<div style="text-align:justify">Within West Africa (WA), poverty, population growth rate and food insecurity are high and most agriculture is conducted at an un-mechanised level, reliant on rain-fed conditions. As with elsewhere around the world, there is a clear fingerprint of climate change on WA, with increasing temperatures and shifts in precipitation patterns. As the century progresses and climate change intensifies, so too will the impact on rain-fed horticulture. This creates an urgent need to understand and synthesis the responses of horticultural crops to climate change and identify adaptation options. This review provides an overview of climate change across WA and the impacts on key horticultural crop groups (vegetables, plantations, fruits and root and tubers) and identifies regions within WA where these crops may be more or less vulnerable to changing conditions. Adaptation actions and strategies- ranging from education, introduction of new cultivars and development of effective cropping systems, to transference of skills from other regions and expansion of farmer-government-NGO collaborations are discussed.</div>


<p>What is the Future of Rain-fed Horticultural Crops Production in a Changing West African Climate? : A Review</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">A study has been conducted in Haryana to analyze the various constraints faced by animal husbandry officials in implementation of &ldquo;Integrated Murrah Development Scheme&rdquo; (IMDS). Data were collected from 40 animal husbandry officials from four districts namely Kurukshetra, Mahendragarh, Bhiwani and Jhajjar. Garett&rsquo;s ranking technique was used to prioritize the different sets of constraints. &ldquo;Heavy work-load due to multidimensional activities of the project during peak season&rdquo; and &ldquo;Inadequacy of staff in the scheme&rdquo; were the major administrative constraints in order of severity. Under technical constraints &ldquo;lack of mass media approach&rdquo; followed by &ldquo;No provision for the refresher courses for the programme functionaries&rdquo; were the most severe. &ldquo;Inadequate number of staff at field level and large area of operation under a single supervisor&rdquo; followed by &ldquo;lack of involvement of NGO and PRIs in enhancing community participation&rdquo; were important infrastructural and operational constraints. Untimely release of fund by the parent department and misguidance of farmers by the middlemen/ Brokers were the economic and socio-psychological constraints, respectively. Lack of technical expertise in the field of extension, lack of emphasis on educating the dairy farmers were other important miscellaneous constraints faced by animal husbandry officials. Removal of these constraints should receive priority over the considerable focus on the implementation of such scheme.</div>

What is the Future of Rain-fed Horticultural Crops Production in a Changing West African Climate? : A Review

Constraints faced by animal husbandry officials in the implementation of integrated murrah development scheme (IMDS) in Haryana Sta