Twenty Spanish bunch groundnut genotypes were collected from Agriculture Research Station, Kadiri, Andhra Pradesh, along with the check TMV 2 were used to study their variability, heritability &nbsp;and genetic advance as per cent of mean for nineteen characters viz., days to 50% flowering, SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) at 40, 50, 60, 70 DAS and at maturity, days to maturity, number of mature pods per plant, biological yield per plant (g), pod yield per plant (g), biological yield per hectare (q), pod yield per hectare (q), harvest index, 100 kernel weight (g), shelling percentage, kernel yield per plant (g), kernel yield per hectare (q), oil content (%) and oil yield per hectare (q) during summer 2013 at Agricultural College farm, Bapatla. The results revealed that the highest PCV and GCV were observed for number of mature pods per plant. High heritability accompanied with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for &nbsp;number of mature pods per plant, biological yield per plant (g), pod yield per plant (g), biological yield per hectare (q), pod yield per hectare (q), kernel yield per plant (g), kernel yield per hectare (q), 100 kernel weight (g) and oil yield per hectare (q) indicating the preponderance of additive gene action which might be exploited through simple selection procedures. The study revealed that the genotypes Abhaya and JCG 88 were better for further breeding from yield point of view.

Studies on variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean in Spanish bunch groundnut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) 
&nbsp;

Background: Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium udum (Butler) var. cajani is one of the most important soil-borne diseases of pigeonpea capable of causing 30-100% loss in grain yield. So it is essential to establish the relationship with weather parameters and prediction of per cent disease incidence.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: An experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications and sixteen treatment combinations considering different varieties and sowing windows. Correlation and multiple linear regression equations were elucidated between weather parameters and per cent disease incidence (PDI) of Fusarium wilt on different pigeonpea varieties under different sowing windows during 2017-18 and 2018-19. 
 
Result: The correlation of weather parameters with PDI of Fusarium wilt indicated that significant and positively correlation with maximum and minimum temperature and negative correlation with evening relative humidity. Among all sowing windows 30th meteorological week (MW) sowing window with the variety ICPH 2740 PDI for two weeks prior was significantly positively correlated with maximum temperature (0.871** and 0.919**) and morning relative humidity (0.727* and 0.056). The prediction of PDI of Fusarium wilt with multiple linear regression equations were recorded the highest R2 valueas 95.5% in case of treatment combination of 30th MW and the variety Vipula.&nbsp;

Assessment of Weather Parameters on Per Cent Disease Incidence and Forewarning Models of Fusarium Wilt in Pigeonpea as Influenced by Different Sowing Windows

<div>Background: Large White Yorkshire (LWY) breed has been extensively used for crossbreeding in India. Genetic evaluation of pre-weaning mortality (PWM) in LWY pigs maintained at Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu was done to understand adaptability of the breed to tropical conditions.&nbsp; 
 
Methodology: Pre-weaning mortality was recorded as a binomial trait, for which threshold models have been found to be appropriate. (Co)Variance components for random sources of variation including direct genetic, maternal genetic, maternal permanent environmental and common litter were estimated using linear and threshold models.Factors including inbreeding of the individual animal affecting the trait were included as fixed effects in the mixed models used.&nbsp; 
 
Conclusion: The pre-weaning mortality of LWY pigs was comparatively lower indicating better adaptability of the breed. Inbreeding levels above 6 per cent were found to increase PWM. Common litter had significant influence on the genetic parameter estimates. Estimates obtained using threshold model were higher than those obtained by linear models. Threshold models provided solutions for complex models, which had convergence problems with the linear, REML method of estimation. Heritability estimates for PWM obtained through this study could be useful in formulation of breeding plan for LWY pigs in the country.</div>

<div>Genetic Evaluation of Pre-weaning Mortality in Large White Yorkshire Pigs Using Threshold and Linear Models in Hot and Humid Conditions of South India</div>

<div>Background: An integrated crop with male buffalo calves farming system consists of a range of resource-saving practices that aim to achieve high acceptable profits and sustained production levels, while minimizing the negative effects of farming. The farmers earn good income by rearing these calves up to a suitable age and then sell them to meat industry, utilize the dung and urine as manure and fodder wastages used as feeding for male buffalo calves.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Coimbatore, Theni and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu State were purposively selected for the present study. From each of the selected districts, 20 male buffalo calves rearer were selected randomly, covering a total of 60 male buffalo calves farmers. The collected data were analyzed, by using multiple linear regression function and study the relationship between net return per animal.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The five variables viz., sale price of animal, total variable cost, herd size, deworming practices and purchase age of animals were found to be significantly associated with net return per animal in male buffalo calves farming. The coefficient of this variable shows that for every one per cent increase in herd size, there will be 88.611 per cent increase in net return.</div>

​Multiple Linear Regression Analysis for Factors Influencing Net Return Per Animal in Male Buffalo Calves Farming

<div>Background: The pre and post-weaning mortality in broiler rabbit limits the production potential and lower the income generation through rabbit farming. Therefore, mortality pattern of animals in a farm is very essential clue for future strategy to combat the incidences of various diseases and prevention. Considering the above fact the present study was undertaken to find out the incidences of various rabbit diseases and mortality in an organized institutional farm. 
 
Methods: ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna was maintaining a broiler rabbit farm with 364 rabbit comprising Newzealand White (194) and Soviet Chinchilla (170) rabbit breed. During the three years (October, 2011 to September, 2014) study period in total 364 rabbits were under observation. The seasonal variation viz. (pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter, in regards to &nbsp;mortality, disease incidences, young and adults, sex variation, breed, housing system etc were recorded. The incidences of disease and mortality of rabbits were diagnosed through pathological examination and postmortem findings. The descriptive statistics and &divide;2 test were used to explain the statistical significance. 
 
Result: During the three years study period out of 364 broiler rabbits (Soviet Chinchilla and Newzealand white) in total 63 rabbits (17.31%) were died due to various diseases. The coccidiosis (3.02%), green slime disease (2.20%), haemorrhagic tracheitis (1.92%), enteritis (1.65%), pneumonia (1.37%) and peritonitis (1.37%) were affected more than the other diseases. Apart from these the other ailments that affected broiler rabbits were ear cancer (0.82%), gastroenteritis (0.82%), stomach infection (0.82%), cardinogenic shock (0.55%), stomach impaction (0.55%), kidney infection (0.55%), limb injury (0.27%), ascites (0.27%), cystitis (0.27%), abscess in abdominal cavity (0.27%), rupture of liver and gall bladder (0.27%) as well as injury of eye and blindness (0.27%). The Soviet Chinchilla rabbits were less (7.14%) affected than the Newzealand white (10.16%). It was observed that mortality of male rabbits (6.04%) were less than the female rabbits (11.26%) and &nbsp;mortality of young were higher (11.54%) than the adult rabbits (5.77%). The seasonal variations in mortality of broiler rabbits were observed in present study. In monsoon season mortality was maximum i.e. 6.32% whereas, in post-monsoon it was 5.49%, pre-monsoon 3.02% and in winter season mortality was only 2.47%. The Soviet Chinchilla rabbits were less susceptible and comparatively better performer in regards to disease resistance. It may be concluded that in broiler rabbit farm coccidiosia is a major concern along with other parasitic and bacterial diseases. However, proper hygiene and sanitation along with periodic treatment with coccidiostat and deworming reduces mortality of rabbits.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Mortality Pattern of Broiler Rabbits in an Organized Farm in Bihar, India</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">For studying the effect of magnetic field on the number of capsules in each Sesamum indicum L. node, an experiment was carried out in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in Mashhad/Iran during 2017. The experiment consisted of &nbsp;three time use of fixed magnetic field as 1 Tesla (MF1 = 0, MF2 = 1, and MF3 = 10 min), and two kinds of caps as single-cap (CAP1) and multi-cap (CAP2) seeds. The results showed that the highest number of single-cap nodes and multi-cap nodes per plant were obtained from the application of MF3 treatment in CAP2 as 33.9 and 21.9 nodes, respectively and also obtained the highest numbers of capsules per plant with MF3 in CAP2. There was a significant correlation between seed weight and number of capsules per plant too (R=0.53*).&nbsp;</div>

Influence of magnetic field on the capsules per leaf node of Sesamum indicum L.

<div>Background:&nbsp;High mortality of goat kids due to infectious and non-infectious diseases negatively impacts goat husbandry.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: To study the influence of genetic and nongenetic factors on preweaning mortality of goat kids, three years&rsquo; data (July, 2015 to June, 2018) of breeds maintained at Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Institute for Research on Goats (ICAR-CIRG) viz. Barbari, Jamunapari and Jakhrana was analyzed to find effect of breed, parity, birth weight, litter size, season of birth, sex and kid&rsquo;s age on mortality. Postmortem findings as entered in the record have been considered to arrive at the cause of mortality.&nbsp; 
 
Result: A preweaning mortality rate of 2.59% was recorded in kids of all the three breeds studied. Mortality rate of Barbari, Jamunapari and Jakhrana kids was found to be 2.15%, 3.39% and 2.13% respectively. Kids birth weight, sex or age had no effect on mortality. Highest mortality was observed in kids born as triplet/quadruplet (4.49%) followed by that in twins (2.88%) and singlets (2.01%). Highest mortality was observed in kids born to primiparous dams (3.95%) followed by kids born to dams having =/&gt; 5th parity (3.01%) and least in 2nd to 4th parity (1.82%). Most of the kids died due to enteritis (38.3%) followed by pneumonia (28.3%), debility and anemia (11.7%) septicemia (10%) and others in remaining 11.7% cases.</div>

​Risk Factors Associated with Preweaning Mortality of Barbari, Jamunapari and Jakhrana Goat Kids

Background: The profitability of ruminant production hinges on the reliable availability of top-quality fodder. Nevertheless, a concerning issue is emerging: a substantial gap between the supply and demand of fodder. This imbalance predominantly affects small and marginal dairy farmers, who possess limited land. These farmers prioritize cash crop cultivation on their available land while dedicating only minimal space to fodder production. The rising cost of external feed supplements further intensifies the burden, affecting both milk yield and animal health. Inadequate fodder leads to nutritional deficiencies, reduced reproductive efficiency and increased susceptibility to diseases. Ensuring year-round access to diverse, nutrient-rich green fodder is, therefore, essential for improving livestock productivity and farmer income. Integrated fodder production models that maximize yield even in limited spaces can serve as a sustainable solution. Empowering farmers with low-cost, space-efficient techniques for cultivating multiple fodder types can significantly bridge the gap and support resilient dairy farming systems. 
 
Methods: In this regard, to address the prevailing fodder scarcity challenge, Bhagavatula Charitable Trust&ndash;Krishi Vigyan Kendra (BCT-KVK), Anakapalli, has been actively demonstrating a multi-cut fodder production model in a compact area of 10 cents. This model is specifically designed to enable small to medium-scale dairy farmers to access a consistent and diverse supply of green fodder throughout the year in its operational villages across the Anakapalli district. The demonstration plot incorporates a strategic mix of high-biomass-yielding grasses like Super Napier, cereal fodders (such as fodder maize and sorghum) and leguminous fodders (like cowpea and hedge lucerne) thereby ensuring a balanced nutritional profile for ruminants. In addition, tree fodders such as Subabul, Sesbania, Moringa and Glyricidia are planted around the boundaries to serve as a perennial source of green fodder and to provide essential vitamins and minerals. This integrated approach contrasts with the conventional practice of feeding carbohydrate-dominant grasses alone, which often leads to poor nutrient balance, reduced milk productivity and subclinical deficiencies. The model is designed for continuous harvesting and re-growth, ensuring sustainable fodder availability and minimizing the dependency on purchased feed resources. 
 
Result: With the multi-cut fodder production model, farmers obtained average milk yields of 2,500-3,000 litres per lactation in crossbred HF cows. The average milk fat and SNF content were consistently above 4% and 8%, respectively. This improvement is attributed to the year-round availability of nutritious green fodder, which enhanced rumen function, digestion and overall animal health. The inclusion of leguminous and tree fodders helped bridge nutrient gaps, leading to better metabolic efficiency and sustained lactation performance. Farmers also reported reduced dependency on commercial feed and improved profitability per animal due to better feed conversion efficiency and reduced health-related issues. 
&nbsp;

Empowering Small Farmers with the 10- Cent Multi-cut Fodder Model

<div>Background: Embryonic mortality is one of the major factors leading to reproductive failure, decreased fertility and delayed pregnancy in cattle. 
 
Method: The study was aimed for investigating the incidence of embryonic mortality(EM), differentiate embryonic development and mortality based on color Doppler ultrasonographic characteristics. Different characteristics correlated were corpus luteum(CL) vascularity, embryonic development&nbsp;and EM features, monitored on day 21 post-insemination.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The overall incidence of EM was recorded to be 25%, with 15% and 10% mortality occurred between days 21-28 and 28-35 of gestation. Color Doppler analysis stated that, the CL in pregnant cows had a higher percentage of luteal tissue with positive Doppler signals on initial examination (day 21) differing significantly (P&lt;0.01) from non-pregnant and consistently increased till the end of the examination. However, cows with EM had a significantly lower CL vascularity than pregnant (P&lt;0.05) but significantly higher (P&lt;0.05) than non-pregnant cows on day 21. Embryos from pregnant cows (detected by 28 days) increased in size along the days of examination. However, cows diagnosed with EM showed signs (day 28), which included reduced intra-uterine allantoic fluid, absence of embryo proper with an embryonic heartbeat, hyperechoic free-floating embryonic debris in the uterus and distorted allanto-chorionic membrane. In conclusion, the present study firmly supports color Doppler ultrasonography in diagnosis of pregnant cows based on CL vascularity, visualizing the different characteristics signs of EM, and detecting non-pregnant animals undergoing EM as early as day 21.</div>

​Color Doppler Ultrasonographic Characteristics of Embryonic Development and Mortality in Dairy Cows

<div style="text-align: justify;">The state of Haryana was formed in the year 1966, although the state of Haryana is geographically comes in very small states, but even after the formation of its separate state, Haryana has made remarkable economic development. But as per the rough estimates of 2017-18, the state has contributed an estimated 3.7 percent of the national GDP at constant (2011-12) prices. The gross state domestic product of the state of Haryana has registered a steady increase since 2001-02. At the time of formation of the state of Haryana in 1966, the state&rsquo;s per capita income at current prices was only Rs. 608. Since then, the state&rsquo;s per capita income has increased manifold. The per capita income in the state in 2011 was Rs 106085 per capita, which has increased to Rs 226644 in the year 2018-19, as a result of which the state GDP has also increased but agriculture and allied sectors contribute to the gross domestic product. The initial years of the formation of the state were very good, but this contribution has come down to only 17.5 percent at constant prices (2011-12).</div>