<p><strong>Background:</strong> Bargur cattle, native to the Bargur hills of Tamil Nadu, India, are well-adapted to the region&rsquo;s hilly terrain and tropical climate. However, due to their semi-wild nature, they can be challenging to handle. Accurate body weight estimation is crucial for managing these animals, especially for decisions related to treatment, marketing and feeding. In the absence of weighing equipment in the field, body weight is often estimated using easily measurable body dimensions like Body Length (BL), Chest Girth (CG) and Height at Withers (HW). Several methods, including Weighbridge, Schaeffer&rsquo;s, Agarwal&rsquo;s and Lambourne formulas, are used to estimate body weight in such conditions.<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>Various methods have been employed to estimate the body weight of Bargur cattle in the absence of weighing equipment. The techniques used in this study include: Weighbridge: A standard calibrated weighing scale, considered the most accurate method for determining true body weight. Schaeffer&rsquo;s Formula: An equation based on body measurements to estimate body weight. Agarwal&rsquo;s Formula: Another formula using body measurements for estimating body weight. Lambourne Formula: A method that estimates weight using certain body measurements.<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>The results of the study indicate that the body weight of Bargur cattle can be reliably estimated using Schaeffer&rsquo;s method. This method demonstrated higher accuracy compared to the other techniques (Agarwal&rsquo;s formula and Lambourne formula), making it a valuable tool for effective decision-making in marketing, drug dosing and feeding. Schaeffer&rsquo;s formula proved to be the most efficient and accurate for assessing the weight of Bargur cattle, thereby assisting in the management and monitoring of the breed in field conditions.<br />
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<p>Comparative Analysis of Measuring Bodyweight in Indigenous Bargur Hill Cattle by Direct and Indirect Methods using Morphometric Measurements</p>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> In zootechnics, the utilization of local breeds adapted to harsh environmental conditions is a practical strategy for improving performance, particularly in breeding and animal improvement projects. This morphometric study of local Algerian cattle breeds highlights the main characteristics of the two breeds studied.<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The study focused on 60 male cattle, including 30 Setifien and 30 Guelmoise breeds, aged between 24 and 36 months. For each subject, nine biometric measurements were taken prior to slaughter: wither height (WH), thoracic circumference (TC), abdominal circumference (AC), scapulo-Ischial length (SIL), head length (HL), bizygomatic width (BIW), hip width (HIW), cannon circumference (CC) and cannon length (CL). Post-slaughter, the carcass weight (CW) of each animal was also recorded. Data analysis included univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical methods.<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The morpho-biometric comparison between the two studied breeds revealed that the Setifien breed has higher average values for all parameters compared to the Guelmoise breed. The Guelmoise breed is smaller in size (WH=113 cm), while the Setifien breed is larger (WH=121 cm), exhibiting values higher than those of African rustic breeds. Strong correlations were observed between carcass weight and most parameters, supporting the use of linear regression equations to estimate carcass weight from biometric measurements.</p>


<p>Morphometric Study of Local Algerian Cattle Breeds and Prediction of Carcass Weight from Linear Body Measurements: Case of Setifien and Guelmoise Breeds</p>


<div style="text-align: justify;">A study was conducted in the breeding tract of Red Kandhari cattle in Marathwada region comprising Latur, Parbhani and Nanded district to document the morphometric characteristic to know the present status of the breed. Total 535young Red Kandhari cattle were selected morphometric measurements were recorded by using measuring tape while physical characteristic were recorded visually.The overall LSQ means at 0-3 months of Red Kandhari for chest girth, abdominal girth, body length, height at wither, height at elbow, height at hip bone, height at pin bone, &nbsp;length of ear, width of ear, length of face, width of fore head, length of neck, width between hook bone, width between pin bone, tail length and body weight were &nbsp;70.56 &plusmn; 0.66, 72.27 &plusmn; 0.78, 64.06 &plusmn; 0.69, 69.00 &plusmn; 0.63, 42.93 &plusmn; 0.37, 69.44 &plusmn; 0.66, 65.13 &plusmn; 0.63, 13.66 &plusmn; 0.21, 7.54 &plusmn; 0.07, 23.21 &plusmn; 0.32, 11.25 &plusmn; 0.18, 25.02 &plusmn; 0.26 , 15.71 &plusmn; 0.16 , 9.08 &plusmn; 0.15, 41.66 &plusmn; 0.44 cm and 30.06 &plusmn; 0.83 kg and at 4-12 months of &nbsp;age were 116.21 &plusmn; 0.73, 122.86 &plusmn; 0.77, 99.89 &plusmn; 0.51, 102.32 &plusmn; 0.43, 60.49 &plusmn; 0.59, 103.71 &plusmn; 0.44, 97.51 &plusmn; 0.38, 18.38 &plusmn; 0.16, 10.28 &plusmn; 0.24, 35.55 &plusmn; 0.24, 18.11 &plusmn; 0.08, 38.50 &plusmn; 0.13, 26.43 &plusmn; 0.22, 14.83 &plusmn; 0.18, 60.90 &plusmn; 0.39 cm and 127.93 &plusmn; 2.42 kg, respectively. Majority of the Red Kandhari cattle have Brick Red coat color followed by Dark Red. The sex showed highly significant (P&lt;0.01) to significant (P&lt;0.05) effect on most of the traits for both the age group whereas district doesn&rsquo;t play any major role on these traits.The significant to highly significant effect of sex on some of body measurements and non-significant effect of district in all traits may lead to the concrete conclusion that these factors play a major role in exhibiting the specific body measurements only in Red Kandhari cattle at 4-12 and 0-3 months of age.</div>

Physical and morphometric characterization of young Red Kandhari cattle in their breeding tract

<div style="text-align: justify;">This study was conducted to identify the diversity of chicken growth hormone (cGH) single nucleotide polymorphs&rsquo; (SNP) and their association on morphometric and growth traits of three Nigerian chicken breeds namely Funaab Alpha (FA), Shikabrown (SB) and Nigerian local chicken (NLC). Morphometric traits measured include shank length (cm), breast girth (cm) and breast width (cm) while growth traits measured were final body weight, av. weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio all at laying stages respectively. &nbsp;Morphometric and growth traits were significantly influenced (P&lt;0.05) between the different breeds. &nbsp;The SNP panel showed two base pair substitution mutation (GT and CA) on locus 5 chromosome for the FA and locus 6 chromosome for the SB and NLC respectively. The G &ndash; T alignment produced genotypes GG and GT, with TT not observed. Also C &ndash; A alignment produced genotypes CC and CA, with AA not observed. The NLC breed had the highest number of haplotypes of 6 while FA and SB had 4 haplotypes each implying that the local breed had more allelic variation than the other two breeds. Also FA had heterozygosity of 0.48 while SB and NLC had a value of 0.44, indicating higher genetic variability of FA breed than the rest with negative theta value (-0.0843) of F-statistics indicating high level of outbreeding. The conducted association of SNP genotypes showed no significant association effects (P&gt;0.05) on the morphometric traits, except for SB breed where CA genotypes was significantly associated with CC for bodyweight, and in NLC breed where CC genotype was also significantly associated with CA genotypes for shank length.&nbsp;</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">Influence of chicken growth hormone (cGH) SNP genotypes on morphometric and growth traits of three chicken breeds in Nigeria.</div>

<div style="text-align: justify;">In fisheries science, high number of morphometric measures (independent variables) taken from different parts of the fish complicates the estimation of the body weight (dependent variable). Therefore, the researchers are seeking for a solution facilitating the interpretation of the equations of correlation between the characteristics. One way to deal with this challenge is the dimension reduction by means of stepwise multiple regression analysis. The aim of this study is to explain total variation with the same accuracy by using fewer independent variables. To accomplish this, 12 morphometric measures from 210 individuals of Serranus cabrilla were measured to estimate the body weight. Firstly, the 95% of the variation was explained by means of multiple regression analysis by using all variables. Then, by step-wise method, the same results were achieved with fewer independent variables. Finally, the variables with inter-multicollinearity eliminated and with two remaining independent variables determination coefficients resulted as 95%. &nbsp;The result showed that using more variables does not create significant distinction for accuracy to estimate the body weight although; the total length and body dept was the most effective features for weight.&nbsp;</div>

Application of multiple regression analysis to morphometric characters obtained from <em>Serranus cabrilla </em>(linnaeus, 1758) by using stepwise method<br />&nbsp;

<div><strong>Background: </strong>The Malpura sheep is hardy breed of semi-arid region of Rajasthan. Farmers do not get the due share for their heavy weight lambs as animals are never sold on weight basis. Researchers have worked out the ways of predicting the live weight of sheep/goats using body measurements. However, very few studies have tried to address this issue, especially in India. Aim of this study was to construct a prediction scale for live weight of sheep using simple measure of heart girth and body length, such scale will further benefit the shepherds to guess the live weight of the lambs sold and expect the desired price from the customer.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods: </strong>The present study was conducted on 1164 records of 823 Malpura sheep at CSWRI, Avikanagar. The data on live weight (N=1164) and corresponding morphometric measures on heart girth and body length were digitalized and subjected to analysis. we used 14 linear predictors and regressed them on the live weight to obtain the estimates of regression, coefficient of determination and derived the prediction equations using the regression coefficients for prediction of live weights.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result: </strong>Our study revealed that it is possible to create a measurement scale for prediction of live weight of the sheep using simple arithmetic. Several linear regression scales using body length and heart girth were developed. The best scale (L+G) had a prediction equation as: Y = -49.743+0.576L+0.562G, where Y is live weight. The R<sup>2</sup> was 0.883, which was not significantly more than linear regression scale (L+G). This will help the farmers to quite confidently score animals for their live weights across all the age groups. With the help of measurement tape, he can easily measure the heart girth and the body length of the sheep.&nbsp;</div>


<div>The Morphometric Scale to Predict the Live Weight of Malpura Sheep in Semi-arid Region of Rajasthan</div>


<div style="text-align: justify;">Study on a meristic traits &nbsp;of Kumococius rodericensis Sorsogona tuberculata Platycephalus indicus and Rogadius serratus (family Platycephalidae), occurring along the East coast of India, was conducted to find easily differentiating traits. The study was based on the samples collected from landing centers situated along the East coast of India, during February 2015 to March 2016. A total of thirty-one morphometric and meristic characters were measured, counted and subjected to statistical analysis using software Statistica. Among eighteen morphometric measurements, five measurement (distance between upper and lower jaw, length of upper preopercular spine, snout length, maximum length of first dorsal spine, maximum length of second dorsal spine) did not show difference when subjected to factor analysis. Varimax raw factor rotation on factor loading 0.7 were selected for scatterplot of canonical score among root 1 and root 2, which revealed existence of distinct group of species. &nbsp;Number of gillrakers, spot on caudal fin, number of pored scale on lateral line and preopercular spine revealed significant variations among the species. The proportional measurements with their head length (HL) viz. Preorbital length: head length (POL:HL), Inter orbital width: head length (IOW:HL), and maximum eye diameter: head length (MED:HL) also revealed significant difference among the species. The study revealed certain morphological characters those can easily identify the flathead species.&nbsp;</div>

Morphometric and Meristic traits of four flatheads (family: Platycephalidae) occurring along the East coast of India

<div><strong>Background:</strong> The Blue bull (<em>Boselaphus tragocamelus</em>) is regarded as one of the biggest antelopes in Asia and safeguarded beneath the IUCN since 2003 and under safeguard of &lsquo;Schedule III&rsquo; of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. This study focused on the detailed gross morphometrical study of mid thoracic ribs of Blue Bull (<em>Boselaphus tragocamelus</em>).<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> The present morphometrical study was carried out in six specimens of adult Blue bull (<em>Boselaphus tragocamelus</em>) of either sex. The measurements of various parameters of ribs were taken with the help of weighing machine, thread, scale and digital Vernier&rsquo;s calliper.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> It was found that the average diameter of the head of the fourth rib was found to be 2.56&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 2.53&plusmn;0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 2.59&plusmn;0.01 cm. The average cranio-caudal diameter of the cranial articular facet of the head of 5<sup>th</sup> rib was found to be 0.97&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.95&plusmn;0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.00&plusmn;0.01 cm. The average diameter of the tubercle of sixth rib at the dorso-ventral aspect was found to be 1.66&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 1.64&plusmn;0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 1.69&plusmn;0.02 cm. Similarly, the average minimum length of the neck of sixth rib at the cranial aspect was found to be 0.68&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.65&plusmn;0.02 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.70&plusmn;0.01 cm. The average diameter of vascular groove of seventh rib at the proximal aspect was found to be 0.56&plusmn;0.01 cm in adult Blue bull. Further, it was measured as 0.52&plusmn;0.01 cm in females that was significantly less (P&lt;0.05) than that of males, where it was found to be 0.60&plusmn;0.01 cm.&nbsp;</div>


<div>Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on the Mid Thoracic Ribs of Blue Bull (<em>Boselaphus tragocamelus</em>)</div>


<p><strong>Background:</strong> In zooarchaeology, reference collections are essential for identifying skeletal remains and for predicting measurements of living animals. To date, the archaeozoological studies in Algeria are still limited and morphometric reference datasets of local breeds are yet to be established. This study aimed to reveal the correlations between measurements of living animals and their skulls.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Methods:</strong> A total of 30 females of the Ouled Djellal Algerian White Arab breed were analyzed: 15 adults and 15 young adults. Eight external body measurements were taken before slaughter and the live weight was estimated. After slaughter, the heads were collected, meticulously cleaned, weighed and measured. Sixteen craniometric measurements were taken and two indices were calculated.&nbsp;<br />
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<strong>Result:</strong> The differences between the mean values of young adults and adults were not statistically significant (p&gt;0.05), except for wither height, naso-dental oblique length (CL31), greatest palatal breadth (CB14), greatest breadth across the premaxillae (CB18) and least height of the occipital (CH5). Young adults have a higher neurocranium and are more massive, whereas adults have a wider viscerocranium. Correlations between cranial and external measurements were partially significant, predominantly in adults. The strongest correlation was observed between the thoracic perimeter and condylobasal length (p&lt;0.0001). These results provide a new reference dataset for archaeozoology.</p>


<p>Craniometric and Morphometric Characterization of Ouled Djellal Algerian White Arab Sheep</p>


<div>Doxycycline HCL is a member of the tetracycline family of antibiotics. Extensive use of the antibiotic (Doxycycline HCl) in poultry for treatment of various bacterial diseases is increasing with time. The current trail was therefore formulated and conducted to investigate the embryotoxic aspects of Doxycycline HCl on Gallus domesticus. Different doses of Doxycycline HCl (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0&micro;g/100&micro;l distilled water/egg in six experimental groups (B, C, D, E, F and G respectively) were inoculated into the yolk sac of 60 eggs (10 eggs per group) before incubation. Group A was control group (injected with distilled water). Chick embryos were studied at 12th day of incubation. The results showed significant (p&lt;0.05) increase in death rate of chick embryos with increasing dose. At the end of the trial, morphometric measurements viz., wet body weight, crown rump length, eye diameter, beak length, neck length, anterior posterior head diameter, humerus length, radius and ulna length, metacarpus length, femur length, fibula length and metatarsus length were also noted and compared to untreated group. A significant (p&lt;0.05) difference was observed among all quantitative parameters in experimental groups compared with negative control group except metacarpus and metatarsus length which showed non-significant (p&gt;0.05) difference. Additionally, qualitative malformations like microcephaly, hydrocephaly, edema, hematoma, abnormal body coloration, anophthalmia, microphthalmia, deformed beak, agnathia, wry neck, micromelia, amelia, meromelia, damaged auditory meatus, omphalocele and ectopia cordis were noted in experimental groups as compared with untreated groups.&nbsp;</div>


Comparative Analysis of Measuring Bodyweight in Indigenous Bargur Hill Cattle by Direct and Indirect Methods using Morphometric Measurements

Morphometric Study of Local Algerian Cattle Breeds and Prediction of Carcass Weight from Linear Body Measurements: Case of Setifien and Guelmoise Breeds

Physical and morphometric characterization of young Red Kandhari cattle in their breeding tract

Influence of chicken growth hormone (cGH) SNP genotypes on morphometric and growth traits of three chicken breeds in Nigeria.

Application of multiple regression analysis to morphometric characters obtained from Serranus cabrilla (linnaeus, 1758) by using stepwise method

The Morphometric Scale to Predict the Live Weight of Malpura Sheep in Semi-arid Region of Rajasthan

Morphometric and Meristic traits of four flatheads (family: Platycephalidae) occurring along the East coast of India

Sex Wise Morphometrical Studies on the Mid Thoracic Ribs of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus)

Craniometric and Morphometric Characterization of Ouled Djellal Algerian White Arab Sheep

Embryotoxicity of Doxycycline HCl in Gallus domesticus: Morphometric Changes and External Anomalies