<div>Background: Pyometra is a pathological state of the compromised uterus of grown-up to old, diestrum bitches. Pyometra is easy to identify but can be more challenging when there is no vaginal discharge. In the present study, an attempt was made to find out the pathogen involvement and clinico-haemato-biochemical alteration in bitches affected with Pyometra. \ 
 
Methods: Twelve bitches with a history of inappetence, polydipsia, dirty vaginal discharge, occasional vomition irrespective of breeds and age groups were clinically examined and diagnosed as pyometra. The presumptive clinical diagnosis was based on case history, clinical signs, vaginal cytology, abdominal ultrasonography or radiography, gross examination of a pus-filled uterus after the ovariohysterectomy. 
 
Result: Vaginal examination revealed brown chocolate malodorous vaginal discharge with discolouration of the perivulval tissue. Abdominal ultrasound showed hyperplasia with echogenic material in the uterine wall along with distended uterine horns containing a large volume of cellular contents. Radiographic imaging revealed cranio-dorsal displacement of the small intestine and a twisted uniform tubular opacity with a distended uterus. The vaginal cytology revealed a large number of degenerated neutrophils, intermediate and parabasal cells. Escherichia coli were the major pathogen isolated from the pyometra uteri of bitches. The surface of the endometrium was columnar ciliated epithelium, with hyperplasia of subepithelial tissue and thick muscularis. The haemato-biochemical evaluation in pyometra infected bitches revealed decreased haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocytic count (TEC) and lymphocyte count indicating the microcytic hypochromic type of anaemia. Leucocytosis with a predominant absolute neutrophilia and lymphocytosis were consistently found in canine pyometra. There was a significantly elevated profile of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, transaminases and alkaline phosphatase as well as total proteins observed in pyometric female dogs as compared to healthy ones which may have diagnostic and prognostic importance, which also indicated damage of vital organ caused by bacterial endotoxins. The haemato-biochemical indices correlating with imaging techniques, vaginal cytology and histopathological examination can serve as good prognostic markers in bitches with pyometra.</div>

Clinico-haemato-biochemical and Pathological Alteration of Pyometra in Canines

<div>Background: Pyometra is an infectious condition characterized by a pus-filled uterus, which basically developed due to hormonal, anatomical and physiological changes and the inside environment of the queen uterus help to grow the opportunistic pathogen. The aim of the present study was made to assess the haemato-biochemical changes of pyometra in infected queens.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was carried out in 12 clinical cases of cat with a history of lethargy, depression, inappetence, polydipsia, occasional vomition and vaginal discharge, presented for treatment at Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Sciences and A.H., Central Agricultural University, Aizawl, Mizoram. The presumptive clinical diagnosis of pyometra was made based on history, clinical signs and imaging techniques. The involvement of the pathogen was further confirmed by microbial examination of the pus-filled uterus after the ovariohysterectomy.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The study revealed alterations in the total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and packed cell volume in pyometra cases. The leucogram revealed leucocytosis, neutrophilia and lymphopenia. Biochemical analysis revealed hyperprotenemia, increased liver enzymes and BUN and creatinine. The major pathogens involved in pyometra infected queens are Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Pasteurella. The analysis of various parameters indicated that haemato-biochemical analysis may be good prognostic markers for feline pyometra.</div>

Clinico-pathological Alterations of Pyometra in Cat&nbsp;

<div style="text-align: justify;">Cryptosporidium parvum is an apicomplexan zoonotic enteric protozoa that is principally responsible for severe necrotizing enteritis in immunocompromised hosts and has been associated with diarrhoea in a wide variety of animal species. The work was carried out on 48 rats which were equally divided into four groups: GI, GII, GIII and GIV. Rats in GI worked as healthy control. Rats in GII were administered C. parvum oocysts orally, GIII received dexamethasone, whereas GIV were given dexamethasone along with C. parvum oocysts. The maximum severity of experimental infection and oocyst shedding was observed on 8th DPI in Group IV rats who exhibited depression, inappetance, poor fur condition, decreased weight gain, bloody diarrhoea and highest mortality rate. Significant increase in LPO and decrease in SOD, CAT and GSH concentrations were seen in intestine in GIV rats at 8th DPI indicating the involvement of free radical induced oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of C. parvum infection. Severe necrotizing and haemorrhagic enteritis was seen in Group IV rats, whereas Group II animals had mild enteritis. Pathological examination of intestines in Group IV animals revealed extensive necrosis, blunting, fusion and sloughing of intestinal villi. Severe lymphocytic infiltration in lamina propria and submucosa was also observed. The diarrhoea and oocyst shedding gradually subsided after 8th DPI and completely resolved in GII whereas mild enteritis was still seen in GIV animals at 12thDPI. &nbsp;It was inferred from the present study that C. parvum strains prevalent in Jammu were capable of causing severe enteric infection in immunosuppressed rats.&nbsp;</div>

Oxidative stress and clinico-pathological alterations induced by Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a rat model

<div>Background: Trichomonas gallinae is a flagellated protozoa, infects the upper digestive system of pigeon and causing a condition called canker, characterized by development of granulomatous lesions in the buccal cavity, crop, proventriculus, gizzard and liver of affected birds causing mortality upto 90% in squabs. Systemic research on prevalence and pathology of T. gallinae in pigeons are scant in India. The present work was carried out to document the prevalence and pathology of T. gallinae in pigeons of Assam. 
 
Methods: During the one- year study period, throat swab samples were collected from households, market places and temple premises in 4 districts of Assam. A total of 324 birds were examined by wet mount and Giemsa staining methods for detection of T. &nbsp;gallinae. Naturally died carcasses were studied for gross and histopathological alteration in different organs. 
 
Result:&nbsp;In the present study prevalence of T. gallinae was found 26.85% and squabs were highly susceptible with 56.25 percent. &nbsp;Sex wise, comparatively higher prevalence was observed in females (33.54%) than in the males (20.48%). Seasonality study revealed highest prevalence during winter. Gross pathological alteration characterized by yellowish white caseo-necrotic haemorrhagic lesion in the upper digestive tract beginning with the oral cavity and lesions also found in liver and lungs. Histopathological alteration also recorded in different organs. In the liver sinusoidal congestion and kupffer cell hyperplasia were observed. Infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells in the thickened inter alveolar space of lungs also recorded. Further study is required to identify the prevalent strains of T. gallinae on the basis of pathogenicity in this geographic region and immunology of T. gallinae in pigeons and other hosts remain to be explored.</div>

<div>Prevalence and Pathology of Trichomonas gallinae in Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) of Assam, India</div>

<div>Background: This study elucidated the molecular detection and pathological alterations in broiler chickens naturally infected with field circulating NDV strains along with their phylogenomic dynamics. 
 
Methods: Morbid tissue samples of diseased/dead chickens were collected from 100 poultry flocks presented to poultry disease diagnostic laboratories from September 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection of NDV along with phylogenetic analysis and subsequent gross and histopathological examination. 
 
Result: Based on RT-PCR results, the positivity of NDV was 04/100 (4%). Genetic analysis of the NDV Fusion (F) gene revealed 98.92% and 98.74% similarity with Iranian and Pakistani isolates, respectively. The evolutionary tree showed that present study isolates were placed in a clade belongs to genotype Vll sub-genotype i and l. Necropsy examinations revealed the petechial haemorrhages associated with multifocal necrosis in gastrointestinal and respiratory organs. Besides these pathological findings, amino acid sequence of F gene revealed that study isolates are having pathogenic potential similar to the velogenic strains of NDV. Based on all essential analyses, the present study concluded that the evolution and distribution of the Newcastle disease virus of various genotypes VIIi and VIIl in Pakistan are having significant pathogenic potential. Therefore, it emphasizes developing ND vaccine from indigenous strains for better protection of commercial poultry in Pakistan.</div>

Molecular Characterization and Pathology of Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Broiler Chickens in District Lahore, Pakistan

Background: The porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is a small, non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense, RNA virus of the family Picornaviridae. The PSV infections in pigs have been found associated with diarrhoea, polioencephalomyelitis, pneumonia and reproductive disorders with a high morbidity rate. Despite of its economical importance very few studies are available on the pathology of PSV. The present study was conducted with the aim to investigate the PSV infection and associated pathology in Indian pigs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Tissue samples along with intestinal content were collected from a total of 78 necropsied cases for histopathological examination and molecular investigation during April 2019 to August 2020. The amplification of 5&#39; UTR region of PSV was carried out via RT-PCR and confirmed by sequencing. The Genetic characterization of Indian isolate of the PSV was done on the basis of viral 5&#39; UTR gene.&nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of eight out of 78 cases were found positive for the PSV. Catarrhal and haemorrhagic enteritis, thickening and clouding of brain meninges along with congestion of brain and pneumonia was observed as common gross lesions. Microscopic lesions included perivascular cuffing, focal gliosis, neuronophagia, congestion of meningeal and cerebral vessels, interstitial pneumonia, inflammatory changes in the intestinal mucosa and sloughing of villi. The genetic characterization revealed maximum identity of 96.89% with PSV-1 strain PSV-46-V (LC508233) and PSV-1 strain PSV-26-B (LC508232) of Zambia. This study reported the pathological and molecular investigation of PSV from Indian pigs. Further explorative surveillance along with experimental studies in suitable animal model and cell lines are highly warranted for better understanding of PSV pathology in Indian pigs.

Pathology and Molecular Characterization of Porcine Sapelovirus in Indian Pigs

Background: A total of 20 tissue samples from horn, eye, skin and vulva in bovines suspected of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on the basis of gross pathology were collected from Durg, Dhamtari and Rajnandgaon districts of Chhattisgarh and processed in the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., DSVCKV, Anjora, Durg (C.G.). 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Investigation was conducted during January to June 2022, we explicate the pathological and immunohistochemical examination including scoring and grading of squamous cell carcinoma in bovines. Histopathological examination as per standard HandE method of staining and immunohistochemistry was performed through Benchmark automated staining system. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Twelve cases were diagnosed as SCC on the basis of histopathological and eleven on the basis of immunohistochemical analysis. Grossly neoplasms of horn revealed large, cauliflower like unilateral irregular masses at the base of horn and they were friable and soft in consistency. Small, unilateral growths observed in eye varied from soft to hard in consistency. Histopathological findings in SCC of horn revealed keratinization of horn epithelium forming concentric keratin pearls. Distinctive keratin pearls with more keratin deposition towards the center, numerous mitotic figures with anaplasia and neovascularization were evident in OSCC. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong immunohistochemical expression of Pan-Cytokeratin (Pan-CK), p53 and EGFR and negative&nbsp; to p16. Immunohistochemical scoring (IHS) was done in Pan-CK, EGFR and p53, ranged from 1-4. Well differentiated SCC of horn revealed strong immunoexpression against EGFR, varied from mild to intense. SCC of horn exhibited strong immunoexpression for Pan-CK, p53 and EGFR whereas, immunoexpression in OSCC specifically p53 was less as compared to SCC of horn. Grading and differentiation of SCC (horn and eye) was also done on basis of histopathological and immunohistochemical scoring.

Pathology and Diagnosis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Bovines

<div style="text-align:justify">Bovine tuberculosis (BT) is a bacterial zoonotic disease which causes serious animal health problem and enormous economic loss to the dairy sector in India. Present investigation was conducted to study the pathological alterations of different organs in bovine tuberculosis. Lungs were observed to be the most affected organs and their lesions included protrusive, hard, whitish to whitish yellow nodules ranging from 2-5mm to 2cm in diameter. Liver, lymph node, spleen, pleura, peritoneum, stomach and genital organs also revealed similar type of lesions. Microscopically, pulmonary lesions were graded in four stages i.e viz. I, II, III and IV on the basis of accumulation of epithelioid macrophages, lymphocytes, presence of multinucleated giant cells, connective tissue rim, central necrosis and mineralization. Liver showed extensive fibrosis and necrosis (caseous and/or coagulative) with infiltration of epithelioid cells, macrophages and formation of giant cell. Lymph nodes revealed the presence of central caseo-necrotic area with varying degree of calcification. Granulomatous changes have also been observed in spleen, pleura, peritoneum, uterus and fore-stomach. Large number of acid-fast rod shaped bacteria was seen within the cytoplasm of macrophages, giant cells and also in the necrotic masses with Ziehl-Neelsen&rsquo;s stain.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Pathology of bovine tuberculosis&nbsp;</div>

Background: The porcine teschovirus (PTV) is common swine pathogen which causes a wide range of illnesses ranging from asymptomatic infection to acute fatal encephalomyelitis, diarrhoea and pneumonia. Despite of its economical importance very limited studies are available on the pathology of PTV. The present study was conducted with the objective to investigate the PTV infection and associated pathology in piglets. 
 
Methods: A total of 78 piglets below 3 months of age were necropsied and representative tissue samples along with intestinal content were collected for histopathological examination and molecular investigation during April 2019 to November 2020. The 5&#39;&nbsp; UTR region of PTV was amplified via RT-PCR and further confirmed by sequencing. Thereafter, genetic characterization of the Indian PTV isolate was done on the basis of 5&#39; UTR gene.&nbsp; 
 
Result: A total of seven out of 78 cases were found positive for the PTV. On necropsy the intestinal wall was thinned and distended with yellowish coloured diarrhoeic content. Congestion of serosal and mucosal vessels along with severe meningeal congestion was observed. Microscopic lesions included congestion of mucosal vessels and destruction of villous structure of jejunum along with perivascular cuffing, focal gliosis, neuronophagia, congestion of meningeal and cerebral vessels and interstitial pneumonia. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate PTV/India/IVRI-381/2020 (MW022462) and PTV/India/IVRI-1093/2020 (MW022463) were clustered with PTV-13 strain wild boar/WB2C-TV/2011/HUN (JQ429405) and PTV-2 strain Vir 6711-12/83 (AF296107) of Hungary and Germany respectively. This study reported the genotypic and pathological investigation of PTV from Indian piglets. Further explorative surveillance along with studies in suitable cell lines and animal model will pave the way for better understanding of PTV among Indian pigs.

Genetic Characterization and Pathology of Porcine Teschovirus (PTV) in India

<div>Background: A slaughter house study helps in the assessment of the disease status of herds and contain valuable informations about the incidence and epidemiology of animal diseases. Abattoir study also plays a significant role to know about the extent of exposure of the public to certain zoonotic diseases and helps in estimation of the financial losses due to condemnation of affected organs.&nbsp;Even in India, there is a lack of data from a proper slaughterhouse study of cows in Mizoram to determine the prevalence of pathological lesions affecting the organs and corpses. 
 
Methods: Total of 90 samples of each organ i.e. liver, lungs, kidneys, heart, spleen and 35 intestine samples were collected during the period from March 2019 to March 2020 for the present study from the Govt. slaughterhouse, Aizawl, Mizoram. Representative tissue samples were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF) for further histopathological analysis. Fixed tissue samples processed through paraffin embedding technique and sections were cut at a 4-5 m thickness, stained with H and E and special staining like Masson&rsquo;s trichrome, Luna-Ishak, Von Kossa and Perl&rsquo;s.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Among all the organs studied, liver (65.55%) showed the highest prevalence of pathological lesions followed by intestine (42.86%), lungs (38.88), kidneys (35.55%), heart (31.11%) and spleen (20%). Circulatory disturbances were the most common pathological lesion encountered in all the organs. The major pathological condition encountered in liver was hepatitis and fibrosis. Interstitial pneumonia was more prevalent in the lungs than bronchopneumonia. Glomerulonephritis was more common in the kidney than tubulo-interstitial nephritis. In the heart, Sarcocyst was more prevalent than myocarditis.</div>