<div>Background: Candlenut is one of the vegetable oil-producing plants as a source of biodiesel raw materials. One of the innovations is to increase the production and quality of candlenut oil by treating the kernels before roasting. Kernel condition (whole or fine powder) and roasting temperature affects and the oil production. This study aims to determine the condition of the kernel at various roasting temperatures on the production, yield and quality of the oil. 
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Methods: Using a one-factor completely randomized design, kernel conditions with variations in roasting temperature consists of 7 (seven) levels, such as T0= Finely ground kernel, without roasting; T1= Whole kernel, roasted at 80&deg;C for one hour, then mashed; T2= Whole kernel, roasted at 90&deg;C for one hour, then mashed; T3= Whole kernel, roasted at 100&deg;C for one hour, then mashed; T4= finely ground kernel, baked at 80&deg;C for one hour; T5= Finely ground kernel, baked at 90&deg;C for one hour; T6= Finely ground kernel, baked at 100&deg;C for one hour. Each treatment was repeated 5 times and further tested with Duncan&rsquo;s multiple range test at 0.01 level. 
 
Result: The results showed that the&nbsp; roasted fine powder kernels resulted in higher oil production, oil weight and oil yield compared to unroasted kernels and whole roasted kernels. The best results were found in finely ground kernels roasted at 90&deg;C. The roasting temperature lowers the free fatty acid content of the oil, whole kernels produce lower free fatty acids than finely ground kernels. The lowest free fatty acids were found in whole kernels baked at 90&deg;C.</div>

​Kernel Condition with Variations in Roasting Temperature on Yield and Quality of Candlenut Oil

<div>Canola is an important oilseed crop throughout the world and is grown in more than fifty-three countries. Planting geometry plays an important role in achieving higher production, because of an optimum number of crop plants per unit area and efficient utilization of available nutrients. Planting geometry has an effect on yield through its influence on light interception, rooting pattern and moisture extraction. Besides the research for best plant geometry, it is also essential to screen suitable varieties for procuring a higher yield of seed as well as oil. A field experiment entitled &ldquo;Role of agronomic interventions on quality and yield of oil in transplanted canola (Brassica napus L.)&rdquo; was carried out at Student&rsquo;s Research Farm, P.G. Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar during winter (rabi) season of 2021-2022 on sandy loam soil. The experiment was laid out in split plot design (SPD) with three replications and twelve treatment combinations comprising of three different varieties in main-plots viz., V1 (Kenola-1001), V2 (Hyola Adv-45) and V3 (GSC-7) with four planting geometries viz., S1 (45 cm x 10 cm), S2 (45 cm x 20 cm), S3 (45 cm x 30 cm) and S4 (45 cm x 40 cm) allotted in sub-plots. Among the varieties, GSC-7 recorded significantly higher oil yield and oil content (8.63 q ha-1 and 42.31%) as compared to Hyola Adv-45 (6.85 q ha-1 and 40.17%) and Kenola-1001 (5.70 q ha-1 and 38.33%). Among various planting geometries, S1 (45 cm x 10 cm) recorded significantly higher oil yield and oil content (8.44 q ha-1 and 42.92%). Significantly higher content of stearic acid (2.69%), palmitic acid (5.04%), linoleic acid (16.39%), linolenic acid (7.57%) and erucic acid (1.73%) were recorded in GSC-7 variety. Sub-plot treatment S1 recorded arithmetically improved stearic acid (2.51%), palmitic acid (4.60%), linoleic acid (15.72%), linolenic acid (7.21%) and erucic acid (1.62%) content compared to other treatments. Statistically improved protein content (24.72%) and NPandK (3.97%, 0.73% and 0.95%) was recorded in GSC-7.</div>

Role of Agronomic Interventions on Quality and Yield of Oil in Transplanted Canola (Brassica napus L.)

<div>Background: Intercropping is wildly practiced in oil palm plantation in Thailand for a long time. However, there are few studies connected to oil palm intercropping. This study evaluated the effects of perennial intercrops on the agronomic and yield traits of oil palm. 
 
Methods: The observation used a completely randomized design with eight treatments including oil palm monocropping, oil palm intercropped with Intsia palembanica, Hopea odorata, Swietenia macrophylla, Ternstroemia wallichiana, Azardirachta excelsa, Magnolia champaca and Mesua ferrea. The height and stem perimeter of intercrops were recorded as were the plant height and diameter, number of male and female inflorescences and sex ratio of the oil palms. Those parameters were observed in October 2019, February and June 2020. 
 
Result: Oil palm intercropped with A. excelsa produced the highest number of female inflorescences and oil palm intercropped with M. champaca produced the highest sex ratio in October 2019 and February 2020, however, the differences of those parameters were not found in June 2020. There were no significant differences in the diameter, height, the number of male inflorescences throughout the observation. Among the 7 intercrops, M. champaca and A. excelsa produced the highest growth rate of plant height and stem perimeter, respectively. In conclusion, oil palm can be intercropped with perennial plants. However, more research is needed to determine the long-term effects of intercropping in oil palm.</div>

<div>Effects of Perennial Intercrops on Oil Palm Agronomic and Yield Traits</div>

Background: Linseed, popularly known as flaxseed, is a prominent dual-purpose crop cultivated for both fiber and oilseed crops. It is especially valued for its rich nutritional profile, which includes alpha-linolenic acid, an essential omega-3 fatty acid, along with dietary fiber and lignans, making it more suitable for value addition and sustainable agriculture. Despite its adaptability and uses, it faces challenges such as grain yield followed by oil yield due to moisture stress. In the past few years, it has received special attention due to its industrial application and health benefits. Although the individual impact of seed priming, use of humic acid, and sulphur on healthy seedling establishment, crop growth, and oil yield under limited water conditions has shown the beneficial impact, their synergistic studies remain to be explored. Therefore, an integrated effort with seed priming, humic acid, and sulphur was implemented to mitigate the adverse response to moisture stress. 
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Methods: An experiment was executed using a split-plot design considering the most popular variety of linseed (LC 2063) over the research farm of Lovely Professional University. The main plot treatments consisted of three levels of irrigation: I0, I1, and I2, that is, no irrigation, moderate irrigation, and full irrigation, while subplots treatments comprised seven combinations, including seed priming with KNO3, humic acid, and sulphur used as soil application (C0&nbsp;to C6), whereas 15 mM of KNO3&nbsp;was used as seed priming and humic acid was used besal application @ 12 Kg ha-1. 
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Result: The frequency of irrigations had a significant impact (p=0.05) on the phenological traits in linseed. Out of all the irrigation frequencies, two irrigations (I2) minimized the days taken to the branching and 50% flowering, and maximized the days taken to maturity, number of capsules plant-1 and oil yield qt ha-1&nbsp;as compared to single (I1) and no post-sowing irrigation (I0). As for the percent increase or decrease over control is concerned, I2 reduced days by 16% and 13%, and increased maturity, number of capsules, and oil yield by 7%, 23% and 22%, respectively. The combined application of KNO3&nbsp; and humic acid (C5) was the most effective treatment at (p=0.05), significantly reducing days to emergence, branching, 50% flowering and maturity by 47, 18, 13, and 4% respectively, and enhancing maturity, number of capsules and oil yield by 4%, 38% and 32%. A negative relationship was detected between the relative water content (RWC%) and proline content (&micro;mol g-1) across the irrigation regimes, wherein I2&nbsp;showed the highest RWC and lowest proline. Among the chemical treatments, C5&nbsp;maintained the highest RWC% and proline, followed by C4&gt; C6&gt; C3&gt; C2&gt; C1&gt; C0. Most of the parameters studied had a significant interaction effect between the irrigation frequency and chemical treatments at (p=0.05), indicating that the combined application of C5&nbsp;with I2&nbsp;can markedly enhance oil yield in linseed.

Enhancing Linseed Oil Yield using the Synergistic Effect of Seed Priming, Humic Acid and Sulphur under Optimized Irrigation

<div>Stability analysis helps to identify superior genotypes suited to specific agro-ecological zones. The objective of the study was to determine stability and adaptability of fifteen soybean genotypes for seed yield, protein and oil contents by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis. The research was conducted at Eldoret, Lanet, Nakuru West and Njoro. AMMI analysis identified genotypes DPSB 8 and SBH 7/1/1 as most stable for seed yield with means above the trial mean of 1267 kg ha-1. Genotypes SBH 4/4/4, SBH 7/1/1, SBH 1/12/19 and Gazelle were stable for seed yield and oil content. Genotype DPSB 19 had high and stable protein content (402.8 g kg-1) with low seed yield. Genotypes SBH 4/4/4 and EAI 3600 were stable for pods plant-1 and 100-seed weight. Either GGE or AMMI analysis maybe employed to identify stable soybean genotypes for production across environments and adaptable genotypes for specific environments.</div>

<div>Stability and Adaptability of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] Genotypes for Yield, Protein and Oil Content using AMMI analysis in Kenya</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">A complete randomized block design with three replications was conducted at two consecutive growing seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) to evaluate the influence of planting date and nitrogen application level on growth parameters and oil yield production of dill plant. Experimental factors included three planting dates (15th of October, 15th of November and 15th of December) and five levels of nitrogen fertilizer (i.e urea) application (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/hectare). Both studied factors significantly influenced growth parameters (plant height, number of branches per plant, number of umbrellas per plant, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index) and oil yield and oil percentage The results indicated that early planting date (1st of October) has a positive influence on all studied parameters in this study. Furthermore, this study showed that addition of nitrogen fertilizers significantly improved all studied parameters. Comparing the influence of the two studied factors, it seems that planting date when compared to nitrogen fertilizer application has more pronounced influence on all studied production parameters of dill plant.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Effect of Planting Date and Nitrogen Application Level on Production Yield and Oil Content in Dill Plant</div>

Background: Indian mustard, a key oilseed crop in India, is valued for its diverse culinary and health benefits. It faces significant challenges due to a wide range of abiotic stress wherein climate-induced water stress is one of them, which negatively impacts plant population, morpho-physiological growth and biochemical reactions. Thus not only the seed yield but also oil production is declining. 
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Methods: The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of humic acid and sulfur on phenology, membrane integrity, lipid peroxidation and oil yield in Brassica juncea under varying water regimes during the Rabi season of 2022-23 at the research farm of Lovely Professional University. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with a total of 16 possible combinations of water regimes and chemical treatments which include humic acid and sulfur. 
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Result: The results indicated that most of the traits were noticed as statistically significant for both factors i.e. water regimes and chemical treatments at p=0.05%. Among the treatments, I3&nbsp;(Three irrigation) and C3&nbsp;(Humic acid + Sulfur) were detected as the most effective treatments in terms of percent increase/decrease, resulting highest value over the respective control. The highest % increase was noticed in the initial plant population, final plant population, days taken for maturity, oil content, the moisture content in oil, chlorophyll a, b, a+b and membrane stability index while the reduction in days taken for branching, days taken for the 50% flowering, relative density and malondialdehyde were noticed in the I3&nbsp;and C3. Thus the findings suggest that the 3 irrigations in combination with humic acid and Sulfur can effectively ameliorate the morpho-physiological growth by increasing the chlorophyll contents, integrity of the cell wall and oil yield in Indian Mustard.

Humic Acid and Sulphur Modulating Phenology, Membrane Integrity, Lipid Peroxidation and Oil Yield in Brassica juncea under Water Regimes

Background: Perilla [Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton] commonly known as Bhangjeera, belongs to family Lamiaceae, is an annual plant contains significant phyto-constituents. This is traditionally used as an herbal medicine to treat various disorders. Despite the Perilla&rsquo;s huge potential, no concerted attempts have been undertaken to diversify for selection of parents in genetic improvement programme both globally and in our country. 
 
Methods: The experiment was arranged in a Latin square design with three replications on the experimental farm. Data were collected from five randomly selected plants in each plot, excluding border plants. The mean values were analyzed statistically to determine the analysis of variance for all the traits to decipher the nature and magnitude of genetic variability and other genetic parameters in Perilla. 
 
Result: The studies shows significant variation among the studied genotypes for all characters. Among the studied germplasm, PF 7 was found to be superior for most of oil yielding related traits followed by PF4 and PF2. All characters showed high heritability accompanied by low to high genetic advance as percent of mean. These characters showed medium to high GCV and PCV. Genotypic correlation co-efficient were found to be higher than their corresponding phenotypic ones. Path coefficient analysis revealed positive direct effect of plant height, length of petiole, leaf breath, stem girth, length of inflorescence and total phenolic content on seed oil yield. The direct selection for these traits will be beneficial in yield improvement program. Therefore, it was suggested that tall and bushy plants with thick stem with long inflorescence are likely to produce high seed oil yield with unsaturated fatty acids, beneficial for human health. 
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Genetic Variability, Correlation Coefficient and Path Coefficient Analysis among Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton Germplasm for Seed Oil Yield Related Traits in Uttarakhand, India

<div>Background: Bangladesh is one of the densely populated countries in the world. To meet up the increasing food demand there&rsquo;s no alternative to increase the cropping intensity through high yielding and short duration crop varieties. Currently, cropping system of Bangladesh is mostly rice based which is also the staple food. Therefore, farmers which follow rice-rice based cropping patterns are gaining less profit day by day. Contrary, intensive rice culture is depleting soil properties gradually. Thus, to preserve soil health and increase profit pulse and oil seed based cropping patterns are crucial for sustaining a cropping pattern. This study was undertaken to find out a cropping pattern with higher yield and profit in the context of Magura district. 
 
Methods: Five cropping patterns, CP1 = Transplanted Aman rice (cv. Binadhan-7)- Mustard (cv. Binasarisha-9)- Boro rice (cv. Binadhan-14); CP2 = T.Aman (cv. Binadhan-16)-Mustard (cv. Binasarisha-10)- Boro (cv. Binadhan-14); CP3 = T.Aman (cv. Binadhan-17) -Mustard (cv. Binasarisha-10)- Boro (cv. Binadhan-14); CP4 = T.Aman (cv. Binadhan-17)-&nbsp;Lentil (cv. Binamasur-8)- Sesame (cv. Binatil-3) and &nbsp;CP5 (Control) -&nbsp;Aman (cv. Shorna) &ndash; Boro (cv. Heera) - fallow were assessed to identify the most suitable and profitable pattern as well as to enhance the cropping intensity by adding a pulse or oil seed crop between two rice crops. The investigation was conducted at farmer&rsquo;s field of Magura during 2018-19. Block farming method was followed for experiment set up.&nbsp; 
 
Result: It was revealed that, maximum rice equivalent yield (REY) was obtained from CP1 (14.46 t/ha) followed by CP4 (13.52 t/ha), CP3 (13.35 t/ha), CP2 (13.09 t/ha) and CP5 (11.33 t/ha) during one year crop cycle. Highest gross margin (Tk. 1,90,189) and MBCR (1.83) was obtained from the cropping pattern CP4 and the lowest gross margin (Tk. 69,271) and MBCR (1.24) was found with the pattern CP5. Based on the above results it can be suggested that, Aman rice-Lentil-Sesame pattern i.e. CP4 may be a best choice for the farmers of Magura region for the maximum utilization of their land and gaining more profit compared to the other studied cropping patterns.</div>

<div>Yield and Profitability Analysis of Pulse and Oil Seed Based Cropping Patterns against Aman- Boro- Fallow Cropping Systems in Magura</div>

<div>A field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2017 at Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, to study different row ratio of chickpea and mustard on growth, yield and quality of mustard. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with two sole crops of chickpea and mustard including eight different row ratio of chickpea + mustard (2:1, 3:1,3:3, 4:2, 4:4, 5:1, 6:2 and 8:2). Results indicates that, sole mustard recorded higher growth parameters viz. plant height, leaf area, number of branches primary and secondary per plant, dry matter and higher seed, straw yield and harvest index. Among intercropping, higher growth attributes were found in 5:1 row ratio. Significantly higher seed (1128 kg ha-1), straw yield (2294 kg ha-1) and harvest index (27.62 %) was found in 4:4 ratio, followed by 3:3 row ratio. Higher oil content (35.16 %) and oil yield (606 kg ha-1) was recorded in sole mustard.</div>

<div>Growth, Yield and Oil quality of Mustard in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and Mustard (Brassica juncea L.) Intercropping System under Different Row Ratio in Northern Transition Zone of Karnataka</div>