<div>Background: Black gram (Vigna mungo) is one of the most important pulse crops grown throughout the country. It is hardy crop and fixes nitrogen in soil. Organic black gram fetch higher price in market i.e., Rs. 175 whereas other receive Rs. 120. Vermiwash, is one among the organic manures which has high potential to increase the crop growth and yield. Thus, present study aims to evaluate the influence of vermiwash prepared from different combination of organic sources on growth and yield of black gram. 
 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2018 at Organic Farming Unit, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, with nine treatments [T1= vermiwash from 100% cow dung, T2= vermiwash from 100% buffalo dung, T3= vermiwash from 50% cow dung + 25% dry farm waste + 25% green farm waste, T4= vermiwash from 50% buffalo dung + 25% dry farm waste + 25% green farm waste, T5= vermiwash from 90% green waste incubated with 10% cow dung, T6= vermiwash from 90% green waste incubated with 10% buffalo dung, T7= vermiwash from 90% dry waste incubated with 10% cow dung, T8= vermiwash from 90% dry waste incubated with 10% buffalo dung and T9= water spray (control)] and were replicated thrice in Randomize Block Design. 
 
Result: The result of experiment revealed that the application of vermiwash from 100% cow dung significant influence towards growth parameters and yield attributes thus achieved maximum seed yield, haulm yield and B:C ratio (2.3). On the basis of field performance, it may be concluded that the treatment T1(top dressing in two equal split application at the rate of 10% at initiation of flowering and 15 days after 1st spray) may be recommended as a better organic package of blackgram.</div>

Vermiwash Prepared from Different Combination of Organic Sources to Improve Growth and Yield of Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] for Organic Agriculture

<div>Background: Pulses are source of supplementary protein to daily diets based on cereals and starchy food for predominant vegetarian population. So, pluses are therefore often regarded as poor man&rsquo;s meat. Greengram is third most important pulse crop growing after chickpea and pigeon pea in India. For maintain soil health, better quality crop production, organic fertilizer managements play important role.&nbsp; &nbsp;</div>

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<div>Methods: The experiment on nutrient management thought organic sources in summer green gram conducted with aim to know the effect of organic nutrient management on the growth, yield and quality of green gram at College Agronomy Farm, B.A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during summer season of 2018 to 2020 in sandy loam soil of middle Gujarat. There were ten treatments of organic sources including no manures (control) treatment. They were replicated four times in randomized block design.</div>

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<div>Result: Three years experiment data revealed that application of vermicompost @0.5t/ha+Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB) reported higher plant height at harvest, number of pods per plant, test weight, seed yield, harvest index and net return and BCR. Green gram haulm yield and soil microbial count was significantly higher in treatment T6 (FYM @ 2.0 t/ha+Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB), treatment T8 (Castor cake @ 0.25 t/ha+Bio NP (Rhizobium and PSB), reported higher potassium content in haulm, Response of organic manures treatments found non-significant in case of initial plant population, plant height and number of branches per plant at 30 DAS, protein content, micronutrient content in seed, haulm and soil, except Mn in seed, heavy metal content in seed, haulm and soil, after harvest soil nutrient EC, organic carbon and available K2O, whereas same results also observed in case of nutrient content in seed and haulm.</div>

Nutrient Management Through Organic Sources in Summer Green Gram

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2013-14 at Dryland Farming Research Station, Bhilwara (Rajasthan) to study the effect of organic nutrient sources on productivity and profitability of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The experiment consisted of eight treatments having three organic sources viz., farmyard manure, vermicompost and poultry manure with or without rock phosphate and spray of vermiwsh was laid out in a randomized block design and replicated thrice. The organic sources comprising combined application of vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 and 0.35 t Rock phosphate produced significantly higher number of pods per plant (18.33), number nodules per plant (13.11), pod weight per plant (13.43 g), test weight (36.39 g) and shelling percentage (54.06), pod yield (1377 kg ha-1), halum yield (2944 kg ha-1) of groundnut over the no manure application and superior over rest the treatments. The pod yield increased due to application of vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 + 0.35 t Rock phosphate to the tune of 61.62 per cent over control. Application of vermicompost @ 1 t ha-1 + 0.35 t Rock phosphate gave highest net return (Rs. 41137 ha-1) and B: C ratio (3.19).

Influence of different organic nutrient sources on productivity and profitability of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in southern Rajasthan, India

<div style="text-align: justify;">A field experiment was carried out during kharif, 2012 to summer, 2013 under rainfed condition in the organic block of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat to find out the effect of different green manuring practices and other organic sources of nutrient on productivity of scented (joha) rice and their residual effect on linseed crop. Results revealed that though green manuring practice had no significant effect on yield and yield attributes of both scented (joha) rice and succeeding relayed linseed crop but higher values were recorded with the incorporation of dhaincha as in-situ green manuring in respect of all the yield attributes and yield of both the main and succeeding crops. Among various organic sources of nutrient, application of enriched compost produced the highest yield in both scented rice as well as linseed crop. The increase in grain yield of scented rice with enriched compost over the other sources of organic nutrient and control treatment ranged from 7.33 to 30.04 per cent. The corresponding increase in case of linseed crop ranged from 29.1 to 39.8 per cent which reflected better residual effects of both the sources of nutrient on linseed crop. The residual available nutrient contents in soil after harvest of linseed crop showed similar trends and increased all the major nutrients over their initial status.</div>

Influence of green manuring and organic sources of nutrient application on scented rice (Oryza sativa) - linseed (Linum usitatissimum) cropping system

<div>Background:&nbsp;Productivity of cowpea in our country is very low. So, there is need to take proper agronomic practices to enhance the productivity of cowpea and foremost important among them is foliar application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients exploiting genetic potential of crop. This is considered to be an efficient and economic method of supplementing part of nutrient requirement at critical growth stages of the crop. Foliar application is credited with the advantage of quick and efficient utilization of nutrients, elimination of losses through leaching, fixation and regulating uptake of nutrients by the plant. In view of above consideration, the experiment entitled &ldquo;Influence of foliar application of different organic sources on growth, yield and quality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) under varying levels of fertilizer&rdquo; was conducted with objectives to study the effect of different levels of fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of cowpea, to study the effect of foliar application of different organic sources on growth, yield and quality of cowpea, to study the interaction effect of different levels of fertilizer and foliar application of organic sources and to study the economics of different treatments. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;The field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri (M.S.) during Rabi 2019-20. Field experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design. The fertilizer levels comprised of three levels viz., F1: 100% RDF, F2: 75% RDF and F3: 50% RDF and foliar application consisted of five different organic sources viz., S0: Control, S1: Panchagavya @ 3%, S2: Vermiwash @ 10%, S3: Cow urine @ 5% and S4: Vasant urja @ 0.5%. There were 15 treatment combinations replicated three times. 
 
Result:&nbsp;It can be concluded that for growing cowpea, it should be supplied with 100% RDF and sprayed with panchagavya @ 3% or cow urine @ 5% foliar application, so as to obtain higher yield and economic returns.</div>

Effect of Foliar Application of Different Organic Sources and Levels of Fertilizer on Growth Attributes, Yield Attributes, Yield, Quality and Economics of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)

Background: Chickpea is the third most important food legume grown globally and provides nutritious food for an increasing world population. Considering the environmentally friendly and improves and maintains soil fertility force to use organic manures. The organic amendments like composts and vermicompost have a positive influence on the quality of soil. Further, combined application of Rhizobium and phosphate solubilizing bacteria along with organic manure has increased nodulation, growth and yield parameters in chickpea. In view of above consideration, the present investigation entitled &ldquo;nutrient management through organic sources in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)&rdquo; was carried out.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, B.A. College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand during three consecutive rabi seasons of 2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. 
 
Result: Based on three years investigation data clearly brought out that significantly taller plants, higher number of branches, number of pods per plant, seed index and seed yield were recorded in application of 10 kg nitrogen through vermicompost and bio-NP 1.0 litre ha-1, but it was at par with application of 10 kg nitrogen through NADEP along with Bio NP 1.0 litre ha-1 and 20 kg nitrogen through NADEP. Among all the treatment, higher value of BCR was observed under application of 10 kg nitrogen through vermicompost along with Bio NP 1 litre ha-1.

Nutrient Management Through Organic Sources in Chickpea

<div>Background: Copper (Cu) is an essential trace mineral for growth, production and health of poultry. Due to its poor absorption from inorganic source which is common supplemental form, large amount of Cu is excreted in the excreta. This experiment was conducted to assess the bioavailability of Cu from organic and nano sources at lower level of supplementation to reduce the excretion level without compromising the growth performance of chicken. 
 
Methods: A total of 420-day-old Giriraja chicks were randomly assigned to 7 treatment groups having 4 replicates each (15 chicks per replicate). The basal diets of both chick (0-6 weeks) and grower phases (7-10 weeks) were supplemented with 20 and 30 ppm of Cu from inorganic source as control (T1), the groups T2, T3 and T4 supplemented with 100, 75 and 50% of control from organic Cu, T5, T6 and T7 treatment diets supplemented with 75, 50 and 25% of control from Cu nanoparticles, respectively. 
 
Result: The grower phase and cumulative body weight gain was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T2 compared to T1, T6 and T7 groups, while the feed intake in chick phase was lower in T2, T5 and T7 groups as compared to T1, T3, T4 and T6. The chick phase feed conversion ratio was significantly (p&lt;0.05) better in T2 and T5 groups compared to T1, T3, T4, T6 and T7, whereas the cumulative FCR was better in T2 and T5 compared to T6 and T7 groups, while it was not affected during grower phase. The dry matter and crude protein metabolizability were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T2 and T5, the organic matter and ether extract metabolizability was higher only in T5. The crude fiber and nitrogen free extract was not affected by the treatment diets. Nitrogen excretion was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower and its retention was higher in T2 and T5 treatment groups but was comparable with control. The Cu excretion through excreta was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher and its retention was lower in control as compared to all dietary treatments. Hence, it was concluded that the Cu supplementation from organic or nanoparticles form can be reduced by 50 and 75% of standard, respectively without compromising the growth performance of birds and nutrient digestibility of diets.</div>

Effect of Reduced Dietary Copper Levels Sourced from Organic and Nanoparticles Forms on Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Giriraja Birds

<div style="text-align: justify;">Field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2009-10 and 2010-11, to study the effect of application of different sources organic manure and micro-nutrients on growth, &nbsp;productivity and quality of potato (Solanumtuberosum L.) grown under alluvial soil. The different sources of organic and micronutrients were integrated into 8 possible treatments viz. &nbsp;RDF (NPK @ 200 :150 :150 kg ha-1) , 50% of RDF + well decomposed FYM @ 10t ha-1, 50% of RDF + Well powder neemcake @ 0.5t ha-1,RDF+ Zinc sulphate @ 20kg ha-1as soil application, RDF + ammonium molybdate @ 1kg ha-1as soil application, RDF + sodium tetraborate @ 1kg ha-1as soil application, RDF + tuber soaking with 40g inc sulphate + 10g ammonium molybdate &nbsp;+ &nbsp;10g sodium tetraborate, RDF + foliar spray of 1% KnO3 salt. All the treatments resulted in improvement of growth and tuber yield characteristics, out of these treatments where organic sources of nutrient were integrated registered significantly maximum effect. Highest leaf area index, leaf area duration, dry matter production, tuber bulking rate and tuber yield &nbsp;in potato were recorded in the treatment &nbsp;50% recommended dose of NPK + 10t FYM ha-1, while the lowest was observed in 100 % inorganic fertilizer treatment (RDF). Organic treatment were also in favour of producing medium and large size tuber, whereas, micronutrient were in favour of producing extra large size tuber. Highest value of starch and reducing sugar content were also recorded under the treatment where the crop received organic manure.</div>

Integration of different sources of organic manure and micro-nutrients on growth, yield and quality of potato (Solanumtuberosum L.) grown under new alluvial soil condition

<div>Background: India generates about 50 million tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) every year. Composting MSW is viewed as a low-cost method of diverting organic wastes from landfills in to a valuable product of agricultural importance. Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is an organic matter rich with a small quantity of nitrogen, while rice hull ash is a good source of plant nutrients particularly of potash. Bagasse ash is a waste obtained from sugar industries and is capable of supplying significant amount of plant nutrients.&nbsp;The present investigation aimed to study the effect of organic sources of plant nutrients and industrial waste on yield and quality of radish as a supplementary source of plant nutrients. 
 
Methods: A pot trial investigation was carried out during 2019 at Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tami Nadu to study the influence of conventional and non-conventional organic sources of plant nutrients and industrial refuse on yield and quality of radish. Under this trial, FYM (12.5 t ha-1), Municipal Solid Waste Compost (25 t ha-1), Rice hull ash (5 t ha-1), Bagasse ash (10 t ha-1) with 100% RDF and 75% RDF were tried. 
 
Result: The present investigation under pot trial showed that the maximum radish root yield, shoot yield and quality were observed due to the application of organic sources of plant nutrients of both conventional and non-conventional organic sources and industrial refuse.</div>

<div>Influence of Conventional and Non-conventional Organic Sources of Plant Nutrients and Industrial Refuse for Yield and Quality Enhancement of Radish</div>

Background: The concept of combined use of both organic and inorganic fertilizer should be followed to prevent severe health hazards and to protect the environment. The combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers is an effective way to maintain nutrient supply, gives organic carbon to soil microbes and mobilizes soil-bound nutrients on decomposition through the release of organic acid. Combined use refers to combining all available nutrient sources, such as organic and inorganic sources with components in a prudent manner to create an environment that is both environmentally sound and economically ideal for farming. 
 
Methods: The experiment was conducted at the research farm of the School of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara (Punjab) during rabi season in the year 2021-2022. The objective of the study was to evaluate the &quot;Effect of organic and inorganic source of nitrogen on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)&quot;. Data recorded on different aspects of crop, viz., growth, yield attributes, yield, quality as well as soil chemical properties were recorded and subjected to statistical analysis. 
 
Result: Among various treatments 25% RDN with vermicompost + 75% RDN from inorganic fertilizers showed a significant impact on the growth and yield parameters of wheat crop. Significantly higher growth parameters viz., plant height, number of tillers m-2, dry matter and relative growth rate were observed in T12 (25% RDN with vermicompost + 75% RDN from inorganic fertilizers) of crop. It was also showed higher significant impact on yield attributes i.e., number of effective tillers-2, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, quality parameters as well as soil parameter like available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in T12 (25% RDN with vermicompost + 75% RDN from inorganic fertilizers).