<div>Background: Deforestation is a worldwide issue, accounting to the annual forest loss estimate of about 9.4 million hectares. Land degradation and global warming have brought drastic environmental conditions affecting agriculture and human life. Therefore, finding solutions to mitigate climate change has become increasingly important. Turning the carbon clock to normal and protecting the environment is the need of the hour.&nbsp; Thus, the study aimed to mitigate the microclimate through the Modified Miyawaki plantation at SRM CAS with native plants. 
 
Methods: Soil amelioration, Modified Miyawaki Plantation (micro-rainwater harvesting pond), organic inputs and Mycorrhiza biofertilizer enhanced the growth of native plants Syzygium cumini, Madhuca longifolia and Millettia pinnata planted in a square pattern with four plants per square metre. The height, girth at the base of each native tree and soil carbon are measured every 3rd month from May 2022 till October 2024. The carbon sequestration by the native species was estimated by measuring the above and below-ground biomass. 
 
Result: The micro-rain water harvesting ponds in each experimental plot stored 32M3 water and supported the growth of the trees. During the study period of 29 months, the organic amendments such as paddy straw mulching, vermicompost and panchagavya enhanced the carbon from 0.154 to 0.601 in the experimental plots compared to 0.025 in the control plots. The average biomass recorded and estimated at the end of the study period recorded a maximum carbon by Madhuca longifolia (250532.71 Kg) and a minimum of 10649.2 Kg by Syzygium cumini. The trees are interconnected through mycorrhizal network.</div>

Carbon Sequestration Through Miyawaki Plantation

Nowadays, Ischemia Modified Albumin (IMA) has been regarded as an indicator for various maladies and complicated pregnancy in humans. Therefore, it is hypothesized that evaluation of the maternal serum IMA degrees can serve as an early detection of abortion in dairy cows. 252 Holstein cows&rsquo; serum samples were taken both in the 2nd and 6th months of their pregnancy. Twenty-two cattle were selected as a positive control group among the non aborted ones. Furthermore, blood samples from 20 non-pregnant cows were taken to identify the effects of physiological changes of pregnancy. IMA and Ischemia Modified Albumin Rate (IMAR) were markedly higher (p&lt;0.01); and albumin was markedly lower (p&lt;0.01) in aborted cows and healthy-pregnant cows compared with non-pregnant cows in both months. In aborted cows, IMA, IMAR and Oxidative stress index (OSI) degrees were found to be more increased than healthy pregnancies both in 2nd and 6th months of pregnancy; however, there were statistically significant only at 6th month (p&lt;0.01). Total Oxidative Stress (TOS) levels were higher than healthy pregnancies. So, as a result of IMA which was caused by oxidative stress rising from hypoxia/ischemia could serve as an early bioindicator for miscarriage in cattle.&nbsp;

Ischemia modified albumin as an early biomarker in diagnosing the late stages abortus in cows

<div>The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical outcome, complications, recurrence rate, and results of the pocket technique in the treatment of prolapse of the third eyelid gland, cherry eye namely. Thirty eyes of 26 dogs diagnosed with prolapse of the third eyelid gland were included the study. Conjunctivitis and ocular discharges were noticed in the affected eyes. The four cases were (15%) bilateral and twenty-two (85%) were unilateral. Of the dogs with unilateral disease, the affected eye was on the left side in 10 (45%) dogs and the right side in 12 (55%). Eighteen dogs were male and eight were female. Twenty-six dogs, 30 eyes with protrusion of the third eyelid gland were treated using Modified Morgan&rsquo;s pocket technique. In the postoperative period, the dogs were controlled 3 times with 7 day intervals and no clinical problem was detected. Modified Morgan pocket technique was used with 96.1 percent success rate for the re-positioning of prolapsed gland of the third eyelid in dogs.&nbsp;</div>

<div>Surgical Treatment of Prolapse of the Third Eyelid Gland in Dogs using Modified Morgan Pocket Technique</div>

<div>Background: Chickpea is an important pulse crop. The area, production and productivity of Kabuli chickpea are very low as compared to Desi type chickpea. While, worldwide chickpea production is predominated by Desi type (80%) compared to Kabuli type (20%). One of constraints limiting the Kabuli chickpea seed production is the fast seed deterioration process as, they possesses thin and fragile seed coat which makes it more susceptible to infestation of pulse beetle and storage fungi. In addition, the day by day increase in usage of chemical pesticides and increase in health awareness among the people and demand towards organic based products necessitate a new alternative method of seed storage than the routinely used storage methods. Modified atmosphere storage is an alternative method to avoid chemical fumigants, which are said to cause residual effect on seed material and development of resistance by storage pest against insecticides. 
 
Methods: The present investigation on modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was carried out at the Department of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during March 2017. Further, its storage and seed quality assessment were conducted at Seed Quality and Research Laboratory of National Seed Project (Crops), Seed Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during March 2017 to May 2018. 
 
Result: The results revealed that the Kabuli chickpea seeds stored in the gaseous atmosphere with the combination of CO2 (80%) + N2&nbsp;(20%) + O2 (0%) [C2] have maintained the maximum germination (92%) followed by Vaccum Packaging [C5] by using 700 gauge polyethylene bag for 14 months under ambient conditions above the Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards.</div>

​Effect of Modified Atmosphere Storage Conditions on Seed Quality and Longevity of Kabuli Chickpea Varieties

<div>Agriculture in Ethiopia is reliant on the poor farmer&rsquo;s income. Crop production in the country is hampered by a variety of factors, among them subsistence farming, inefficient use of farm inputs, climate change, poor export performance, policy uncertainty and low interest in agricultural credit are the major ones. Plant pests also pose a threat to food crops, resulting in significant losses for smallholder farmers and jeopardizing food security. Thus, Ethiopian policymakers recently recognized genetically engineered crops as a viable method of increasing food productivity and quality. A thorough empirical review had conducted, focusing on the status, potential benefits and drawbacks of genetically modified crop production in Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics had used, followed by raw data interpretation. Genetically modified crop production is an option for addressing food insecurity, malnutrition and the production of low-cost feedstock. However, as genetically modified crops become more prevalent in Ethiopian agriculture, humans, wildlife and the environment must all be considered. As a result, GM crops can help poor farmers improve their agricultural livelihoods if better national biosafety regulations had implemented.</div>

Potential Impact of using Genetically Modified Crops in Ethiopia: A Review

<div>Background: Land characteristics and its criteria are important factors affecting the success of crop cultivation. This research aimed to evaluate the value and criteria of land characteristics for Aceh patchouli.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: The study was conducted at smallholders&rsquo; adopting patchouli farming in North Aceh (AU) and Gayo Lues (GL) using purposive sampling method. Eleven patchouli farming in both AU and GL were selected. Soil sampling and agroclimate data were collected from the farming.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results revealed that the altitude varied at each plantation and there were significant differences of altitudes, climates and soil characteristics between plantations in those two regions. It is found that the land characteristics in AU and GL of patchouli plantations are classified into marginally suitable (S3) and not suitable (N). But, the best class for patchouli lies between S1-S3, where S3 class requires adequate rainfall and organic-C, enabling the land to upgrade its class, to be resulted in an increase of patchouli production. The best patchouli growth and production was determined by land characteristics like base saturation (BS), total-N, erosion hazard, stoniness and rocks outcrop and have been evaluated and suitable suggestions were given.</div>

Assessment of Land Characteristics and Recommendation for Improvements in Patchouli Plantations in Aceh Province, Indonesia

<div>Background: The dairy industry is one of the largest industries in India. The exports were made to 105 countries in the world. Dairy production is one of the major sustenance factors for the rural economy of India. Notably, India ranks first in Isabgol production (98%) and is the sole supplier of seeds and husk in the international market. Among medicinal plants, Isabgol is the first ranked foreign exchange earner for the country. India is the largest producer and the main supplier of seed and husk to the world market. It contains a significant number of proteins and husk yields colloidal mucilage which are valued for medicinal application and is used in Ayurveda, unani and allopathic systems of medicines. It is the main constituent of a number of laxative preparations. The psyllium is high in soluble fibre content with detoxing effect over digestive system makes it a very apt nutraceutical.&nbsp;Basundi is one of the heats desiccated indigenous products popular in Western part of India, mostly Maharashtra and Gujarat. It can be classified in the condensed milk group along with rabri, khoa, mithai and kheer and can be considered similar to sweetened condensed whole milk. 
 
Methods: The present investigation indicates utilization of encapsulated lactic acid bacteria culture (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus) and modified psyllium husk for the preparation of probiotic basundi. The prepared probiotic basundi was analyzed for sensorial, physicochemical and microbial quality parameters. Probiotic basundi was prepared from 1000 ml of milk, 90 gm sugar, 02-03 pieces of cardamom, saffron and encapsulated LAB culture having (107, 108 and 109 cfu/gm containing equal proportions of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) with 0.65 per cent hydrochloric acid modified psyllium husk. The probiotic basundi was then stored at refrigerated conditions at 4&deg;C for 08 hrs. 
 
Result: The organoleptic evaluation of probiotic basundi was carried out. As per the score of hedonic scale, basundi with encapsulated 10 per cent probiotic culture (109 cfu/gm) with 0.65 per cent hydrochloric acid modified psyllium husk had shown maximum consumer acceptability (8.3) among all samples.</div>

Exploration of Encapsulated Modified Psyllium Husk for Preparation of Probiotic Basundi

Background: The present study was conducted with an aim to study the socio-economic and livelihood of the rubber growers in Mokokchung district, further main objective is to provide extra income as well as generating more employment through rubber plantation. 
 
Methods: For the present research study a total of 160 respondents were selected from 8 villages, out of which, 94 respondents (58.75 per cent) were small, 50 respondents (31.25 per cent) were marginal and 16 respondents (8.00 per cent) were medium farms, respectively. 
 
Result: Gross income for marginal, small and medium farmers was ₹ 2,48,400, ₹ 6,21,000 and ₹ 9,93,600 and net income was&nbsp;₹ 95,300, ₹ 4,10,797.88 and ₹ 7,46,600. About 52.50 per cent respondents were employed in government sector with an average annual income of ₹ 1,01,70,021, followed by 38.75 per cent respondents with an average annual income of ₹ 31,00,016, 5 per cent respondents were daily wage earners with an average annual income of ₹ 2,10,002 and 3.75 per cent respondents were working in private sectors with an annual income of ₹ 5,40,000. Maximum required trained labourers and hired labourers, 89.00 per cent had permanent workers and 29.00 per cent had contract labourers. Total two marketing channels were involved viz; channel I: Producer-Processor, channel II: Producer-Agent-Processor. In channel I, the marketing cost incurred by the producer was ₹ 38/kg and the marketing cost incurred by the agent was ₹ 27/kg. In channel II the marketinpg cost incurred by the producer was ₹ 3/kg and the marketing cost incurred by the agent was ₹ 36/kg. The major cconstraints were lack of local trained labourers, lack of government funding, lack of market, price instability, lack of training programmes and road condition.

Economics of Rubber Plantation in Mokokchung District

<div>Background: Attitudes are learned, emotionally, predisposition to react in a consistent way, favourable or unfavourable to the situation of inter-cropping practices. The purposed of this finding was to find out the attitude of the adopter and non-adopter of inter-cropping in areca nut plantation in Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya. It is important to study the attitude of the respondents towards the inter-cropping practices as this can help to understand the reason behind the adoption or non-adoption of the practices in the study area. This study also helped in determining the relationship between the attitude and the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents. 
 
Methods: This field survey was done during the year 2017 to 2019. Ex-Post Facto research design was used for this study. The sample study was selected through multistage sampling method in the selected study area of the respondents. Number of respondents was selected using a simple random method by using computer aided random selection based on the criteria of practicing areca nut plantation and those who practiced both areca nut plus inter-cropping. A survey of 310 adopters and 310 non-adopters of areca nut plantation were selected for the study. Collection of primary data was done using an interview schedule and appropriate statistical tools were used for interpretation of the data. Independent variables included in this were gender, age, marital status, educational level and type of house, family size, family type, social category, and annual income. 
 
Result: Based on the study it was observed that the attitude of the adopters and the non-adopters of Ri-Bhoi district were found to be favourable towards the inter-cropping practices but the attitudinal level among them were found to have been different based on some factors. The adopters were having most favourable attitude than the non-adopters. The findings of this study led to the conclusion that the attitudes of adopters and non-adopters differ depending on their educational status, annual income, land size and so on. The findings of this study can be used by the government to assist farmers in any way possible, so that non-adopters can also adopt inter-cropping practices because, according to the study, they have a favourable attitude toward this practice, but they require government assistance.</div>

Attitude of the Adopters and Non-adopters towards Inter-cropping in Areca Nut Plantation in Ri-Bhoi District of Meghalaya

Background: BPT-5204 is one of the popular high yielding rice variety which is highly susceptible to biotic and abiotic stresses. Embyogenic callus based transformation turned out as an efficient method for development of climate resilient varieties through genetic transformation studies. Keeping in the view, the present study was undertaken to investigate the role of modified MS media compounds on somatic embryogenesis in rice. 
 
Methods: The effect of modified MS media components such as plant growth regulators, total inorganic nitrogen concentration and carbohydrate sources on somatic embryogenesis of BPT-5204 was investigated in three in vitro experiments. The experiments were conducted at Department of Crop Physiology, Acharya N.G Ranga Agricultural University, Agricultural College, Bapatla. The data pertaining to biochemical parameters was analyzed statistically. 
 
Result: The role of various modified MS media components in inducing somatic embryogenesis was observed in the present study. Modified MS media containing both NH4+ and NO3- in the ratio of 2:1 (40 mM NH4+: 20 mM NO3-) along with 10 &micro;M 2,4-D + 2.5 &micro;M kinetin has produced creamish to light yellow and compact calli which developed into compact embryogenic calli with globular embryos on surface after subculturing. Irrespective of total nitrogen concentration, the ratio of NH4+ and NO3- played a significant role in somatic embryogenesis. Higher ammonium concentration of 40mM and nitrate concentration of 20 mM in the culture media resulted in the induction of somatic embryos than the ammonia or nitrate alone. Besides this, culture media with disaccharide, 3% maltose as a carbohydrate source gave consistently higher number of somatic embryos/explant when compared with sucrose and other monosaccharides. All the nitrogenous compounds like ammonical nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, total nitrogen and protein content of the calli showed the declining trend at 21 days after inoculation in all the three invitro experiments due rapid metabolism of nitrogen during embryogenesis.

Effect of Plant Growth Regulators, Modified Nitrogen and Carbohydrate Sources on Somatic Embryogenesis of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivar BPT-5204