The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and therapeutic management of indigestion in milch cows in and around Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Crossbred milch cows (n=257) with the history of anorexia presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar and in private herds in and around Bhubaneswar were examined for indigestion following standard procedures to identify the type of indigestion leading to decrease &nbsp;in milk yield. Clinical examination, determination of pH, study of rumen protozoa, rumen bacteria were carried out in three different types of indigestion. Amongst the affected animals, 48.33 % (n=58), 21.67 % (n=26) and 30.00 % (n=36) were detected to be affected with simple, acid and alkaline indigestion, respectively. Simple indigestion was higher ( p &lt; 0.05) as compared to acid and alkaline and alkaline indigestion (30 %) was found to be the next to simple indigestion. &nbsp;Ruminal movement varied from 1- 4 per 5 min and pH of the rumen fluid ranged from 7.5-8.6 and the idophillic activity of the rumen protozoa was moderate type (+++). Average total count of protozoa was estimated to be 3.5 - 4.6 x 105 per ml with an average of 4.1 x 105 per ml of rumen liquor and drugs used in the study were found efficacious to treat the different types of indigestion.. Rumen bacteria &nbsp;have played role resulting in production of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid thereby decreasing / disturbing the rumen pH to non-physiological levels, reducing efficiency of rumen microflora.

Prevalence and therapeutic management of indigestion in milch&nbsp;cows in and around Bhubaneswar of Odisha, India 
&nbsp;

<div style="text-align:justify">Background: The present investigation was carried out to study the &ldquo;productive and reproductive performance&rdquo; of Indigenous Milch Cows reared under Gaushalas. This study describes productive and reproductive performance of milch cows through onsite observation and interviews with structured questionnaires of 30 (no.) Gaushalas randomly selected from 10 districts of Haryana.&nbsp; 
 
Methods:&nbsp;The total 30 Gaushala in 10 districts of Haryana were studied, which were rearing more than 34,279 indigenous cows (mostly Hariana and Sahiwal cow). These Gaushalas were divided into three categories based on the total number of animals present in Gaushalas as small (100-500 animals), medium (501-1000 animals) and large size Gaushalas (&gt;1000 animals). To assess the productive performance of the milch cows, milk yield per day (MY/D), lactation length (LL) and lactation yield (LY) were utilized as indicator traits. In addition, age at first calving (AFC), service period (SP), number of services per conception (NSPC) and calving interval (CI) were considered as an indicator of the reproductive performance traits. 
 
Result: It was observed that the average milk yield per day and lactation yield in large size gaushala were significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher than the medium size Gaushalas and small size Gaushalas. Large Gaushalas had a significantly higher lactation length (P&lt;0.05) than small size Gaushala. The average service period, number of services per conception and calving interval in large size Gaushalas were significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower as compared to small size Gaushalas. From the above finding, it could be concluded that the productive and reproductive performance were better in large size Gaushalas.</div>

Productive and Reproductive Performance of Indigenous Milch Cows under Different Herd Structure of Gaushalas

The study was undertaken to determine the composition of colostrum and milk of Hill cattle during postpartum period and compared them to Sahiwal and crossbred cow. Fifteen colostrum samples per day from each group of cow (as per availability) were collected during first five postpartum days while as milk samples were collected from eight cow each of Sahiwal and crossbreds and six form Hill cow, at fortnightly interval up to 32 weeks postpartum. These samples were subjected to various physico-chemical analyses. There was a significant (P0.05) difference between overall mean protein per cent, pH and electrical conductivity in the colostrum of Hill cow, Sahiwal and crossbred cow but lactose per cent did not diffe significantly. In milk there was a significant (P0.05) difference between overall mean of fat, protein, solid not fat, total solids per cent, pH, electric conductivity, somatic cell count and milk yield of Hill cow, Sahiwal and crossbreds while non-significant (P0.05) difference was noticed for lactose per cent and specific gravity. The colostrum of Hill cow and Sahiwal were richer in protein, fat, lactose, TS and ash content as compared to crossbred cow. Milk of Hill cow had higher content of protein, fat, SNF, TS and lower pH, EC and SCC compared to crossbreds and Sahiwal.

Colostrum and milk composition during postpartum period in Hill cow, sahiwal and crossbreds cow

Mastitis is considered as one of the important production disease in dairy cows which incurs huge economic losses to dairy industry, despite considerable efforts has been dedicated to solve it for the last two decades. In the present study, the impact of dry cow therapy (DCT) on incidence of clinical mastitis, milk yield and composition in crossbred cows was studied. About 20 healthy crossbred cows were selected at dry-off and randomly allotted either to control or treatment group. Daily milk yield of cows was recorded up to 45 days post-partum and fortnightly separate quarter wise milk samples were collected for estimation of milk composition. While no quarter in the treatment group showed clinical mastitis, 33.33% of quarters in control group showed clinical mastitis within 45 days post-partum. Milk production increased by 9.71, 8.40 and 18.18% during first, second and third fortnight with overall value 11.84% during the entire 45 days post-calving period in DCT treated cows compared to control group. Also, the overall fat-corrected milk, solid-corrected milk and energy-corrected milk production following 45 days post-partum increased significantly (P&lt;0.05) by 22.71, 23.70 and 22.80%, respectively in treated group than control group. However, overall mean milk components such as fat, protein, lactose, SNF and TS remained similar between treatment and control groups. Taken together, the above results indicated that DCT increased milk yield by reducing incidence of clinical mastitis during early lactation.&nbsp;

Effect of dry cow therapy on incidence of clinical mastitis,&nbsp;milk yield and composition in crossbred cows

<div>Background:&nbsp;The prevention and treatment of dairy cow mastitis during the dry period are crucial for the dairy industry. In this work, 200 dairy cows without mastitis and normal entering dry period were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups, for the first time, to explore the prevention effects using the different formulations of Cefquinome Sulfate Breast Injection with varied excipients. 
 
Methods:&nbsp;Three formulations with various excipients were further evaluated based on the drug residue analysis, somatic cell reduction in the milk and clinical symptoms of mastitis. In the control group, cloxacillin benzathine was utilized for comparisons. 
 
Result:&nbsp;All three Cefquinome test groups showed a better effect on prevention than the benzathine cloxacillin group in terms of drug release time, post-partum drug residue, reducing somatic cell count and preventing mastitis in the dry period. Various excipients showed slightly different impacts on the drug residues, the changes in somatic cell counts of dairy cows before and after medication. The prevention effects on mastitis from different excipients were similar after 30 d.</div>

​Studies on Cefquinome Sulfate Intramammary Infusion Composited with Varied Excipients for the Prevention of Dairy Cows Mastitis in the Dry Cow Period

Background: The rural environment of Karnataka has been significantly and far-reachingly impacted by KMF&rsquo;s successful dairy development. The most advantageous milk purchase price for farmers, effective and prompt input services delivered to farmers&rsquo; doorsteps, such as prompt veterinary health services to any remote village, high-quality artificial insemination for breed improvements, supply of balanced cattle feed at a lower price than the market price, etc., have encouraged farmers access their cooperative more and more frequently. In order to determine how DCS affects the way dairy milch animals in Zone-I and Zone-II of the Karnataka region utilize fodder, an attempt has been made in this article. 
 
Methods: For the study, the KBY Milk Producers Societies Union was chosen since it encompasses three districts in Karnataka&rsquo;s North Eastern region. The milk union was further split into two main areas, the North Eastern Dry Zone and the North Eastern Transitional Zone, which are referred to as Zone-I and Zone-II, respectively. Six dairy cooperative organisations were chosen from each Zone based on how much milk was purchased each day. From each Zone 120 sample was collected, further 10 members and 10 non-members were selected at random from each DCS village in each zone. Thus, 240 individuals represented the study&rsquo;s entire sample size.&nbsp; 
 
Result: At Zone-I: The average amount of feed and fodder used to be higher in the member (15.80 kg per day) than in the non-member (14.19 kg per day) for the buffalo, according to the perusal of the table. While 12.72 and 11.92 kgs per day of dry matter fed to cow by members and non-members, respectively. Non-member had given higher quantity of dry fodder (7.61 kg) than green fodder (5.06 kg), indicating member had fed higher feed and fodder to milch animals than non- members. This would possibly be due to the subsidies availed through DCS for feed and fodder purchase. Where in Zone-II: The quantity of dry matter given to buffalo was 13.90 and 11.43 kg by member and non-members, respectively. For cow 11.04 and 9.85 kg per day of dry matter was given by members and non- members, respectively. Even though the members fed relatively more quantity of feed and fodder than non-members, it was still less than the feed intake quantity recommended by National Research Council (NRC). Both members and non- members group fed less than recommended but the difference was found to be higher in non-member than members in both the cases of buffalo and cow. It was also interesting to note that buffalo feed intake was higher than cow.

Impact of Dairy Co-operative Society on Feeding Pattern of Milch Animal in Karnataka

<div>Background: The Sahiwal cattle, one of the best dairy breeds of Zebu cattle in India and Pakistan, originated from the Montgomery district of Pakistan. The performance of this breed in the tropical environment is also better than other cattle breeds. Now a day Sahiwal is choice of farmers in Maharashtra as it is a milch type breed mostly preferred for Deshi cow milk production and for organic farming. Blood profile of an individual is an important indicator of an individual&rsquo;s well-being. Normal blood levels of various biochemical components are essential for normal function of various systems in the body including reproductive system. Hence, the current study was aimed to evaluate of serum biochemical profile of Sahiwal cows reared in Pune district of Maharashtra. Pune district of Maharashtra comes under western Maharashtra plain zone with Grayish black soils. The annual rainfall ranges from 150 to 700 mm. Soils formed from trap rock are grayish black in colour and varying texture. The natural vegetation is of shrub. The area mostly grows paddy, sugarcane, pearl millet, sorghum and groundnut. 
 
Methods: Serum biochemical profile of Sahiwal heifers and cows were evaluated at different stages i.e. below 1 year heifer, above 1 year heifer, early lactating cow, mid lactating cow, late lactating cow, dry pregnant cow and dry non pregnant cows. Total seventy (70) animals was selected i.e. ten (10) animals from each group stage. All animals were maintained under standard feeding and management conditions. The blood samples of selected cows were collected by puncturing in jugular vein in heparinized vacationer tubes. Analysis of serum profile of 70 blood samples were carried out by using automatic blood analyzer machine (Miura 200 I.S.E. group, Italy).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The concentrations of serum cholesterol, glucose, triglyceride, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, copper, zinc, total protein, globulin, A: G ratio ALP, ALT and AST were significant in different stages of Sahiwal cows. The non-significant difference was observed in different stages of Sahiwal cows in regards to serum concentration of amylase, bilirubin direct, bilirubin total, creatinine, urea, albumin, magnesium, iron and GGT.</div>

Evaluation of Serum Biochemical Profile in Heifer and Adult Sahiwal Cows Reared in Maharashtra

<div>Background: The clinical treatment of dairy cow mastitis during the lactation period plays a significant role in dairy manufacture. In this work, 3 groups of lactating dairy cows with clinical mastitis were selected, for the first time, to explore the treatment effects using cefquinome sulfate and lincomycin hydrochloride through the udder injection. 
&nbsp; 
Methods: The treatment effects with the udder injection of cefquinome sulfate and lincomycin hydrochloride were compared based on effective rate, cure rate, somatic cell reduction in the milk, decrease of cow body temperature and recovery of milk yield. 
&nbsp; 
Result: Both cefquinome sulfate and lincomycin hydrochloride showed effective treatment on the dairy cow mastitis during the lactation period. The effective rate and the cure rate obtained with cefquinome sulfate were 88% and 80%, which were higher than those treated with lincomycin hydrochloride (effective rate: 72% and cure rate: 64%). Furthermore, the cefquinome sulfate test group seemed to display a better role in the reduction of somatic cells in milk, a decrease of cow body temperature and the recovery of milk yield.</div>

A Comparison of Cefquinome Sulfate and Lincomycin Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Mastitis for Lactating Cows

<div>Background: The livestock sector contributes nearly 17.1% of the value of output at current prices in Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry sector. The overall contribution of Livestock Sector in total GDP was nearly 5.1% during 2019-20. Dairying in India is witnessing transformation from traditional production system to either semi-commercial or commercial production system, which requires high producing dairy animals. Losses associated with milk fever are due to deaths, reduction in the productive lifespan of affected cow and reduction in milk production following each milk fever episode, as well as costs of prevention and treatment. It has been reported that about one in 20 affected cows, dies due to milk fever. Further, milk fever can contribute to dystocia, uterine prolapse, retained fetal membranes, metritis, abomasal displacement and mastitis leading to serious economic loss.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: A Jersey crossbred cow on its sixth parity was presented with the history indicated that the animal had calved 45 days ago and was semi-intensively managed. The daily production of milk was abou 15 liters. Physical examination revealed the temperature and pulse rate were within the normal range, but there was increased in respiratory rate and a dehydration status of 5%. The dairy cow was diagnosed with milk fever and treatment was done by slowly infusing 400 ml of Calcium borogluconate into the jugular vein over a period of 10-20 minutes. Intravenous infusion of 1000 ml 0.9% NaCl and 2000 ml of 25% glucose were instituted in order to restore blood glucose level and to correct the dehydration.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The animal recovered after the treatment, thus the prognosis was good and supportive therapy was continued for three days and animal had an uneventful recovery.</div>

<div>Medical Management of Milk Fever in a Crossbred Cow</div>

<div>Background: Growing demand for improving milk production and rising temperatures due to global warming has increased the thermal load on dairy animals. Physiological parameters such as respiration rate and body temperature mainly determine the adaptability of animals to climate stress. During genetic adaptation, Bos indicus cattle have acquired thermo tolerant genes and when exposed to heat stress conditions, the Bos indicus cattle have lower respiration rates and rectal temperatures than Bos taurus animals. The present study was aimed to study the effect of seasons on the physiological responses in Sahiwal and crossbred cows. 
 
Methods: A total of 50 crossbred cows maintained at Military dairy Farm, Secunderabad and 50 Sahiwal cows maintained at Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, PVNRTVU were utilized for the present investigation. The study was conducted during summer (THI = 83.71&plusmn;0.01), rainy (THI = 71.37&plusmn;0.01) and winter (THI = 66.69&plusmn;0.01) seasons. Changes in respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) and heat tolerance coefficient (HTC) were observed in different seasons in Sahiwal and crossbred cows. 
 
Result: RR (breaths/ min) in Sahiwal cows during summer, rainy and winter were 28.56&plusmn;0.38, 23.38&plusmn;0.38 and 20.54&plusmn;0.38 respectively whereas RR (breaths/ min) in crossbred cows were 44.58&plusmn;0.38, 25.94&plusmn;0.38 and 21.90&plusmn;0.38 respectively. In Sahiwal cows RT (&deg;C) during summer, rainy and winter were 38.52&plusmn;0.03, 38.23&plusmn;0.03 and 38.13&plusmn;0.03 respectively whereas RT (&deg;C) in crossbred cows were 39.22&plusmn;0.02, 38.72&plusmn;0.03 and 37.80&plusmn;0.03 respectively. The magnitude of increase in RR, RT and HTC were found to be higher during summer compared to other seasons in both Sahiwal and crossbred cows. It was observed that Sahiwal cows are less sensitive to heat stress and are better able to regulate their body temperature than crossbred cows when environmental temperature increases during summer. The HTC values were lower in Sahiwal cows in all the seasons studied indicating better thermo tolerance when compared to the crossbred cows.</div>

Prevalence and therapeutic management of indigestion in milch cows in and around Bhubaneswar of Odisha, India

Productive and Reproductive Performance of Indigenous Milch Cows under Different Herd Structure of Gaushalas

Colostrum and milk composition during postpartum period in Hill cow, sahiwal and crossbreds cow

Effect of dry cow therapy on incidence of clinical mastitis, milk yield and composition in crossbred cows

Studies on Cefquinome Sulfate Intramammary Infusion Composited with Varied Excipients for the Prevention of Dairy Cows Mastitis in the Dry Cow Period

Impact of Dairy Co-operative Society on Feeding Pattern of Milch Animal in Karnataka

Evaluation of Serum Biochemical Profile in Heifer and Adult Sahiwal Cows Reared in Maharashtra

A Comparison of Cefquinome Sulfate and Lincomycin Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Mastitis for Lactating Cows

Medical Management of Milk Fever in a Crossbred Cow

Effect of Seasons on Physiological Responses in Sahiwal and Crossbred Cows