<div>Background: Equine colic surgery is an expensive procedure and availability of reliable prognostic indicators aid in decision making process. This study aimed to evaluate clinical, hemato-biochemistry, ultrasonography, surgery and peritoneal cytology / intestinal histology as prognostic indicators (based on strangulating vs non-strangulating lesion) for equine colic surgery.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Fifteen equines {13 females and 2 males; 5 Thoroughbred, 9 Marwari and one mule} operated for intestinal colic were investigated. The feeding history, pre and post-surgery clinical, hematological and biochemical findings were recorded. Pre and post-surgery ultrasonography, peritoneal cytology and intestinal histology were done. Three equine were euthanized intra-operatively and 12 were followed for short and long term outcome.&nbsp; 
 
Result: On surgery, three equine were diagnosed for strangulating (right dorsal displacement of large colon, large colon volvulus and small colon strangulation) and 12 for non-strangulating colic {impaction (3), fecalith (5), sand colic (2), foreign body (1) and small intestine ileus (1)}. Detection of polymorphonuclear cells alone or with lymphocytes on peritoneal fluid cytology was indicator of good prognosis. Feeding of wheat straw is major predisposing factor for non-strangulating colic in Marwari breed but had favorable surgical prognosis (7/9=77.78%). While Thoroughbreds, not on wheat straw, are susceptible to strangulating colic that require early referral for favorable surgical outcome. Prolonged capillary refill time, injected mucous membranes, absent borborygymi, high serum creatine kinase and glucose are poor prognostic indicators for colic surgery. Thoroughbred equine with severe pain, elevated levels of Hb, neutrophils, packed cell volume (PCV), serum glucose and low peritoneal total protein are indicators of strangulating lesion. The equine colic surgery bears a very good short term (10/12=83.33%) and excellent (10/10=100%) long term outcome.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Evaluation of Clinical, Laboratory and Ultrasonography Variables as Prognostic Indicators in Equine Colic Surgery</div>

<div>Background: Gastro-intestinal anastomosis is mostly performed to correct the gastro-intestinal surgical disorders like gastro-intestinal obstruction, abdominal trauma, perforated bowel, intussusception and intestinal neoplasia etc. In early periods conventional intestinal anastomosis was followed which evolved into a seromuscular pattern of suture technique in recent years. Stapled anastomosis have a higher tensile strength than sutured anastomosis, since they heal by primary intention with minimal inflammation. Taking above facts into consideration, this study was undertaken to compare the conventional suture with stapler anastomosis of gastro-intestinal surgery in dogs. 
 
Methods: Clinical cases of dogs which were reported to Small Animal Out-Patient (Surgery Unit) of Madras Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Chennai, with the symptoms of gastro-intestinal obstruction due to multifactorial causes formed the study material that were randomly divided into two groups of 6 dogs each. Group I Cases were treated with conventional suture, Group II were treated with gastrointestional anastomosis staplers. Plain and contrast radiography, ultrasonography, intestional anastomosis time, resumption of oral feeding, matrix metalloproteinase were performed. 
 
Result: Stapler technique was found to be superior, accurate and most effective than the conventional technique in terms of anastomotic constructing time, less bowel manipulation, tissue trauma, anaesthetic exposure, risk of peritoneal contamination, early resumption of gastro-intestinal motility and oral feeding, rapid healing at the anastomotic site and&nbsp; reduced hospital stay. Moreover the procedure was easy to perform and simple.&nbsp;</div>

A Comparative Study of Conventional Suture and Stapler Anastomosis for Gastro-intestinal Surgery in Dogs

<div style="text-align: justify;">Twenty adult dogs of either sex, divided into 2 equal groups were used for evaluation of atracurium (0.5 mg/kg IV) and vecuronium (0.1 mg/kg IV) in atropine-butorphanol-diazepam premedicated and propofol (till effect IV) induced dogs which were further maintained on isoflurane with controlled IPPV mode of the ventilator for positive pressure ventilation. A total of 13 ophthalmic and 7 orthopaedic interventions were done in both the groups. Pulmonary parameters were measured at baseline (pre-operative), just after induction and at 5, 15, 30 and 45 minutes after the administration of NMBA and the recovery parameters were recorded after weaning from the anaesthetic gas. The eyeballs deviated to the ventro-medial position after the induction with diazepam and propofol and resumed the central position within 30 seconds of atracurium or vecuronium administration thus, proving highly beneficial for the eye globe and corneal interventions. On a comparative basis, atracurium and vecuronium provided muscle relaxation for 40.1 &plusmn; 4.71 and 37.7 &plusmn; 1.01 minutes respectively. Uniform and pronounced muscle relaxation along with excellent sedation was found in both the groups. All pulmonary parameters remained within normal range. Following discontinuation of the isoflurane, the time taken to bear weight was 38.88 &plusmn; 1.45 and 39.63 &plusmn; 4.08 minutes in the atracurium and vecuronium groups respectively.&nbsp;</div>

Comparison of atracurium and vecuronium as muscle relaxants for ocular and orthopaedic interventions in dogs

<div>Background: Felines have higher metabolic and heart rates than canines and therefore are considered to be the delicate subjects for anaesthesia and pain management. Major surgeries in felines require balanced anaesthesia with smooth and fast induction, longer duration of action and faster and excitement free recovery.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was conducted on 24 clinical cases of cats, subjected to conventional and endoscopic surgeries for abdominal affections, premedicated with atropine and dexamethasone at the rate of 0.04 and 0.2 mg/kg body weight to assess the&nbsp; anaesthetic effect of tiletamine-zolazepam combination at the rate of 8mg/kg body weight IM in group A (n=12) and propofol @ 8 mg/kg body weight IV in group B (n=12) respectively as inducing agent to isoflurane maintained anaesthesia. 
 
Result: The mean induction time were 421.9&plusmn;69.47 seconds (7.03&plusmn;1.16 minutes) in group A and 56.2&plusmn;0.43 seconds (0.94&plusmn;0.01 minute) in group B. In both the groups quality of induction was smooth with rapid loss of all reflexes allowing easy intubation. A significant drop in rectal temperature at 15 min&nbsp; post induction with minimal alterations in heart rate, respiration rate and saturated oxygen level were observed. The mean time of recovery recorded were 75.91&plusmn;8.1 minutes in group A and 88.2&plusmn;10.2 minutes in group B. Smooth, rapid and good quality recovery was observed in both the anaesthetic groups; however, propofol-induced transitory hypothermia and shivering, lowered the quality of recovery in group B. All the physiological and hematological parameters were in normal limits.</div>

Comparative Study on the Anaesthetic Effect of Tiletamine-zolazepam and Propofol as an Induction Agent for Conventional and Endoscopic Abdominal Surgeries in Domestic Cats

Background: Comparative evaluation of MO-AgNP versus triclosan coated polyglactin 910 via evaluation of antibacterial activity and clinical wound healing of dogs undergoing oral mucosal surgeries. 
 
Methods: In this randomized study, 18 dogs were divided into three groups of 06 animals each. Group I was control group in which uncoated polyglactin 910 suture material was used. In group II, triclosan coated polyglactin 910 and in group III, MO-AgNP coated polyglactin 910 was used to analyse of antibacterial activity of MO-AgNP and healing index of oral mucosa of dogs. 
 
Result: Group III showed significant reduction in cfu/ml from 3.69&plusmn;0.18 to 2.77&plusmn;0.21 in comparison to group II (4.43&plusmn;0.31&nbsp;&nbsp; to 4.02&plusmn; 0.39) and group I (3.70&plusmn;0.17 to 3.36&plusmn;0.21) on day 0 and 10 respectively. Healing index was significantly higher on day 03 (03.66&plusmn;0.21) and day 10 (4.33&plusmn;0.21) in group III animals in comparison to 2.50&plusmn;0.22 and 2.83&plusmn;0.47 in group II and 2.16&plusmn;0.31 and 2.50&plusmn;0.34 in group I respectively.

Evaluation of Phytosynthesized Silver Nanoparticle Coated Polyglactin 910 in Oral Mucosal Surgery of Dogs

<div>Background: Bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma also called cancer eye, represents the most economically important neoplasm in large animals. Hereditary factors, environmental factors (e.g: latitude, altitude, exposure to sunlight), lack of eyelid pigmentation, age and dietary habits have all been reported to play a role in the etiopathogenesis of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, in cattle the etiology has been linked to a number of viral agents, especially bovine papilloma virus and bovine herpes virus type 1 and 5. Nevertheless, ultraviolet light, viruses and circumocular pigmentation are the major epidemiologic risk factors for the development of the tumor. The efficacy of different treatment modalities for eye cancer in bovines was studied. 
 
Methods: All the animals were divided in to four groups of six animals each. Surgical excision, intra lesion BCG vaccine, surgery with auto vaccine and surgery with mitomycin was the treatment protocols followed. Immunohistochemical studies were conducted to know the rate of proliferation of bovine ye cancer. Immunopositive reaction was observed against Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in all the cases. 
 
Result: The benefits of different treatment modalities depended on nature, type, location and extensiveness of tumor.&nbsp;Early detection and aggressive treatment were essential in the successful management of these tumors. A multimodal treatment approach was recommended with surgery, immunotherapy and chemotherapy in providing 100% disease free interval.</div>

Efficacy of Different Treatment Modalities for Eye Cancer in Bovines

<div>
<div>Background: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of supracondylar plate for repair of distal femoral fractures in dog. The distal extremity of femur is the greatest weight bearing area, supracondylar plate is an orthopaedic plate system that is pre-contoured to the complex shape of the lateral surface of the canine distal femur. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The study was conducted on six dogs presented with femur fracture to the Department of Surgery and Radiology, CVSc., Hyderabad over a period of 6 months (2020-21). Diagnosis based on the clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and radiography. Three fractures in right hind limb and three in the left limb. In dogs weighing less than 10 kg (N=3) were stabilized using 2.7 mm&nbsp;supracondylar plate while in dogs weighing more than 10 kg (N=3), 3.5 mm supracondylar plates were used. Right supracondylar plates of 2.7 mm were used in one dog while left supracondylar plates of 2.7 mm were used in two dogs. Similarly, right supracondylar plates of 3.5 mm were used in two dogs and left supracondylar plate of 3.5 mm in one dog. All the three right were 8 H while two left were 8 H and one was 6 holed. All the dogs showed partial weight bearing from 1st post-operative day. Lameness grading on pre-operatively showed grade V. Post-operatively, five dogs progressed to grade I lameness on 60th post-operative day and one dog to grade III lameness by the end of 60th post-operative day and later progressed to grade I by 120th post-operative day. The mean lameness pre-operatively and on 1st day, 15th day, 30th day, 60th day post- operatively were found to be 5.00&plusmn;0.00, 4.00&plusmn;0.00, 2.00&plusmn;0.25, 1.66&plusmn;0.33, 1.3&plusmn;0.30 and 1.00&plusmn;0.00 respectively. Radiographs obtained on the 60th post-operative day revealed dense callus of reduced size; fracture line barely visible with corticomedullary remodelling. The radiographs obtained on the 90th post-operative day clearly shows complete formation of bone with distinct cortex and medulla. Primary bone healing with minimal callus formation was recorded in case 5. 
 
Result: The supracondylar plate was successfully used in the treatment of distal femur fractures in dogs. Its configuration permitted early return to function of dogs affected with distal femur fractures.</div>
</div>

A Clinical Study on the Use of Supracondylar Plate in the Treatment of Distal Femoral Fractures in Dogs

<div>Background: Elastic stable intramedullary nailing has become a widely accepted, standard surgical technique for the repair of long bone diaphyseal fractures in children and adolescents however, references for its use in veterinary practice are still rare.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on ten clinical cases, selected randomly irrespective of their age, sex and breeds; diagnosed with long bone diaphyseal fractures. Titanium elastic intramedullary nailing was performed in all the cases. Clinical, orthopaedic and radiographic examinations were performed pre-operatively, just after surgery and at 15th, 30th and 60th post-operative days.&nbsp; 
 
Result: There was an increase in the mean weight bearing score during standing and walking from 0th day to 60th post-operative day. Post-operative radiographic examinations revealed increase in the mean values of bone formation score and bone union scores. The nails were removed easily in all the cases on 60th post-operative day. Five cases had complications; delayed wound healing (n=1) and slight nail migration from insertion site (n=4) which were managed conservatively and by cutting the extra lengths of the migrated nails. The clinical outcome on the basis of functional limb usage was excellent in seven cases, good in two cases and fair in one case. Overall, titanium elastic stable intramedullary nailing had good efficacy with respect to weight bearing in dogs without any systemic adverse effect.</div>

Titanium Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing for the Repair of Long Bone Fractures in Dogs

Background: Mammary neoplasms are the most common tumours in the bitch. Even though surgery remained the treatment of choice for mammary gland tumours except those with inflammatory carcinomas or distant metastasis; it did not seem to reduce the chances of recurrence in case of malignancy in dogs. Other alternatives to surgery are chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy etc. The major disadvantage of chemotherapeutic agents was the lack of selectivity for tumour cells. To overcome this problem, electrochemotherapy could be used as a single or as an adjuvant therapy to surgery which could be used for treatment of inoperable tumours. Cisplatin and bleomycin are the two chemotherapeutic agents used in veterinary oncology for electrochemotherapy. This study was carried out on clinical cases of mammary tumours to study and compare the efficacies of electrochemotherapy using Cisplatin and bleomycin 
 
Methods: The research was carried out on clinical cases of canine mammary tumour presented to the Small Animal Surgical Out-Patient Unit of Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital for a period of one year from September 2018 to May 2021. Routine Clinical, Haematological, Biochemical and Radiographic evaluations were performed. Twelve dogs with mammary tumours, with a single solitary lump were selected for the study irrespective of the age, breed and location. Group I Cases were treated by electrotherapy with cisplastin and Group II were treated&nbsp; by electrotherapy with bleomycin intralesionally&nbsp; following which surgical excision was performed.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Most cases in the cisplatin group produced partial response (3/6) according to the response evaluation criteria, whereas most cases in the bleomycin group produced complete response (100% regression). Bleomycin was comparatively more efficient (1.7 times) than cisplatin in electrochemotherapy for mammary tumours. The time under anaesthesia was low which makes this procedure a suitable alternative to geriatric dogs that cannot be anaesthetised for a longer duration for surgery.

Electrochemotherapy for Mammary Tumour in Dogs

<div>Background: Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) also known as infectious sarcoma, venereal granuloma, transmissible lymphosarcoma or sticker tumour is usually transmitted through coitus and mainly affects the external genitalia of young sexually matured dogs. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy are considered as effective treatment protocols. Therefore, depending upon the availability present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of different surgico-chemotherapeutic protocols for treatment of canine transmissible venereal tumour. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted during January 2018 to July 2018 at the Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex (TVCC) and Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Anjora, Durg (C.G.) on 18 canines of various breed, irrespective of age, sex and divided into three groups consisting 6 animals in each group. Group A was treated with surgical excision of tumour only where as Group B and Group C were treated with surgical excision of tumour followed by administration of Doxorubicin (30mg/m2) BSA and Vincristine sulphate (0.025 mg/kg) intravenously alongwith DNS at 7th and 14th post-operative days respectively. Different physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters (Hb, PCV, TLC, TPC, DLC, serum glucose, TSP, SUN, SC, ALT, AST and ALP) were recorded preoperatively, postoperatively and after chemotherapy at 10th, 30th and 60th days intervals. 
 
Result: The present investigation showed transient changes in physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters before, post surgery and post chemotherapeutic management and was within normal range. Histopathological examination revealed confluent sheet of tumour cells arranged in large round oval or polyhedral shaped distributed in tight clusters or cords. Group A showed mild to moderated reoccurrence while Group B showed minimum reoccurrence. Group C showed no reoccurrence. Thus, surgery combined with vincristine therapy is most effective for treating dogs suffering with transmissible venereal tumour.</div>