<div>Background: Cryopreservation of semen in canines is getting more advanced lately, however the fertility following the insemination of the frozen thawed semen is lower than other species. The higher content of PUFA and lipid peroxidation leading to production of reactive oxygen species is one of the reasons for the same. Antioxidants play a role in improving the post thaw semen quality in canines. 
 
Methods: Semen collected from 10 male dogs were further divided into two aliquots. The first aliquot was extended with TRIS-fructose egg yolk extender and the second one was extended with TRIS-fructose egg yolk extender supplemented with 50 &micro;M of metformin. The extended semen was cryopreserved using conventional methods. Subsequently, both routine semen parameters and advanced semen parameters including viability, acrosomal integrity, DNA integrity and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured in the spermatozoa through the utilization of flow cytometry. 
 
Result: Present study indicated that, post thaw motility was significantly higher in the metformin supplemented group in comparison with control while, the mitochondrial ROS was significantly lower in metformin supplemented group. Our study concludes metformin could be effectively used to reduce the ROS produced during the process of cryopreservation of the canine semen.</div>

Evaluation of Metformin Supplemented Diluent on Cryopreservation of Canine Semen

Background: This study was intended to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of metformin and camel milk solely or in combination in streptozotocin- nicotinamide induced type II diabetic albino Wistar rats.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Thirty albino Wistar rats were induced with type II diabetes through streptozotocin (60 mg/kg), followed by the administration of nicotinamide (120 mg/kg) after 15 min. The rats were randomly divided into control, diabetic control, metformin-treated (100 mg/kg), camel milk-treated (50 ml/rat/day) and metformin + camel milk-treated groups for 30 days. For this study, rats with blood glucose levels higher than 250 mg/dL were included. Blood glucose levels and body weight were measured at the beginning of the study and at regular intervals throughout the experiment.Furthermore, histopathological examination of liver, kidney and pancreatic tissue was conducted to determine the effects of metformin and camel milk on these organs.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results showed that treatment with metformin, camel milk, or a combination of both significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels and improved body weight compared to the diabetic control group. Morphological improvements were also observed in the histopathological examination of liver, kidney and pancreatic tissue. The results of this study are consistent with previous research showing the anti-diabetic effects of metformin and support the emerging role of alternative therapies such as camel milk. However, further research is needed to explore the potential mechanisms underlying the observed effects.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Metformin and Camel Milk on Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, is a metabolic disorder responsible for disturbance in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. The objective of current study was to evaluate the effect of Quercetin and Metformin on serum lipid profile and gene expression involved in lipid metabolism. 
 
Methods: Sixty-four (64) Wistar rats in a range of live body weight 196.75-198.19 grams, were divided in eight (8) groups (n=8 each); CONTROL, DIABETIC, DIAB+MET, DIAB+25Q, DIAB+50Q, NONDIAB+MET, NONDIAB+25Q and NONDIAB+50Q. A single dose of Streptozotocin drug @ 35 mg per kg was used for the induction of diabetes. The particular doses of Metformin and Quercetin were given by gavage on daily basis in their respective groups till the end of 14-week trial. 
 
Result: In case of FAS gene expression in liver, DIAB+MET (1.26&plusmn;0.03), DIAB+25Q (1.31&plusmn;0.02) and DIAB+50Q (1.19&plusmn;0.04), suppresses the elevated expression compared to Diabetic group, while in case of SREBP-1c, both DIAB+MET (1.31&plusmn;0.05) and DIAB+50Q (1.38&plusmn;0.04) showed predominant results compared to DIAB+25Q. Moreover, for PPAR-&alpha;, DIAB+MET (0.87&plusmn;0.06) exhibited considerable upregulation in comparison with DIAB+25Q (0.65&plusmn;0.03) and DIAB+50Q (0.76&plusmn;0.04). In adipose, FAS gene was significantly downregulated in DIAB+50Q (1.28&plusmn;0.03) group as compared to other two diabetic treatment groups, however, for PPAR-&gamma; gene, in term of significance both DIAB+MET (0.84&plusmn;0.05) and DIAB+50Q (0.88&plusmn;0.06) displayed statistically similar level of upregulation. In muscles, PPAR-&alpha; expression was best observed in DIAB+50Q (0.80&plusmn;0.03) and DIAB+MET (0.76&plusmn;0.02) compared to DIAB+25Q (0.59&plusmn;0.03). Moreover, serum lipid profile (TC, HDL, TG, LDL and VLDL) was also significantly improved in Metformin and Quercetin treatment groups. In non-diabetic treatment groups, a non-significant difference was observed when compared to CONTROL group.

Evaluation of Metformin Supplemented Diluent on Cryopreservation of Canine Semen

Evaluating the Efficacy of Metformin and Camel Milk on Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

Quercetin Verses Metformin, Comparative Efficacy on the Lipid Metabolism Gene Expression in Different Organs of Diabetic Wistar Rats