Twenty Spanish bunch groundnut genotypes were collected from Agriculture Research Station, Kadiri, Andhra Pradesh, along with the check TMV 2 were used to study their variability, heritability &nbsp;and genetic advance as per cent of mean for nineteen characters viz., days to 50% flowering, SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) at 40, 50, 60, 70 DAS and at maturity, days to maturity, number of mature pods per plant, biological yield per plant (g), pod yield per plant (g), biological yield per hectare (q), pod yield per hectare (q), harvest index, 100 kernel weight (g), shelling percentage, kernel yield per plant (g), kernel yield per hectare (q), oil content (%) and oil yield per hectare (q) during summer 2013 at Agricultural College farm, Bapatla. The results revealed that the highest PCV and GCV were observed for number of mature pods per plant. High heritability accompanied with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for &nbsp;number of mature pods per plant, biological yield per plant (g), pod yield per plant (g), biological yield per hectare (q), pod yield per hectare (q), kernel yield per plant (g), kernel yield per hectare (q), 100 kernel weight (g) and oil yield per hectare (q) indicating the preponderance of additive gene action which might be exploited through simple selection procedures. The study revealed that the genotypes Abhaya and JCG 88 were better for further breeding from yield point of view.

Studies on variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean in Spanish bunch groundnut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) 
&nbsp;

Background: Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium udum (Butler) var. cajani is one of the most important soil-borne diseases of pigeonpea capable of causing 30-100% loss in grain yield. So it is essential to establish the relationship with weather parameters and prediction of per cent disease incidence.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: An experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications and sixteen treatment combinations considering different varieties and sowing windows. Correlation and multiple linear regression equations were elucidated between weather parameters and per cent disease incidence (PDI) of Fusarium wilt on different pigeonpea varieties under different sowing windows during 2017-18 and 2018-19. 
 
Result: The correlation of weather parameters with PDI of Fusarium wilt indicated that significant and positively correlation with maximum and minimum temperature and negative correlation with evening relative humidity. Among all sowing windows 30th meteorological week (MW) sowing window with the variety ICPH 2740 PDI for two weeks prior was significantly positively correlated with maximum temperature (0.871** and 0.919**) and morning relative humidity (0.727* and 0.056). The prediction of PDI of Fusarium wilt with multiple linear regression equations were recorded the highest R2 valueas 95.5% in case of treatment combination of 30th MW and the variety Vipula.&nbsp;

Assessment of Weather Parameters on Per Cent Disease Incidence and Forewarning Models of Fusarium Wilt in Pigeonpea as Influenced by Different Sowing Windows

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The introduction of synthetic pesticides Lambda-cyhalothrinin for crop protection in general has significantly contributed to increased productivity. Lambda-cyhalothrin have been reported to cause toxic effects on humans, ranging from short-term effects such as headaches and nausea to chronic effects like cancer, reproductive damage and endocrine disruption. Lambda-cyhalothrin is a type-II highly active synthetic pyrethroid insecticide which contains a-cyano group. Lambda-cyhalothrin applied at the rate of 30 g a.i. ha-1 was found to be effective against shoot and fruit borer on brinjal. 
Methods:&nbsp;The analytical method for the determination of Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC (Test Item) on brinjal was validated as per DG-SANTE 2019 guideline. The field trails including the dissipation study and final residue study were conducted in a randomized block design in open field. As per recommendation, dose of test item (T1= 15 g a.i/ha; T2 = 30 g a.i/ha) were 500 L/hectare for Trial. Lambda-cyhalothrin residues of brinjal samples were determined at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days at both application of recommended and double the recommended dose of test item.&nbsp; 
Result: The analytical method employed for determination of persistence residues of Lambda-cyhalothrin in brinjal was validated and found accurate and precise. The per cent dissipation of Lambda-cyhalothrin for the treatment T1 was 37.22% after 1 day which increased to 96.66% by 10th day, similarly for the double dose (T2) the initial dissipation was 57.14%, which increased to 99.7 % after 10th day. The half-life (T1/2) values of Lambda-cyhalothrin on brinjal were found to be 2.06 and 2.13 days for T1 and T2, respectively.&nbsp;</div>

Dissipation of Lambda-cyhalothrin 5% EC on Brinjal Fruit Grown in Gurugram, Haryana

<div>Background: An integrated crop with male buffalo calves farming system consists of a range of resource-saving practices that aim to achieve high acceptable profits and sustained production levels, while minimizing the negative effects of farming. The farmers earn good income by rearing these calves up to a suitable age and then sell them to meat industry, utilize the dung and urine as manure and fodder wastages used as feeding for male buffalo calves.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Coimbatore, Theni and Kanyakumari districts of Tamil Nadu State were purposively selected for the present study. From each of the selected districts, 20 male buffalo calves rearer were selected randomly, covering a total of 60 male buffalo calves farmers. The collected data were analyzed, by using multiple linear regression function and study the relationship between net return per animal.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The five variables viz., sale price of animal, total variable cost, herd size, deworming practices and purchase age of animals were found to be significantly associated with net return per animal in male buffalo calves farming. The coefficient of this variable shows that for every one per cent increase in herd size, there will be 88.611 per cent increase in net return.</div>

​Multiple Linear Regression Analysis for Factors Influencing Net Return Per Animal in Male Buffalo Calves Farming

<div style="text-align: justify;">For studying the effect of magnetic field on the number of capsules in each Sesamum indicum L. node, an experiment was carried out in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in Mashhad/Iran during 2017. The experiment consisted of &nbsp;three time use of fixed magnetic field as 1 Tesla (MF1 = 0, MF2 = 1, and MF3 = 10 min), and two kinds of caps as single-cap (CAP1) and multi-cap (CAP2) seeds. The results showed that the highest number of single-cap nodes and multi-cap nodes per plant were obtained from the application of MF3 treatment in CAP2 as 33.9 and 21.9 nodes, respectively and also obtained the highest numbers of capsules per plant with MF3 in CAP2. There was a significant correlation between seed weight and number of capsules per plant too (R=0.53*).&nbsp;</div>

Influence of magnetic field on the capsules per leaf node of Sesamum indicum L.

Background: The profitability of ruminant production hinges on the reliable availability of top-quality fodder. Nevertheless, a concerning issue is emerging: a substantial gap between the supply and demand of fodder. This imbalance predominantly affects small and marginal dairy farmers, who possess limited land. These farmers prioritize cash crop cultivation on their available land while dedicating only minimal space to fodder production. The rising cost of external feed supplements further intensifies the burden, affecting both milk yield and animal health. Inadequate fodder leads to nutritional deficiencies, reduced reproductive efficiency and increased susceptibility to diseases. Ensuring year-round access to diverse, nutrient-rich green fodder is, therefore, essential for improving livestock productivity and farmer income. Integrated fodder production models that maximize yield even in limited spaces can serve as a sustainable solution. Empowering farmers with low-cost, space-efficient techniques for cultivating multiple fodder types can significantly bridge the gap and support resilient dairy farming systems. 
 
Methods: In this regard, to address the prevailing fodder scarcity challenge, Bhagavatula Charitable Trust&ndash;Krishi Vigyan Kendra (BCT-KVK), Anakapalli, has been actively demonstrating a multi-cut fodder production model in a compact area of 10 cents. This model is specifically designed to enable small to medium-scale dairy farmers to access a consistent and diverse supply of green fodder throughout the year in its operational villages across the Anakapalli district. The demonstration plot incorporates a strategic mix of high-biomass-yielding grasses like Super Napier, cereal fodders (such as fodder maize and sorghum) and leguminous fodders (like cowpea and hedge lucerne) thereby ensuring a balanced nutritional profile for ruminants. In addition, tree fodders such as Subabul, Sesbania, Moringa and Glyricidia are planted around the boundaries to serve as a perennial source of green fodder and to provide essential vitamins and minerals. This integrated approach contrasts with the conventional practice of feeding carbohydrate-dominant grasses alone, which often leads to poor nutrient balance, reduced milk productivity and subclinical deficiencies. The model is designed for continuous harvesting and re-growth, ensuring sustainable fodder availability and minimizing the dependency on purchased feed resources. 
 
Result: With the multi-cut fodder production model, farmers obtained average milk yields of 2,500-3,000 litres per lactation in crossbred HF cows. The average milk fat and SNF content were consistently above 4% and 8%, respectively. This improvement is attributed to the year-round availability of nutritious green fodder, which enhanced rumen function, digestion and overall animal health. The inclusion of leguminous and tree fodders helped bridge nutrient gaps, leading to better metabolic efficiency and sustained lactation performance. Farmers also reported reduced dependency on commercial feed and improved profitability per animal due to better feed conversion efficiency and reduced health-related issues. 
&nbsp;

Empowering Small Farmers with the 10- Cent Multi-cut Fodder Model

<div style="text-align: justify;">The state of Haryana was formed in the year 1966, although the state of Haryana is geographically comes in very small states, but even after the formation of its separate state, Haryana has made remarkable economic development. But as per the rough estimates of 2017-18, the state has contributed an estimated 3.7 percent of the national GDP at constant (2011-12) prices. The gross state domestic product of the state of Haryana has registered a steady increase since 2001-02. At the time of formation of the state of Haryana in 1966, the state&rsquo;s per capita income at current prices was only Rs. 608. Since then, the state&rsquo;s per capita income has increased manifold. The per capita income in the state in 2011 was Rs 106085 per capita, which has increased to Rs 226644 in the year 2018-19, as a result of which the state GDP has also increased but agriculture and allied sectors contribute to the gross domestic product. The initial years of the formation of the state were very good, but this contribution has come down to only 17.5 percent at constant prices (2011-12).</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Growing economy with increasing per capita income in Haryana state</div>

<div>Background: Pigeonpea is a drought resistant legume crop, cultivated in semiarid tropical and subtropical regions of the world mainly for its protein enriched seeds. Insect pests are major biotic constraints implicating yield losses of staggering dimensions. Profenofos is being used for management of pigeonpea pod borer and studying the pattern of dissipation, residual occurrence and hazard index for consumption of pigeonpea grain contaminated with profenofos is very important. 
 
Methods: A simple, sensitive and reproducible method for analysis of profenofos in pigeonpea green pods and dry grain was standardized and validated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with electro spray ionization (ESI+). Modified QuEChERS methods with 1 % ethyl acetate in acetonitrile involved in the extraction of profenofos residues from green pods and mature dry grains.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOD and LOQ) were 0.002 and 0.006 &micro;gg-1, respectively. The recovery ranges from 88.75 to 101.36 % for the green pods and 88.34 to 98.77 % for mature dry grains with relative standard deviation (RSD) was in the range of 0.99 to 4.05 %. The field study was conducted to investigate the dissipation kinetics of profenofos in pigeonpea. Two applications of profenofos 50 % EC at 500 and 1000 g a.i.ha-1 at 15 days intervals in pigeonpea at the time of pod formation recorded initial deposits of 20.28 and 41.64 &igrave;gg-1 in the green pod, respectively. At15 days after application, residues gradually dissipated to the level of 0.78 and 1.98 &micro;g g-1 accounting to the loss of 96.15 and 95.58 % at 500 and 1000 g a.i. ha-1, respectively. The half-life values were 5.18 and 5.93 days. Hazard index (HI) was found less than 1 at 25th and 35th day after application at 500 and 1000 g a. i. ha-1, respectively.</div>

<div>Determination of Profenofos Residues using LC-MS/MS and Its Dissipation Kinetics in Pigeonpea Pods</div>

<div>Background: Cowpea is a multiple-purpose, drought-tolerant, climate-smart and leguminous pulse crop. Recent studies established this crop as a potential vegetable crop with nitrogen fixation ability and round the year cultivation unlike French bean. In several crops, exotic collections imported into India have positive impact in release of new varieties. Per se performance evaluation is the best option for identification of high yielding varieties. Genetic parameters controlling the expression of yield and its components are essential in determining the effect of such genetic parameters and association among the characters enhancing the green pod yield of vegetable cowpea. 
 
Methods: A set of eighty seven genotypes of vegetable cowpea including 59 exotic collections imported from International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria; 24 indigenous germplasm collected from different parts of India&nbsp;and four released commercial varieties were evaluated in a randomized block design during Kharif, 2019. The analysis of variance by <a href="#panse_1985">Panse and Sukhatme (1985)</a>, genetic parameters by <a href="#burton_1953">Burton and De Vane (1953)</a> and heritability in a broad sense and genetic advance by methods given by <a href="#allard_1960">Allard (1960)</a> and <a href="#johnson_1955">Johnson et al., (1955)</a> were carried out to validate the results. 
 
Result: The analysis of variance revealed that genotypes exhibited significant differences for all the characters. Based on per se performances, the exotic collections for flowering and maturity traits and check varieties followed by indigenous collections for yield and yield characters have exhibited superior performance. The highest range of variation was observed for green pod yield per plant. The highest variation was observed for pod yield per plant and number of pods per plant. The higher estimates of GCV and PCV (&gt;20%) were registered by pod width, mature pod weight, number of pods per plant and pod yield per plant, which indicates partly the interaction of the genotypes with the environment influencing the expression of these characters. High heritability along with high genetic advance was observed for green pod yield per plant, pod length, pod width and number of pods per plant indicating that these traits were mainly governed by additive gene action and responsive for their further improvement. The maximum coefficient of variation was recorded for pod width followed by green pod yield per plant, pod weight and pod length. Green pod yield per plant has a positive and significant correlation with pod length, pod width, mature pod weight, number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. Hence, these characters should be considered, while selecting the genotypes for their further genetic improvement in vegetable cowpea.</div>

​Investigations on Per se Performance, Genetic Variability and Correlations in Vegetable Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata&nbsp;(L.) Walp.] Germplasm for Yield and Its Attributing Traits

<div>Background: Among the constraints for low yield of mungbean, drought stress and heat stress are prominent. Water deficits and high temperature occur together in many environments and both stresses can interact to reduce yields. Thus, combination of water use efficiency and high temperature tolerance traits are relevant rather than a single trait used as selection criteria for screening appropriate plant ideotype. The present study is contemplated to identify superior parents for yield, yield attributes, water use efficiency and thermo tolerance related traits through combining ability analysis. 
 
Methods: Twenty one F1 crosses were generated by crossing seven diverse mungbean genotypes viz., ML 267, LGG 528, MGG 390, WGG 42, AKM 9904, LM 95 and EC 362096 in a 7 x&nbsp;7 diallel fashion without reciprocals. Further, 21 F1 crosses along with seven parents were evaluated to study the the mean performance of the seven parents and their 21 F1 crosses and combining ability of the parents and crosses and gene action for yield, yield components and water use efficiency related traits. 
 
Result: The present investigations confirmed that some of the parents with significant positive gca effects for seed yield per plant and showed significant positive gca effects for one or more yield, WUE and heat stress tolerance contributing traits. Combination of mean performance and gca effects would result in the selection of potential parents with good reservoir of superior genes. The parents which exhibited high per se performance also displayed good general combining ability effects. Hence, per se performance may be used effectively for the selection of parents. In the present study, MGG 390, ML 267 and EC 362096 were adjudged as the best parents based on both mean and gca effects.&nbsp;</div>

Identification of Best Parents based on per se Performance and gca Effects for Yield and Water use Efficiency Related Traits in Mungbean