<div>Background: External skeletal fixator (ESF) has been recommended as biological method to stabilize open fracture as it does not involves the wound site, besides protecting adjacent soft tissue structures. Considering the advantages of ESF, this study was envisaged with an objective to study the outcome of open fractures of radius-ulna and tibia-fibula stabilized with linear ESF in dogs. 
 
Methods: This study included 17 dogs suffering from open long bone fractures of radius-ulna and tibia-fibula, divided into three groups; linear ESF type I or II (group I, n=8) and type III (group II, n=3). In group III (n=6), open fractures were initially treated using conservative methods i.e management of open wound till complete healing followed by delayed internal fixation using intramedullary pin or bone plating. 
 
Result: Majority of the open fractures of radius-ulna and tibia-fibula were transverse (64.71%), involving distal third diaphysis (47.06%) in heavy weight (54.55%), 1-3 year old (64.71%), non-descript (35.29%), male (88.23%) dogs due to automobile accidents (58.82%). Neutrophilic (81.47&plusmn;4.45%) leukocytosis (24610&plusmn;2461.88 per cumm) and elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase were observed. Staphylococcus spp. was the common isolated bacteria sensitive to Gentamicin, Cefotaxime, Tobramycin, Amikacin and Neomycin. High per cent fractures (83.33%) in group III had acceptable functional outcome as compared to fractures treated with linear ESF (55.55%) in groups I and II. Osteomyelitis due to pin tract infections was the major complication (8/11; 72.7%) recorded in ESF groups (Group I and II) that lead to delayed and/or nonunion. Weight bearing score improved markedly after removal of the ESF frame. In conclusions, immediate fixation of the long bone fracture using linear ESF in the presence of open contaminated / infected wounds leads to unacceptable outcome. Poor animal compliance, pin tract discharge, osteomyelitis, delayed union and nonunion are major complications associated with linear ESF. Conservative management of the open fracture wound using standard treatment for 2-3 weeks till complete wound healing followed by internal fixation with intramedullary pin or bone plate is recommended for open long bone fractures in dogs.</div>

<div>Outcome of Open Long Bone Fractures in Dogs Stabilized with Linear External Skeletal Fixator</div>

Background: Fractures in domestic carnivores are frequently seen in veterinary medicine in the world and are mostly due to impacts inflicted by car injury, trauma, or falls. Fracture type and pattern influence treatment choice.&nbsp; No data are available on long bone fracture in Algiers to provide young veterinarians in developing countries with information on these fractures and their practical treatment options. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: Cases of long bone fractures were identified from files of patients presented for surgical consultation at the Surgical Department of the Higher National Veterinary School of Algiers. Characteristics, such as age, sex, circumstances and fracture classification were analysed. The type of selected treatment was also noted, as was the follow-up, when possible. 
&nbsp; 
Result: A total number of 66 fractures was recorded. Cats were more affected than dogs representing 70.7% versus 29,3% of the animals showing limb fractures (n=58). The proportions of males and females were respectively 65.9% and 34.1% in cats and 70.6% and 29.4% in dogs. Young animals under 12 months of age represented 82,9% of cats and 64.7% of dogs. Fall from a height was the primary cause in both cats and dogs (51.2% and 58.8%). Fracture of the femur was the most common fracture (51.1% in cats and 47.4% in dogs). Femoral fractures in cats were present on the proximal bone end in over 50 percent of cases. Among these, Eighty-three percent affected the head and/or neck of the bone. Most fractures were closed. Open fractures (23.4% in cats and 5.3% in dogs) affected the lower bones.&nbsp; Animals were treated by pinning, femoral head ostectomy, casting and, amputation (on open fractures of grade II and III). Assessing clinical outcome revealed that recovery in animals having undergone intramedullary pinning or cross pinning and femoral head ostectomy was estimate good in 96,43% of cases in cats and 77.78% in dogs. 
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Long Bone Fractures in Cats and Dogs: Characteristics and Available Treatment in Algiers: A Retrospective Study of 66 Fractures

<div>The objective of this study was to evaluate the various prognostic factors affecting outcome of metacarpal and metatarsal fracture repaired using external coaptation (straight or &lsquo;U&rsquo; shaped aluminium splints and fibreglass cast) in bovine. The study investigated 100 bovines (37 buffaloes and 63 cattle) with 103 fractures (3 cattle with bilateral metacarpal fracture) presented during one year of study. Out of these, 10 were euthanized prior to the treatment, 23 died during the course of treatment and 7 were lost to follow up. Thus, out of the remaining 60 bovines with 61 fractures; 35 cattle with 36 fractures (10 metacarpal and 26 metatarsal) and 25 buffaloes (19 metacarpal and 6 metatarsal) were evaluated for the survival outcome of fractures. Cattle with metacarpal or metatarsal fractures were found to be about two times more prone to become open leading to unfavourable outcome (recumbency and death) as compared to that of buffaloes. The survival outcome as healed fracture of closed metacarpal and metatarsal, irrespective of species, was 100% and it was 33% more than that of the open fractures. In conclusion, the aluminium &lsquo;U&rsquo; shaped splint with fiberglass cast was found to be suitable and economical method for the management of metacarpal /metatarsal fractures in adult cattle and buffaloes; whereas for the young and light weight bovines side splints with fiberglass cast involving hoof was recommended. The age and weight of animal, duration and cause of fracture, quality of first aid provided and radiographic type of fracture influenced the occurrence of open fractures, mortality and the survival outcome of metacarpal and metatarsal fractures repaired using external coaptation in bovines.</div>

<div>Prognostic Factors Associated with Successful Outcome of Metacarpal and Metatarsal Fractures Repaired Using External Coaptation in Bovines</div>

<div>Background: Radius-ulna is the most frequently fractured bone of the pectoral limb in dogs with high predisposition to distal fractures. The smaller size of the distal fragment and open physis restrict the use of rigid fracture fixation techniques in distal fractures of growing dogs. Titanium elastic nails (TENs) are recommended in medical practice to stabilize long bone fractures in children. There is paucity of literature on TENs for the repair of radius-ulna fractures in dogs.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This clinical study enrolled 10 dogs (7 grey hound and one each of Crossbred, Pomerenarian and Siberian Husky) suffering from distal radius-ulna (6 transverse and 4 short oblique) fractures since a mean&plusmn;SD duration of 3.40&plusmn;4.5 days. The mean&plusmn;SD age and body weight of the dogs was 12.60&plusmn;6.45 months and 14.09&plusmn;6.41 kg, respectively. All except one fracture was stabilized with two TENs inserted into the medullary canal of radial bone in a normograde manner from distal to proximal end using open cranio-lateral surgical approach.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Majority fractures achieved satisfactory reduction (n=8), radiographically. Weight bearing scores on walking increased gradually from day 12 (1.62&plusmn;1.51) to 45th (2.57&plusmn;1.51), day 60th (3.75&plusmn;0.5) and day 90 (4.0&plusmn;0). Five dogs had uneventful recovery whereas remaining had major (n=2) or minor (n=3) complications. The length of the operated bone was non-significantly lesser as compared to contralateral healthy bone on day 60. Goniometric assessment of carpal joint of operated limb showed restricted range of motion on day 12 that improved to the near normal as contralateral healthy limb on day 60. Long-term results showed full (9) and acceptable (1) functional outcome. In conclusions, the TENs technique is simple and less invasive alternative fixation technique for distal radius-ulna fractures in young and light weighing dogs. As per authors, this is the first report on the use of TENs for the management of radius-ulna fracture in dogs.&nbsp;</div>

Titanium Elastic Nails for Distal Radius-ulna Fractures in Young Dogs

<div>Background: Long bone fracture in small animals has become a problem of concern in urban areas as well as rural areas because of road accidents. Canine long bone fracture cases presented at surgery wards of the hospital during 2017-20 were analysed for determining their incidence, occurrence and classification of fractures. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on long bone fractures in dogs presented to the surgery ward of SVVU Super Speciality Veterinary Hospital, Visakhapatnam from 2017 to 2020. Detailed history and signalment was followed by detailed physical examination to determine the site of fracture, extent of soft tissue swelling and presence of open wounds. Radiographic evaluation was done to localize the seat of fracture, to identify the type of fracture and to find out relation between the fracture fragments.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Of all the cases of dog patients presented to the surgery ward 2.02% were diagnosed to have fracture of different bones.&nbsp;Fracture of long bones (326), comprised 1.50% of total cases and 74.42% of fractures cases. The highest incidence was recorded in mongrel dogs and the most common affected bone was tibia fibula. Fall from height was reported as an etiological factor in majority of the cases and Juvenile group of animals was found more affected.</div>

Incidence, Occurrence and Classification of Long Bone Fractures in Dogs: A Retrospective Study

<div>
<div>Background: The current study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical efficacy of supracondylar plate for repair of distal femoral fractures in dog. The distal extremity of femur is the greatest weight bearing area, supracondylar plate is an orthopaedic plate system that is pre-contoured to the complex shape of the lateral surface of the canine distal femur. 
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Methods: The study was conducted on six dogs presented with femur fracture to the Department of Surgery and Radiology, CVSc., Hyderabad over a period of 6 months (2020-21). Diagnosis based on the clinical signs, orthopaedic examination and radiography. Three fractures in right hind limb and three in the left limb. In dogs weighing less than 10 kg (N=3) were stabilized using 2.7 mm&nbsp;supracondylar plate while in dogs weighing more than 10 kg (N=3), 3.5 mm supracondylar plates were used. Right supracondylar plates of 2.7 mm were used in one dog while left supracondylar plates of 2.7 mm were used in two dogs. Similarly, right supracondylar plates of 3.5 mm were used in two dogs and left supracondylar plate of 3.5 mm in one dog. All the three right were 8 H while two left were 8 H and one was 6 holed. All the dogs showed partial weight bearing from 1st post-operative day. Lameness grading on pre-operatively showed grade V. Post-operatively, five dogs progressed to grade I lameness on 60th post-operative day and one dog to grade III lameness by the end of 60th post-operative day and later progressed to grade I by 120th post-operative day. The mean lameness pre-operatively and on 1st day, 15th day, 30th day, 60th day post- operatively were found to be 5.00&plusmn;0.00, 4.00&plusmn;0.00, 2.00&plusmn;0.25, 1.66&plusmn;0.33, 1.3&plusmn;0.30 and 1.00&plusmn;0.00 respectively. Radiographs obtained on the 60th post-operative day revealed dense callus of reduced size; fracture line barely visible with corticomedullary remodelling. The radiographs obtained on the 90th post-operative day clearly shows complete formation of bone with distinct cortex and medulla. Primary bone healing with minimal callus formation was recorded in case 5. 
 
Result: The supracondylar plate was successfully used in the treatment of distal femur fractures in dogs. Its configuration permitted early return to function of dogs affected with distal femur fractures.</div>
</div>

A Clinical Study on the Use of Supracondylar Plate in the Treatment of Distal Femoral Fractures in Dogs

<div>Background: Fracture repair is one of most common procedure carried out by veterinary clinicians. Fracture healing most of the time associated with delayed union, non-union and mal-uinon. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical, haemato-biochemical and radiological outcome in patients after implantation of &beta;-tricalcium phosphate as a bone graft substitute to promote the fracture healing. 
 
Methods: Eight clinical cases brought to the clinics with femur fracture were divided into two groups viz. A and B, with four animals in each group. Femur fractures were stabilized with intramedullary pinning and &beta;-TCP biomaterial and intramedullary pinning and &beta;-TCP plus autologous bone marrow aspirate (BMA) composite in group A and B respectively. The efficacy of fixation was studied on the basis of clinical evaluation, haemato-biochemical and radiographical parameters on day 0 and on 7th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th post-operative day.&nbsp; 
 
Result: Excellent weight bearing was noticed in group B. The overall functional outcome in group B was better in comparison to group A animals. Haematological parameters viz. haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count did not differ significantly within and between the groups. The biochemical parameters viz. serum calcium increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) on 7th and 15th post-operative day. A significant reduction in serum alkaline phosphatase level observed on successive post-operative days in both groups. Radiographs of fractures treated in both the groups showed good reduction and fracture fixation, early signs of fracture healing in group B than group A animals. The size of callus formation was more in group A than group B. No any graft related complications observed during the study period. The &beta;-tricalcium phosphate facilitated fracture healing and early ambulation of affected limb.</div>

<div>Evaluation of &beta;-Tricalcium Phosphate Biomaterial in Femur Fracture Repair in Dogs</div>

<div>Background: Penile fractures are caused by the rupture of the tunica albuginea and the underlying layers of corpus cavernosum as a result of the exposure of the erect penis to blunt trauma. Although conservative treatment methods have been recommended in former studies, recent studies favor early surgical options. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a blood product rich in cytokines and several growth factors, obtained from the patient&rsquo;s own blood commonly used to stimulate healing in acute and chronic wound treatments. The efficiency of homologous PRP treatment in rats with penile fractures have been assessed in terms of clinical manifestation and histopathological findings in the present study. 
 
Methods: Thirty-five rats were randomly divided into five groups, each containing seven rats as follows: 1. Conservative group: Following the formation of penile fracture, medical interventions were not initiated on fracture area and the wound was left for secondary healing. 2. Bandage group: Following the formation of penile fracture, self-adherent elastic bandage (3M Coban) was applied to the fracture area for three days. 3. Primary repair group: Following the formation of a penile fracture, the lacerated area was repaired with 7/0 vicryl primary sutures. 4. Primary repair + Homologous Platelet Rich Plasma group: Before the operation, 10 cc of blood was taken from one rat under general anesthesia by intracardiac puncture and PRP material was prepared from this blood. Homologous PRP was topically administered on the wound in the fracture area and then the penile fracture was repaired with 7/0 vicryl as simple separate stitches. 5. Non-operative control group: Surgical procedures were not applied to this group; it was used as the control group. 
 
Result: The effect of the PRP treatments on the surgical repair options in the rats with penile fractures was investigated. The present findings revealed that following the repair with conservative treatments, the fracture format persisted and various complications like infection, oedema, excessive fibrosis and hyperemia were encountered. On the other hand, the best healing was achieved in primary repair + PRP group in terms of clinical manifestation and histopathological findings.</div>

​The Effect of Platelet Rich Plasma on Wound Healing in the Repair of Experimental Penile Fractures

<div>Background: Fractures are a major concern in Veterinary orthopedic surgery because they are often complicated into non unions. The present study was planned to evaluate the fracture healing by using hydroxyapatite-collagen (HAp-Col) as a bone graft substitute and autologous bone marrow concentrate, after the internal fixation by titanium elastic pin. 
 
Method: The present work was conducted on 12 clinical cases of dogs having diaphyseal fracture of long bones. In group I (6 animals) fractures were immobilized by an internal fixation technique. In group II fracture was immobilized as in group I with use of autologous bone marrow concentrate along with Hydroxyapatite-collagen at the fracture site. The weight bearing and the progress of fracture healing were recorded. 
 
Result: Study showed early weight bearing and no observable lameness in group II as compared to group I animals. Fracture union was earlier and with minimum periosteal callus formation in one animal, five animals at 45 days and 60 days respectively while in group I fracture healing was observed in one animal, two animals at 60 day and 90 days respectively. On basis of result, it is concluded that Hydroxyapatite-collagen composite can be used as along with autolologus bone marrow concentrate as alternative therapy to bone graft in clinical cases to enhance the fracture healing. The use of autogenous and allogenic bone graft having some advantages which is overcome by this present technique.</div>

Evaluation of Autologous Bone Marrow Concentrate along with Hydroxyapatite-collagen for Management of Long Bone Fracture in Canines

<div>Background: Fracture is one of the common problems encountered in dogs. Fracture healing most of the times results into complications like delayed union, mal-union and non-union. To deal with these complications bone grafting is an important technique lying with clinicians. 
 
Methods: The present study was conducted on 14 clinical cases of dogs with femur fracture. After preliminary examination the dogs were randomly divided into two groups. In group A (n=8) fractures were managed by intramedullary pinning and in group B (n=6), fractures were managed by IM pinning and demineralised bone matrix (DBM) xenograft implantation at the fracture site. The efficacy of the treatment was assessed on the basis of clinical, hemato-biochemical and radiographic observation on day 0 and on 7th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th post-operative days.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The pain, lameness and weight bearing scores on the affected limb showed non-significant (P&gt;0.05) variations between the two groups on different post-operative intervals. The hematological parameters also varied non-significantly (P&gt;0.05) between the two groups. A significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in the serum alkaline phosphatase values was observed upto 30th post-operative day in group B animals as compared to group A animals and thereafter it gradually decreases and return to normal level on 60th post-operative day in both the groups. Radiographic scores were better in group B dogs. Early radiographic signs of fracture healing were observed in group B dogs than group A dogs. No any graft related complications were observed during the study.</div>

<div>&nbsp;</div>

Outcome of Open Long Bone Fractures in Dogs Stabilized with Linear External Skeletal Fixator

Long Bone Fractures in Cats and Dogs: Characteristics and Available Treatment in Algiers: A Retrospective Study of 66 Fractures

Prognostic Factors Associated with Successful Outcome of Metacarpal and Metatarsal Fractures Repaired Using External Coaptation in Bovines

Titanium Elastic Nails for Distal Radius-ulna Fractures in Young Dogs

Incidence, Occurrence and Classification of Long Bone Fractures in Dogs: A Retrospective Study

A Clinical Study on the Use of Supracondylar Plate in the Treatment of Distal Femoral Fractures in Dogs

Evaluation of β-Tricalcium Phosphate Biomaterial in Femur Fracture Repair in Dogs

The Effect of Platelet Rich Plasma on Wound Healing in the Repair of Experimental Penile Fractures

Evaluation of Autologous Bone Marrow Concentrate along with Hydroxyapatite-collagen for Management of Long Bone Fracture in Canines

Clinical Evaluation Osteogenic Properties of Demineralised Bone Matrix (DBM) Xenograft in Femur Fracture in Dogs