Background: Histamine signaling plays a pivotal role in the post-exercise muscular responses. Blockage of H1/H2 receptor could result in the down-regulation of post-exercise muscle strength. Lecithin is a well-known supplement to improve exercise training effectiveness. In this study, we investigated the effects of lecinthin on H1/H2 antagonists-induced changes in motor performance of mice. 
 
Methods: The study was performed on Swiss albino mice brought from Pasteur Institute in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Mice were divided into 4 groups: Control, lecithin, model and treatment and were underwent a rotarod exercise training procedure. During training processes, mice were given fexofenadine and cimetidine for blocking histamine receptors. Treatment with lecithin were applied during administration of antihistamine drugs. After that, the post-exercise muscle strenght between groups were evaluated via behavioral test including Rotarod Test, Wire Hanging Test and Grip strength test. The changes of biological markers were evaluated in the serum and the muscular tissue of mice via commercial ELISA assay kit. 
 
Result: We found that lecithin could ameliorate the detrimental effects of H1/H2 antagonists. In addition, we also revealed the mechanism under this protective effect implicated on the effect of lecithin on mitochondrial adaptation process during exercise training. Administration with antihistamines induced increase in SOD, GPx activity and reduced GSH/GSSG ratio. Treatment with lecithin potentiated this the compensative response of antioxidant enzyme SOD and GPx. Moreover, lecithin also counteracted the effects of antihistamines that decreased GSH/GSSG ratio. In conclusion, our results suggested that lecithin is potentially useful to be taken as a supplement during exercise training and its biological effects, at least in part, related to the regulation of redox balance in muscular tissue during training processes.

Lecithin Provide Alleviation Effect on Impairments of Mitochondrial Adaptations Induced by Pharmacological H1/H2 Blockade

Background: Mitochondria are organelles called power plants of the cell, which are found in eukaryotic cells and are responsible for the production of energy needed by the cells through aerobic respiration. Mitochondrial dysfunction causes endocrinological, cardiovascular, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of body condition score (BCS), lactation, pregnancy, age and gender on Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide (MOTS-c) and Brain Mitochondrial Transporter Protein 1 (BMCP1) levels in Akkaraman sheep. 
 
Methods: Sheep are classified into 3 categories according to BCS (BCS&lt;2, BCS=3-3.5, BCS&ge;4). In creating groups in terms of BCS, it was determined by the palpation method applied to the waist area. The sheep included in the study were divided into 4 groups: early lactation, early pregnancy, late pregnancy (dry period) and age (female and male sheep).1st group, ewes in the first period of pregnancy (on the 100th day of the first pregnancy) (n = 30), 2nd group, ewes in the early lactation period (n = 30), 3rd group, ewes in the dry period (the last two months of pregnancy) (n = 30) and in the 4th group, &lt;2 (young) (n=30), 2-8 (adult) (n=30), 8&gt; (old) (n=30), male and female sheep (n=30) of different ages. =180) total of 270 animals. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of the sheep before the morning feeding. MOTSc and BMCP1 levels were determined in blood serum samples by ELISA method. 
 
Result: In the study, serum MOTS-c and BMCP1 levels in sheep during lactation and pregnancy were determined to be lowest in the VKS&lt;2 group and highest in the VKS&ge;4 groups. Likewise, in age and gender groups, the highest level was detected in young lambs and yearlings in the VKS&lt;2 group, while the highest level was detected in old sheep and rams in the VKS&ge;4 group. As a result, it was determined that different age, gender, pregnancy and lactation periods affected serum MOTS-c and BMCP1 levels depending on the change in BCS (P&lt;0.05). It was concluded that MOTS-c and BMCP1 may be useful parameters in the evaluation of mitochondrial function, energy metabolism and metabolic profile.

The Relationship of Mitochondrial-derived Peptide (MOTS-c) and Brain Mitochondrial Carrier Protein 1 (BMCP1) Response in Sheep with Some Physiological Parameters

Background: The mitochondrial genome serves as a pivotal molecular marker for delving into systematic relationships and adaptive mechanisms. The genus Eothenomys (Cricetidae: Arvicolinae) has consistently attracted attention due to its similar biological characteristics and the analysis of its mitochondrial genome offers a fresh perspective for comprehending the phylogeny and adaptation within Cricetidae. 
 
Methods: We sequenced and analyzed the entire mitochondrial genome of E. olitor and utilized the 13 PCGs derived from this genome to delineate the phylogenetic relationships within the Cricetidae and further evaluated the evolutionary rate of each PCG. 
 
Result: The findings revealed that the mitochondrial genome of E. olitor was 16,351 bp in length, including 13 PCGs with ATN initiation codons, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs and 1 D-loop. Apart from the nad6 and 8 tRNAs positioned on the J-strand, the majority of the genetic elements were situated on the N-strand. The phylogenetic examination yielded a robust phylogenetic tree for Cricetidae, but the placement of some genera remained contentious, which needs more integrative and effective data. Among of them, E. olitor was a sister of E. chinensis and Eothenomys was monophyletic. Moreover, a selective analysis showed that evolutionary rates are significant differences among the 13 PCGs. Among these genes, atp8 a high evolutionary rate, while cox1 has a low. This research uncovered the mitochondrial genome analysis of E. olitor, offering valuable perspectives the phylogeny and adaptation within Cricetidae.

Phylogenetic Insights from the Mitochondrial Genome of Eothenomys olitor (Thomas, 1911): A Cricetidae Perspective

Background: Bangana dero is a cyprinid fish species that is classified under the subfamily Labeoninae. It occurs in the streams of China, India and Nepal near the foot of the Himalayan range. B. dero&rsquo;s whole mitochondrial genome has been sequenced and annotated. In this work, the tRNAs, protein-coding genes have been characterized and analyzed the phylogenetic relation of this fish with other cyprinid species. 
 
Methods: Nanopore sequencing was utilized to determine the entire mitochondrial genome of B. dero. Utilizing NEBNext Ultra DNA Library Prep Kit, end-repair was performed on the isolated DNA using the. Barcoding adapter ligation (BCA) and cleaned. Sequencing was done. All the long read bases were trimmed based on lowest base quality score, Q&lt;9. Barcode and adapters sequences were also trimmed using a porechop programme and the statistical graph illustrations were generated and genome assembly was done using Canu1.5. 
 
Result: The mitogenome is 16613 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes,&nbsp; 22 tRNA genes, as well as a non-coding region. The nucleotide makeup is A=32.5%, T=25.21%, C=26.51% and G=15.77%, G + C = 42.28% and A+T=57.71%. The clover-leaf secondary structure was found in all tRNAs except tRNA-Ser2, which has no dihydrouridine arm. For 12 out of 13 protein-coding genes, the initiation codon was ATG, but COI used GTG. Methionine and tryptophan are unique among amino acids as they are each encoded by a single codon. Origin of light chain replication (OL) could fold into a hairpin secondary structure and carried a sequence 5&#39;-GGCGG-3&#39; in its stem. A long intergenic spacer of 46 bp was observed between tRNA-Leu1 and ND1. In the phylogenetic study, B. dero clustered closely with the Bangana species (AP013327) and Labeo boggut (NC_029450), a grouping supported by a bootstrap value of 100. This is the first study on the entire mitochondrial DNA analysis of B. dero.

&nbsp;

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Bangana dero (Cyprinidae: labeoninae) and its Relationship with Other Labeonin Fishes

Background: Broiler production is crucial for global food security as a high-quality protein source. However, climate change causes extreme temperature fluctuations, including severe cold stress. Sudden ambient temperature drops impair broiler growth and health. This study investigates how continuously decreasing ambient temperature affects oxidative stress and mitochondrial activity in broiler blood cells. 
 
Methods: Blood cells pooled from two broiler chickens were diluted and subjected to a gradual temperature reduction from 42oC to 0oC, with 3oC decrements at each step. Mitochondrial activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase activity and nitric oxide (NO) levels were subsequently measured. 
 
Result: Mitochondrial activity and NO levels showed significant quadratic trends (P&lt;0.05), increasing at moderate cold before declining at lower temperatures. From 42oC to 21oC, mitochondrial activity rose significantly at 39-33oC and 21oC (P&lt;0.05), while MDA levels increased at 39-27oC and 21oC (P&lt;0.05). TAC declined significantly from 42oC to colder points (P&lt;0.05). Between 18oC and 0oC, mitochondrial activity and NO fluctuated, suggesting an adaptive response. Conversely, H2O2, GSH and catalase levels remained stable across all temperatures (P&gt;0.05). These findings highlight a complex cellular response to cold stress, emphasizing the need for proper cold stress management in broiler production.

Evaluating Oxidative Stress, Nitric Oxide Production and Mitochondrial Activity Trend in Broiler Blood Cells under Progressive Cold Stress

Background: Animal body color was crucial for genetics and evolution, among which albinism was the result of genetic mutations and there were multiple genetic mechanisms that impede melanin synthesis, thereby affecting animal survival. Studying the phenomenon of albinism could help deepen our understanding of the secrets of genetic and species adaptive evolution. 
 
Methods: This study utilized high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis to investigate the mitochondrial genome of the albino Eothenomys eleusis Thomas 1911. The aim was to reveal its structural or compositional characteristics, phylogenetic locationand evolutionary rate. 
 
Result: The characteristic results indicated that the genome sequence (16,347 bp) contained 37 genes and a control region, with a few genes in the &ldquo;-&rdquo; chain and most genes in the &ldquo;+&rdquo; chain. The base composition and skewness of the whole genome exhibited a significant AT preference. Except for nad1 started with GTG and nad1, cox3 and nad4 ended with T (AA), most of the 13 PCGs followed standard genetic code rules. The most commonly used codons were CUA, AUCand AUA, while the relatively commonly used amino acids were Leu1, Ile and Thr. Numerous U-G mismatches were observed in the secondary structure of tRNAs. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that albino E. eleusis was closely related to normal E. eleusisand Eothenomys was a monophyletic group. Evolutionary rate analysis suggested that atp8 and nd4l had higher dN/dS mean values, while cox1 and cox2 were the opposite. In conclusion, this study not only revealed for the first time the mitochondrial genome characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of albino E. eleusis, but also provided a new scientific basis and reference direction for the genetic characteristics, diversity and adaptive evolution of Eothenomys and other albino species.

A Rare Mitochondrial Genome of Albino Eothenomys eleusis Thomas 1911 (Cricetidae: Arvicolinae) from Southeastern Yunnan, China and its phylogenetic Analysis

<div>Background: Adulteration of meat with their cheaper or inferior counterparts has become a common practice in the meat industry which threatens the feelings as well as the health of the people. Meat adulteration has issues relating to social, religious, economic, and public health. Therefore, it is important to develop simple and reliable techniques for the authentication of species of meat. Mitochondrial markers have been widely used in species identification and authentication as PCR of species-specific markers of mitochondrial origin is relatively rapid, accurate, sensitive and cost-effective as compared to other PCR based assays. The present study was carried out for authentication of raw and cooked meat from different species using PCR amplification of species-specific Cytb and D-loop markers of mitochondrial origin. 
 
Methods: In this study, detection of different raw meat viz. beef, carabeef, mutton, chevon, chicken, duck meat and dog meat as well as meat samples subjected to different processing temperatures was done using PCR of species-specific mitochondrial Cytb and D-loop markers. Samples of beef, carabeef, mutton, chevon, chicken, duck meat and dog meat were collected randomly from different locations of the North-Eastern region of India. The meat samples were subjected to heat treatment in hot water (80oC) to have 75oC core temperature. They were also 
cooked in steam to have the core temperature of 95oC. The samples were also subjected to autoclaving at a temperature of 121oC and 15 lb pressure.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The markers used in this study successfully amplified unique fragments for beef, carabeef, mutton, chevon, chicken, duck meat and dog meat. The sizes of the amplified products were 126 bp for beef, 226 bp for carabeef, 254 bp for mutton, 453 bp for chevon, 256 bp for chicken, 292 bp for duck meat and 100 bp for dog meat. The results were consistent in the meat samples which were subjected to different cooking temperatures ranging from 75-121oC. Consequently, these markers were validated for cross-amplification by checking them with other meat samples and no amplifications were observed in non-target species. The results suggested that all the markers were highly specific for the target species. The simplicity, sensitivity and stability of the assay indicated that this method could be very useful for meat authentication and thereby to detect adulteration.&nbsp;</div>

<div>A Method for Authentication of Meat by PCR Amplification of Species-specific Markers of Mitochondrial Origin</div>

<div>Background: Healthy transition from non-lactating pregnant state to non-pregnant lactating state is an important in the profitability of dairying. Though feeding and managemental practices play an important role in the adaptation to transition, animals kept on similar feeding and management exhibit differences in adaptation indicating an underlying genetic cause. In the present study, the sequence of gene SNAI2, which is considered to have an effect on metabolic adaptability has been compared among animals with apparently varying adaptability, as indicated by their &beta;-hydroxy butyric acid (BHBA) concentration. 
 
Methods: During the period from August 2018 to May 2019, blood was collected and serum was separated from 30 pregnant cross bred (belonging to Sunandini genetic group of cross bred cattle of Kerala) dairy cows at fortnightly intervals from four weeks before the predicted day of parturition until four weeks after parturition. Concentration of BHBA was determined. Based on BHBA concentration the animals were sorted into two groups (High BHBA and low BHBA) using cluster analysis. Blood was collected, DNA extracted and&nbsp;SNAI2 gene amplified using custom synthesised primers. Amplicons from representative animals of each group were sequenced. The sequences obtained were aligned and compared using clustal-&omega;. 
 
Result: The comparison of the sequence of SNAI2 gene amongst the animals having high BHBA and those with low BHBA revealed two variations between the groups, one at promoter region, 61 bp upstream to the gene and other was at exonic region at 1560 bp. In silico structural analysis revealed difference in protein structure. The changes observed in the gene SNAI2 between the sets of animals grouped based on BHBA has to be studied on a larger population to ascertain the suitability of them being used as markers of genetic selection for metabolic adaptability, which in turn can increase the profitability of dairying.</div>

Molecular Markers for Metabolic Adaptation in Dairy Cows: SNAI2 Gene Variations

<div>Duck virus enteritis (DVE) is an acute, contagious herpes viral disease of ducks, geese and swans and members of the family Anatidae under the order Anseriformes. As per the recent taxonomic classification by ICTV, DEV has been classified into the genus Mardivirus, subfamily Alpha-herpesvirinae of the family Herpesviridae. Vaccination is the only option for the prevention and control of Duck plague. In India vaccination is done with chicken embryo adapted live virus which has many shortcomings. So, in this present situation a safe and potent vaccine development is the need of the hour. The use of chicken embryo fibroblast and a certified cell line may, probably, be the best option to achieve this. Therefore, the present study was undertaken for adaptation and propagation of local strain of duck plague virus in various cell culture systems. &nbsp;During the study a wild strain of DPV (DP/As-Km/0019) which was isolated in Duck Embryo Fibroblast, available in the Department of Microbiology was selected. The selected wild strain was used for adaptation in various cell culture systems viz. Chicken embryo fibroblast cell culture (CEF), Vero cell line and QT-35 cell line. The virus was passaged up to 12th passage levels and the presence of viral antigen was demonstrated by appearance of cytopathic effect (CPE), by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and by Sandwich ELISA. PCR was able to detect virus from all the cell cultures from 5th passage onwards and virus titre was detected at 10th and 12th passage level by S-ELISA. It was observed that various cell culture systems can be a good candidate for propagation of DPV and further study is required to study its immunogenicity and its feasibility as a vaccine candidate.</div>

<div>Adaptation of wild strain of duck plague virus in cell culture systems</div>

Background: In contemporary world food crop production is under pressure due to change in climate. In developing nation climate change is a treat both in food crop production and food security. Analysing farmers&rsquo; climate change adaptation measures and understanding the barriers provides clear guidance to address constraints that impede food crop producers&rsquo; adaptation. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: A stratified random sampling technique was used to sample 200 food crop producers for primary data gathering. The multinomial logit model was used to determine the factors that affect the selection of adaptation measures to climate change and factor analysis was used to identify factors that impede food crop producers&rsquo; ability to adapt to climate change. 
&nbsp; 
Result: The result of the multinomial logit model shows that various socio-economic factors&nbsp;(family size, education, climate change awareness, farming experience, nonfarm income, farm size, distance to farmland, extension services and access to credit) influence farmers&rsquo; choices regarding climate change adaptation strategies in the study area. The result of the varimax rotate principal component analysis found four factors that are detrimental to food crop producers in adapting to climate change. These principal constraints are institution and government, technology and inputs, information and knowledge and belief, culture and participation as factors that hinder farmers from adapting to climate change.&nbsp;Thus, there is room for government and development partners to strengthen the adaptive capacities of farmers by resolving problems related to institutions, government policy, technology, inputs availability and information regarding climate change to minimize the potential impact and loss in the future.&nbsp; 
&nbsp;