Background: This study was intended to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of metformin and camel milk solely or in combination in streptozotocin- nicotinamide induced type II diabetic albino Wistar rats.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Thirty albino Wistar rats were induced with type II diabetes through streptozotocin (60 mg/kg), followed by the administration of nicotinamide (120 mg/kg) after 15 min. The rats were randomly divided into control, diabetic control, metformin-treated (100 mg/kg), camel milk-treated (50 ml/rat/day) and metformin + camel milk-treated groups for 30 days. For this study, rats with blood glucose levels higher than 250 mg/dL were included. Blood glucose levels and body weight were measured at the beginning of the study and at regular intervals throughout the experiment.Furthermore, histopathological examination of liver, kidney and pancreatic tissue was conducted to determine the effects of metformin and camel milk on these organs.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results showed that treatment with metformin, camel milk, or a combination of both significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels and improved body weight compared to the diabetic control group. Morphological improvements were also observed in the histopathological examination of liver, kidney and pancreatic tissue. The results of this study are consistent with previous research showing the anti-diabetic effects of metformin and support the emerging role of alternative therapies such as camel milk. However, further research is needed to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the observed effects.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Metformin and Camel Milk on Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

Background: Caucasian clover is a highly resilient leguminous forage species. It can endure prolonged periods in waterlogged settings. Examining the resilience of Caucasian clover under these circumstances is of considerable significance. In this work, the response of Caucasian clover to waterlogging stress during the seedling stage was investigated and the associated morphological changes and physiological mechanisms enabling its adaptation to inundated environments were analyzed. 
 
Methods: The study was conducted in an artificial climate chamber from 2023 to 2024. Waterlogging stress was initiated after the clover seedlings had grown for 30 days and was maintained for 28 days. Plant growth was monitored at 7-day intervals and leaf and root samples were collected to assess physiological indices. 
 
Result: The results demonstrated that after being subjected to waterlogging stress, Caucasian clover adapted morphologically by altering its root structure. Physiologically, Caucasian clover increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase and catalase, which scavenged reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by stress. The activity of the anaerobic respiratory enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase was also elevated, promoting ethanol fermentation and supplying a small amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to the plant. The plant also increased the content of osmotic substances, including soluble sugars and proteins, to maintain cellular osmotic pressure, prevent cellular content leakage, and protect plant cells.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Metformin and Camel Milk on Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

Response of Caucasian Clover to Waterlogging Stress at Seedling Stage