<div>The present investigation was carried out with the objective to study the productive and reproductive performances of dairy cattle under organic farming systems. Total 24 medium to high yielding cattle has been selected for the study, out of which 12 were reared under organic management system and 12 under conventional management system. For cows maintained under organic management system, the animals were fed ad lib quality green fodder grown organically and limited quantity (1.5 to 2.0 kg/cows/day) of concentrate mixture. Production and reproduction performance of animals of both the groups were compared. The results revealed that the reproductive performance was better in cows maintained under organic production management system than their conventional counterparts. The study on milk quality in terms of composition revealed significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher fat % of milk, while lower (P&lt;0.05) protein % of milk for the cows maintained under organic system as compared to those under conventional system. It can be concluded that the organic management system of dairy cows can be beneficial as depicted by better reproductive efficiency of cows with higher fat % of the milk.</div>

<div>Effect of organic production system on productive and reproductive performance of cattle</div>

<div>Background:&nbsp;Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers causes&rsquo; harmful impact on soil, environment and human being, hence demand of organic food products has shot up recently. Organic farming aims to optimization of crop productivity rather than its maximization through renewal and strengthening of ecological processes and functions of whole ecosystem. Limited varieties information is available on long term performance of pulse crop varieties under organic cultivation system so far. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the growth and yield performance of green gram varieties under organic production system. 
 
Methods: Eight varieties of green gram were studied under organic production system. Experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The recommended dose of nutrients for green gram is 15:40:00 kg ha-1 and manures were applied on nitrogen equivalent basis through organic sources. The observations on growth and yield parameters of green gram were recorded at the time of harvesting. Soil and plant samples were collected at time of harvest and analyzed for available nutrients in soil and nutrient content in seed samples. 
 
Result: The maximum plant height at harvest (62.47cm), number of primary branches per plant (5.18), number of pods per plant (27.27), number of seeds per pod (11.27) with highest seed yield (809.80 kg ha-1) exhibited by variety MUM-2 followed by RMG-975 (802.47 kg ha-1) and lowest seed yield (617.80 kg ha-1) was found in the variety MSG-118. MUM-2 variety recorded highest plant nutrient status as compared to other varieties. Among eight varieties of green gram MUM-2 and RMG-975 found better for organic farming in terms of growth, seed yield and quality aspects.</div>

Performance of Green Gram Varieties under Organic Production System

The urgent need to grow more food to feed the growing population has led to intensive farming with a lot of negative impacts on soil health as well as the ecosystem. To mitigate the negative impacts of conventional farming, the concept of organic farming has resurfaced. However, separate study of conventional and organic farming does not give a comparative assessment between two production system. The compensation of yield loss under organic farming could only be overlooked through enhancing the quality of produce. Good quality produce is just as important as quantity, yet quantity is typically prioritized. There is a myth that organically grown produce is superior and tastier than conventionally grown produce, yet this isn&rsquo;t always the case. So, it&rsquo;s high time to screen out the specific nutrient/ vitamin or any other quality parameter that can be enhanced through organic farming. So that agro-technique for organic fortification can be developed for the future researchers. Almost 71 research experiment were carefully studied and tried to assess the impact on organic farming on quality of produce. In developed and developing countries the area is increasing with an average growth rate of 20-25 %. Organically grown produce enhanced the mineral content especially phosphorous, and iron in rice, increased the protein content of maize by 8 to 19%, lysine content in wheat by 25-30%, ash and crude fat content in millets and oats and many more. Besides, improving physical appearances such as kernel length, elongation ratio of cereals, the cooking time has been greatly reduced in organic than inorganic production system. Even, the crude protein and oil contents greatly increased in the oilseed crops in organic production system over inorganic. However, variable response was reported in case of tuber crops, as quality parameters as well as organoleptic taste between conventional as well as organic farming system remained insignificant. However, few researchers reported significant increase in tuber dry matter content (20.92%) as well as quality traits for processing of tubers under organic farming system. Likewise, the oleoresin (5.26%) and essential oil (3.96%) contents of zinger rhizomes and curcumin (5.3%) and essential oil contents (4.2%) of turmeric greatly increased in organic production system over inorganic.&nbsp;

Quality Assessment of Different Agricultural Produce under Organic as Well as Inorganic Production System: A Review

Background: This study aimed to determine the direct and indirect effects of various agronomic traits on seed yield in common bean under contrasting conventional and organic cultivation systems using path coefficient analysis. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 at the research and trial area of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University. 
 
Methods: Common bean genotypes were grown under conventional and organic management systems using, a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Seed yield (SY) and ten related traits-emergence time (ET), plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), first pod height (FPH), pod length (PL), pod width (PW), pods per plant (PPP), seeds per pod (SPP), 100-seed weight (HSW) and biomass yield (BY)-were measured. 
 
Result: Correlation coefficients were calculated and path analysis was performed separately for each system to partition correlations into direct and indirect effects on seed yield. Correlation analysis revealed differing significant associations between traits under the two systems. Path analysis identified distinct pathways influencing seed yield. In the conventional system, Emergence Time (ET) exhibited the largest positive direct effect (P=1.143) on seed yield, indicating the importance of rapid establishment. However, Pods per Plant (PPP) showed a strong negative direct effect (P=-1.359), while 100-Seed Weight (HSW) also had a notable negative direct effect (P=-0.337). In contrast, under the organic system, Pods per Plant (PPP) exerted the strongest positive direct effect (P=0.567) on seed yield, followed by biomass yield (BY) (P=0.428) and emergence time (ET) (P=0.473). First pod height (FPH) showed the most substantial negative direct effect (P=-0.487) in the organic system. The influence of PPP on seed yield was notably contrasting, shifting from strongly negative under conventional management to strongly positive under organic conditions. The study highlights that the mechanisms determining seed yield in common bean differ significantly between conventional and organic systems. While rapid emergence was paramount in the conventional system, maximizing pods per plant was the key driver under organic conditions, alongside biomass accumulation. These system-specific yield determination pathways suggest that breeding programs and agronomic management strategies should be tailored to the target cultivation environment (conventional or organic) to optimize common bean seed yield.

System-specific Determinants of Seed Yield in Common Bean: Insights from Conventional and Organic Path Analyses

<div>Background: Indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers causes harmful impact on soil, environment and human being, hence demand of organic food products has shot up recently. Organic cultivation aims to optimization of crop productivity rather than its maximization through restoration and back up of ecological processes and functions of whole ecosystem. Limited varieties are available on long term performance of pulse crop varieties under organic farming system so far. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the growth and yield performance of cluster bean varieties under organic production system. 
 
Methods: In this field-laboratory investigation during 2016-2020, eight varieties of cluster bean were studied under organic production system. Experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The recommended quantity of nutrients for cluster bean is 15:40:00 kg NPK ha&ndash;1 and manures were applied on nitrogen equivalent basis through organic sources. The observations on growth and yield parameters of cluster bean were recorded at the time of harvesting. Soil and plant samples were collected at time of harvesting and analyzed for available nutrients in soil and nutrient content in seed samples. 
 
Result: Our investigation exhibited significant improvements in plant growth parameters, yield and yield attributes. The maximum plant height at harvest (123.53 cm), number of primary branches per plant (9.46), number of pods per plant (66.08), number of seeds per pod (8.66) with highest seed yield (1490.42 kg ha-1) were exhibited by variety RGC-1038 followed by RGC-1055 (1365.11 kg ha-1). Significant improvement in yield and yield attributes on the pooled basis were recorded in variety RGC-1038 followed by RGC-1055 and lowest seed yield (761.14 kg ha-1) was found in the variety RGC-986. RGC-1038 variety recorded highest plant nutrient status as compared to other varieties. The maximum net returns (Rs.48403/-) and B:C ratio (3.09) were recorded with the variety RGC-1038. Among eight varieties of cluster bean RGC-1038 and RGC-1055 found promising for organic farming in terms of growth, seed yield, quality and net return aspects.</div>

Growth, Yield and Quality of Cluster Bean Varieties as Influenced by Organic Production System

<div>Background: Health of soil is important being an integral part of any production system. As agroforestry aims to maintain the sustainability in the system, therefore, soil status under any agroforestry system plays key role. This study was conducted at Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni-Solan HP (India) under Morus based agroforestry system. 
 
Methods: The present investigation was carried out during 2016 from month of July to October for quantifying the effect of application of organic manures on soil physico-chemical properties under Morus based agroforestry system. Five soil samples from each experimental plot were collected separately and a single representative composite sample was drawn for each plot replicated three times. The analysis of soil was carried out with standard adopted procedures. 
 
Result: Findings of the study revealed that different organic manure combinations were having significant influence on various soil physico-chemical properties. Maximum improvement in terms of soil physico-chemical parameters was found for the application of 100% poultry manure. Further, soil properties were found to be better under the influence of tree canopy as compared to open condition suggesting key role of trees in improving soil properties.</div>

Influence of Organic Manures on Soil Physico-chemical Properties under Morus based Agrisilviculture System

Background: The chemical use is hitting the sustainability in soil and decreasing its potency. The imbalanced and continuous use of chemical fertilizers in intensive cropping system has led to reduction in the crop yields and resulted in imbalance of nutrients in soil which has adverse effect on soil physico-chemical properties. Organic and natural farming presents a valid alternative approach to conventional farming due to its potential to contribute quite substantially to the global food supply, while reducing the detrimental environmental impacts of conventional agriculture. Hence, the current experiment aimed to evaluate chickpea based intercropping system for their response with seed spices, linseed and sorghum to evaluate their growth, yield attributes and yield. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: This study was conducted during the rabi season of 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 in at Centre for Organic Agriculture Research and Training, Department of Agronomy and analytical work was conducted at Center for Organic Agriculture Research and Training laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Results revealed that among various intercropping systems, significantly taller plants along with higher LAI, dry matter accumulation, yield attributes and yield were observed under sole chickpea and in organic nutrient modules highest growth parameters, yield attributes and yield were recorded with integration of both organic and natural farming practices. 
&nbsp;

Chickpea Thrive: Unleashing Potential in Intercropping Systems with Different Organic and Natural Farming Practices

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), one of the most popular vegetables globally and rich in bio active compounds is an excellent model for studying under organic nutrition. There is need to evaluate the organic nutrition in wicking bed irrigation for the homestead cultivation of vegetables with tomato as a test crop using the liquid organic manures which are easy to prepare and affordable. A pot culture experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three replications during summer season 2022. The treatments were soil application of cow&rsquo;s urine and vermiwash at weekly intervals along with foliar application of panchagavya at 3%, vermiwash at 3%, moringa leaf extract at 4% and water spray at 20, 40 and 60 DAT. Irrigation was provided by sub irrigation to tomato through wicking bed. The experiment results revealed that organic nutrition had a significant effect on growth, yield attributes and yield of tomato. Basal application of enriched farmyard manure supplemented with soil application of vermiwash or cow&rsquo;s urine at weekly intervals along with foliar application of panchagavya at 3% at 20, 40 and 60 DAT could be recommended for enhanced productivity and profitability of tomato under wicking bed system.

Productivity and Profitability of Tomato under Organic Nutrition in Wicking Bed System

Background: Indonesia&rsquo;s soybean production is insufficient to meet the demand for domestic soybean consumption as 86.4% demand is met from imports. Climatic conditions strongly influence soybean production and its quality in Indonesia, so the agroforestry system are used to to boost soybean production. However, the weakness of the agroforestry system is the low light intensity resulting in lower production. This study examines the effect of various organic fertilizers on nutrient uptake and soybean yields in teak-based agroforestry systems.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study used a complete randomized block design with one factor, namely the type of fertilizer with seven levels, namely inorganic fertilizer (Urea 50 kg/ha, SP36 100 kg/ha and KCl 100 kg/ha), Indigofera tinctoria compost, corncob compost, peanut green manure, chicken manure, goat manure and cow manure (dose of 5 tons/ha) and repeated three times.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The type of fertilizer affects nitrogen and potassium uptake, root length and biomass, number of leaves, plant biomass and 1 ha soybean yield in a teak-based agroforestry system. Indigofera tinctoria compost produced the highest nitrogen and potassium uptake, 13.83 g and 2.77g. Nitrogen uptake is positively correlated with root length and plant biomass. The highest soybean yield in the peanut green manure treatment was 1.6 tons. Organic fertilizers increased nutrient uptake and soybean yields under teak stands compared to inorganic fertilizers.

Role of Organic Fertilizer Types on Nutrient Absorption and Soybean Yield in Teak-based Agroforestry Systems

Background: Intercropping has potential to increase land productivity by leveraging species complementarities and a means to achieve sustainable agricultural intensification. The mustard intercropping with other crops significantly modified the competition parameters when compared to their comparable sole crops. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: An experiment was carried out at Organic Research Farm, Karguaji, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, during Rabi 2021-22 to investigate the effect of mustard-based intercropping systems utilizing the skip-row method on efficiency indices under organic management. Nine treatments were investigated, including mustard, kabuli chickpea, field pea, fenugreek and desi chickpea as sole crops, mustard + kabuli chickpea, mustard + field pea, mustard + fenugreek and mustard + desi chickpea (1:2 ratio) in an intercropping system omitting one row of mustard. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Intercropping of mustard with desi chickpea showed positive trends in terms of efficiency indices with higher CGR (17.8 g.day-1cm-2), RGR (17.90 g.g-1.day-1), LER (1.64), MEY (26.7qha-1), CEY (25.87 qha-1) and ATER (1.64) which ultimately resulted in highest profitability (Rs 888 ha-1&nbsp;day-1).