologous Platelet Rich Plasma group: Before the operation, 10 cc of blood was taken from one rat under general anesthesia by intracardiac puncture and PRP material was prepared from this blood. Homologous PRP was topically administered on the wound in the fracture area and then the penile fracture was repaired with 7/0 vicryl as simple separate stitches. 5. Non-operative control group: Surgical procedures were not applied to this group; it was used as the control group. 
 
Result: The effect of the PRP treatments on the surgical repair options in the rats with penile fractures was investigated. The present findings revealed that following the repair with conservative treatments, the fracture format persisted and various complications like infection, oedema, excessive fibrosis and hyperemia were encountered. On the other hand, the best healing was achieved in primary repair + PRP group in terms of clinical manifestation and histopathological findings.</div>

​The Effect of Platelet Rich Plasma on Wound Healing in the Repair of Experimental Penile Fractures

<div>Background: The Study was intended to evaluate some common diagnostics that could supplement the clinical and histological identification of orf in goats. 
 
Methods: Samples from suspected clinical cases of orf (Contagious ecthyma) were collected from various organized and unorganized goat herds around Guwahati, Assam. Presumptive diagnosis was based on the typical signs and lesions. For confirmatory diagnosis, various molecular and immunoassays were employed for the detection of orf virus or circulating antibodies. 
 
Result: Cutaneous lesions observed included solitary to multifocal erythema, papules, vesicles, pustules and scab stages on the lips, ears, gums, tongue, udder and perineal region. No mortality was observed and the morbidity rate varied between 35-60%. Microscopic lesions in skin biopsies were typically marked by epidermal hyperplasia and ballooning degeneration of the keratinocytes along with other changes. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were demonstrable within keratinocytes only in early papulo-vesicular stages. Dermis was infiltrated with polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells in varying proportions. Initial screening of samples was done with PCR systems to specifically detect parapoxvirus DNA employing a semi-nested PCR targeted against the partial B2L gene (with reported primers yielding 594 bp and 235 bp amplified products) and an uniplex PCR targeting the whole B2L gene (with reported primer set to yield an amplified product of 1206 bp). Agar gel immuno-diffusion (AGID) failed to develop positive immunoprecipitation with hyperimmune serum against scab lysates; however, counter-immuno-electrophoresis (CIE) showed positive immunoprecipitation in the same samples. For rapid and in situ detection of ORFV antigen in tissues, immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase techniques were successfully employed both on cryosections and formalin fixed skin biopsies. Immunofluorescent technique on cryosections was found to be easy, rapid and more specific. A dot-ELISA was also developed for successful confirmation of orf virus from clinical samples. For antibody detection in convalescing goats, an indirect-ELISA and a dot-ELISA was also successfully tested to demonstrate for antibody detection in convalescing goats, but protective titres later after infection was not addressed. Monoclonal antibody employed in the assays was found to be specific, sensitive and versatile for virus detection from direct clinical samples. It is contemplated that assays employing hyperimmune sera or detection of circulating antibody against orf virus may have limited diagnostic applications owing to its partial and transient humoral immunity and the inherent property of the virus to modulate and interfere with the host response and evade immune mechanisms.</div>

Surgical management of perineal laceration in a cow affected with cervico vaginal prolapse

Ultrasonographic and Radiographic Assessment of Prostate Gland in Perineal Hernia Dogs

Successful Management of Follicular Cyst-induced Dermatoses in a Labrador Retriever Dog

Histology of Hair Follicles in Different Breeds of Rabbits

Topical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles for Wound Healing Enhancement in Various Animals

​The Effect of Platelet Rich Plasma on Wound Healing in the Repair of Experimental Penile Fractures

Natural Infection of Goats with Orf (Contagious ecthyma) and Its Diagnosis

The Effect of Platelet Rich Plasma on Wound Healing in the Repair of Experimental Penile Fractures