<div>Background: Hepatic lesions in non-domestic felids are poorly characterized. The present study reports multiple hepatic peribiliary cysts in 9 out of 32 lions (Panthera leo) at Bannerghatta Biological Park, Bengaluru. 
 
Methods: The animals were presented for necropsy after the history of clinical signs of lethargy, anorexia, weakness, debilitated body conditions and all animals are in old age (between 15 to 25 years old). Systematic necropsy with gross and histopathological examination was carried out. 
 
Result: Post-mortem examination grossly revealed multiple cysts in liver (varying in each case) with the cystic masses filled with clear fluid, sometimes mixed with bile. A diagnosis for the presence of spontaneous peribiliary cysts was made on the basis of gross and microscopic lesions. Histologically, the cysts were surrounded and composed of compact collagenous tissue. The inner cystic single layer resembled biliary mucosa and composed of columnar epithelial lining, while the submucosa was composed of connective tissue with loss of hepatic cord structure.&nbsp;</div>

Detection of Multiple Hepatic Peribiliary Cysts in Captive Lions (Panthera leo)

<div>Background: Cereal Cyst Nematodes (CCN) are prevailing in all type of agricultural lands and responsible for enormous losses of cereal crops. The understandings on population densities and management of these nematode are required to improve crop health and productivity. 
 
Methods: A study was designed to assess the incidence of cereal cyst nematodes in wheat and rice monoculture cropping regions of eight districts of Punjab province, viz., Jhang, Khushab, layyah, Hafizabad, Sheikhupura, Narowal, Gujranwala and Sargodha in Pakistan. Population densities of cereal cyst nematodes were studied by extracting the cysts and second stage juveniles from soil samples and identified the nematode species.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The CCNs were found in 80% of the total 250 samples collected from wheat and rice monoculture fields of at least one crop. In the soil samples collected from wheat fields, an average of 7 to 38 cysts/100g of dry soil with eggs and J2 population of 142-771 were recorded. Whereas from the soil samples of rice fields, 17 to 25 cysts/100g soil were found with 345 to 508 eggs and juveniles. Among the wheat fields, the lowest incidence of 5.5% was recorded in kot&ndash;momin and highest incidence of 16.88% was recorded in Silanwali tehsils of Sargodha region. In rice fields, 24.69 to 27.00% incidence of CCNs was noticed in soil samples of various surveyed regions. Three different species of Heterodera genus were morphologically identified from the collections. The species includes Heterodera oryzae, Heterodera avenae and Heterodera graminophila. H. oryzae was more abundant in rice growing regions while H. avenae and H. graminophila were present dominantly in wheat growing regions. This study provides an inclusive information regarding cereal cyst nematode densities and species in wheat-rice growing regions of Punjab province of Pakistan.</div>

<div>Incidence of Cereal Cyst Nematode Prevailing in Wheat-rice Growing Regions of Punjab Province, Pakistan</div>

Hydatidosis is the most prevalent parasitic illness of zoonotic importance affecting both humen&nbsp; and animals. This condition is triggered by the larval metacestode of the dog tapeworm, which primarily affects the health and lifestyles of subsistence farming communities in underdeveloped countries. Compared with other visceral organs, hydatid cysts are most likely to develop in the liver and lungs. Depending on its developmental stage, it can play a mechanical or toxic role in the hepatobiliary system. Owing to decreased output and the condemnation of visceral organs and carcasses, large-sized hydatid cysts cause significant economic loss. Hydatidosis is the most prevalent zoonotic parasite illness in both humen and animals. In the Mandla area of Madhya Pradesh, hydatid cysts have been found in buffalo carcasses that are 8-10 years old. One male and five female buffaloes that had previously died suddenly had postmortem lesions that revealed multiple hydatid cysts in the liver and abdominal cavities. Cysts that contained clear, watery, or serous fluid were varying in size. Some viscous fluid or caseous substances were present in hard cysts. The lungs and the liver were swollen and clogged. This explains the current state of the disease in the region and, consequently, the necessity for increasing focus on disease control and prevention.

Hydatid Cyst in Buffalo of Mandla District of Madhya Pradesh

Background: Sex hormone dermatoses are uncommon in dog and causes overproduction of one or more of the sex hormones or exogenous administration. Ovarian cyst-induced hyperestrogenemia increased cortisol, hypertestosteronemia, and skin lesions mostly underwent undiagnosed and untreated. This case was documented as clinical pathological changes, diagnosis, and treatment of sex hormone imbalance-induced dermatosis due to an ovarian follicular cyst in a Labrador Retriever bitch.

Methods: This clinical investigation was carried out in the month of April&rsquo;2022 at Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli with a history of prolonged proestrus bleeding, perineal pruritus with reddening, swelling, and enlargement of the vulva. Vaginal exfoliative cytology, hormonal assay, ultrasonography, histopathology of skin, and haemato-biochemistry were performed.

Result: Physical examination revealed hyperpigmentation and hyperkeratinization of the skin. Vaginal exfoliative cytology and progesterone assay revealed cytological estrus. Ultrasonography revealed &gt;10 mm-sized anechoic structures in both ovaries along with uterine endometrial hyperplasia. Hormonal analysis revealed hyperestrogenemia and increased cortisol and testosterone. A biopsy of the perineal skin revealed hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. The case was confirmed as sex hormone imbalance-induced dermatosis due to an ovarian follicular cyst. The animal was treated with two shots of Inj. hCG 500IU in 48 hrs interval followed by OHE after three months.

Successful Management of Follicular Cyst-induced Dermatoses in a Labrador Retriever Dog

Background: Artificial Insemination is being extensively used for genetic improvement and upgrading the genetic makeup of cattle in the Indian subcontinent and was mainly based on production parameters like milk production and feed conversion efficiency. Attempts to increase milk production over certain limits resulted in the reduction of reproductive efficiency and occurrence of some reproductive disorders.&nbsp;The increased production has also been reported to result in ovulatory abnormalities, predominantly ovarian follicular cysts, which results in reduced fertility. The present research work was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the hormonal therapy for follicular cyst and trans-gluteal aspiration technique for correcting non-responsive ovarian follicular cyst in crossbred cows. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The crossbred cows presented with the history of more than six insemination and with nymphomaniac behavior for the past 5 months were included in the present study. Among the nymphomanic cows, 25 animals which were observed having follicular cyst, based on rectal and ultrasonographic examination were selected. Incidence of follicular cysts were categorized on the basis of side of ovaries, size of cyst, follicular wall thickness, number of cystic follicles, breeds, lactation and response to the hormonal treatments. The blood samples were collected to estimate the level of estradiol and progesterone in the affected cows. Further, the serum and cystic fluid collected were analyzed for biochemical parameters. The conception rate was also recorded in the treated and trans-gluteal aspiration technique adopted cows. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Cows (n=25) were treated with buserelin acetate (Day 0), prostaglandin F2&nbsp;alpha (Day 7) and again buserelin acetate (Day 9). It was found that 14 cows (56.0%) responded and 11 cows (44.0%) were found to be non-responsive to hormonal therapy. Trans-gluteal aspiration of follicle was performed in these eleven cows along with modified Ovsynch protocol. Trans-gluteal approach was found to be effective with 72.73 per cent recovery without any consequences and only 27.27 per cent recurrence was documented. Hence, this technique can easily be adopted in field for correcting non-responsive follicular cyst in cows. 
&nbsp;

Hormonal and Biochemical Profile of Follicular Cyst and its Responsiveness to Hormonal Therapy and Trans-Gluteal Aspiration Technique in Crossbred Cattle

Background: The investigation was conducted in the wilaya of chlef, on the presence and distribution of cereal cyst nematodes of the genus Heterodera. The experiment carried out is intended to estimate the effect of the wheat crop on the distribution of the Heterodera spp.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Seventy-two (72) soil samples were collected from 4 wheat-growing regions. Through a field survey, we studied how soil nematode community densities distributed at two soil depths (0-5 cm and 5-20 cm).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that the nematodes were present in all regions and in 59 soil samples (81.94 %). The frequencies of infestations calculated are variable from plot to plot. The highest frequencies were recorded in the regions of Chetia (77.77%) and Boukadir (66.66%) and the lowest were noted in the plots of Sobha and Ouled Fares with an average of 11.11%. The cyst densities varied from one plot to another, ranging from 0 to 33 cysts/100 g of soil, which corresponds to an average range of 0.26 to 11.72 eggs and larvae/g of soil. From the infested samples, 30.55% had a population density of fewer than 10 eggs and larvae/g soil.&nbsp;

Infestation of Cereals by Cyst Nematodes of the Genus Heterodera (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) in Chlef Area (Algeria)

Thyroid activity affects the reproductive capacity of bovines. Hypothyroidism is an important cause of suppression of the release of gonadotrophins (GnRH and LH) leading to anovulation and formation of cystic structures on the ovaries. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of Ovsynch plus potassium iodide based treatment for the management of follicular cysts in hypothyroid crossbred cows. A total of 24 cows were randomly and equally divided into two groups viz. Group I (Ovsynch plus KI supplementation @ 10 gm/orally/daily for 5 consecutive days) and Group II (Ovsynch). The serum T4 and iodine profile was significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) to normal range in Group I cows following Ovsynch plus KI treatment. The conception rate for Group I and Group II cows was 75.00 and 50.00%, respectively. It was concluded that the Ovsynch plus KI based treatment regime resulted in better resumption of biochemical profile and subsequent conception rates in cows with follicular cysts and hypothyroidism.

Effect of Addition of Potassium Iodide in Ovsynch Treatment for Management of Follicular Cysts in Hypothyroid Crossbred Dairy Cows

<div style="text-align: justify;">A total of three cases of congenital porcine polycystic kidneys were observed incidentally in Hampshire and Desi crossbred piglets during necropsy examination in the Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University (AAU), Khanapara, Guwahati. Grossly, the kidneys were swollen with thinning of the cortex. There were presence of multiple cysts containing serous fluid. Microscopically, the cystic cavities were emptied and surrounded by a serous membrane and fibrous connective tissues. Renal tubules and glomeruli around the cysts were atrophied. The end stage renal failure appears to be the cause of death in piglets. The cases were diagnosed as congenital polycystic kidneys. &nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Pathomorphological Studies on Congenital Porcine Polycystic Kidneys: Case Report&nbsp;</div>

<div>Background: Echinococcus granulosus is a cyclophyllid cestode parasite that lives as an adult in the intestine of canids and is the most common cause of hydatidosis in ruminants (intermediate hosts). It also offers a public health risk because of the possibility of human infection. The incorrect disposal of dead animals, access of farm dogs to the internal organs of sheep and grazing in areas with wayward dogs are the most common production methods that might increase the risk of sheep being exposed to hydatidosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the natural spread of E. granulosus infection in wayward dogs, as well as the sterility and fertility rates of hydatid cysts in herbivores of Al-Kharj (Saudi Arabia). 
 
Methods: Fecal samples from 150 dogs were collected from several locations in Al-Kharj (Saudi Arabia) where livestock rearing takes place and the existence of wayward and semi-feral canines from August 2021 to February 2022. Parasitic eggs were recovered from fecal samples using the flotation method, followed by centrifugation at 1200 &times; g. Examination of slaughtered animals was done by comprehensive visual examination, palpation and incision of the internal organs, including lungs, liver, muscles, kidneys and heart. All hydatid cysts detected in the organs were collected for cyst count, cyst fertility testing and protoscolices viability testing. Examination of cysts and viability of protoscolices. A 0.1% aqueous solution of eosin stain was used to examine the survival of protoscolices. According to Smyth and Barret (1980), deceased protoscolices became stained (purplish-red color) five minutes after exposure to staining, whereas living protoscolices remained colorless (recorded as alive) under the microscope. 
 
Result: 1698 sheep, 450 goats and 240 camels (slaughtered in Al-Kharj Abattoir) were examined as to their livers, lungs, muscles, kidneys and hearts were checked for hydatidosis. In a study of 150 dogs, 21 (14%) were shown to be naturally infected with E. granulosus eggs. Hydatid cysts were also identified in 156 (9.18%) sheep, 36 (7.5%) goats and 24 (10%) camels. In comparison to other tissues, the liver and lungs had the highest percentage of infestation, with values of 50.6% and 25.6% in sheep, 58.3% and 16.6% in goats and 66.6% and 16% in camels, respectively. The older age groups had higher infection rates than the younger ones. The highest percentage was seen in sheep over the age of 12 months (10.4%) and camels over the age of 6 years (12%). Hydatidosis is a serious economic and zoonotic problem. Therefore, we should take preventative measures in Al-Kharj city to avoid environmental pollution and infection of both humans and animals.</div>

Prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda: Taeniidae) Infection in Stray Dogs and Local Herbivores in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia

<div>Background: Cystic ovarian degeneration (COD) with prevalence of 10-13% is a common and economically important condition in dairy cattle affecting fertility. Predisposing factors and aetiology of ovarian cysts are multifaceted. The most widely accepted cause is either absent, insufficient or wrong time occurrence of pre-ovulatory LH-surge. The accuracy of differential diagnosis of cyst per rectum can be increased by simultaneous use of USG and/or plasma progesterone assay and therapeutic success depends on type and duration of cystic condition. The literature on these aspects in crossbred cows is meagre, hence was planned to differentially diagnose the ovarian follicular and luteal cysts based on clinical, sonographic and endocrine findings and to study the estrus response and conception rates following different treatment modalities of COD in crossbred cattle. 
 
Methods: This study was conducted on &gt;90 days postpartum HF crossbred cows with cystic ovaries (n=58) confirmed by per rectal palpation and ultrasonography. The animals with follicular cysts were randomly treated with either conventional Ovsynch or Ovsynch + CIDR protocol (n=10 each) and those with luteal cysts with either Double PG injections 11 days apart or modified Ovsynch protocol (n=16 each) with fixed time AI. A group of six cystic cows was kept as untreated control. Blood samples were collected in heparinized vacutainers, together with trans-rectal ultrasonography, on day 0 (just before initiation of treatment), on day of last PGF2&aacute; injection, on day of induced estrus/FTAI and on day 12 post-AI for determination of plasma progesterone and estradiol-17&acirc; by RIA technique.&nbsp; 
 
Results: The mean diameters and wall thickness of ovarian cysts regressed significantly (p&lt;0.01) among responded cows of all four protocols. The estrus induction response within 48-96 hrs of last PG injection with Ovsynch, Ovsynch + CIDR, Modified Ovsynch and Double PG protocols was 90.00, 100.00, 87.50 and 81.25 %, respectively. The conception rates at induced estrus with FTAI for these protocols were 50.00, 40.00, 50.00 and 43.75 %, respectively and the corresponding overall conception rates for 3 cycles&rsquo; post-treatment were 60.00, 70.00, 68.75 and 56.25 %, respectively, compared to zero result of control group. The mean plasma progesterone concentration varied highly significantly (p&lt;0.01) between periods of treatment in all protocols, the values were lower (p&lt;0.01) on day 0 and on day of FTAI than on the day of last PG injection and on day 12 post-AI. The values on day 12 post-AI were significantly higher in conceived than non-conceived cows. The trend of estradiol-17&acirc; profile on day of last PG injection was reversed than on day 0. The higher levels of estradiol-17&acirc; on day of FTAI were associated with regression of cystic structures and development of new dominant follicles with estrogenic activity concomitant to induced estrus and ovulatory LH surge in most of the animals as evident from USG monitoring, behavioural signs and conception rates.</div>

<div>Ovarian Dynamics, Plasma Endocrine Profile and Fertility Response Following Synchronization Protocols in Crossbred Cows with Cystic Ovaries</div>