Background: Mango quality is crucial for economic viability, waste reduction and public health, yet traditional assessment methods often suffer from subjectivity, inefficiency and can be destructive. Existing deep learning approaches, specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), achieve higher accuracies but are unable to generalise across diverse datasets because they cannot capture contextual features. 
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Methods: To address these limitations, this research explores the application of machine learning algorithms, particularly deep learning techniques such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Vision Transformers (ViTs), for an objective and efficient mango classification task. The research work concentrated on two publicly available datasets viz. Mango Ripeness Dataset, Mango Classification Dataset based on Mango. A comparative study of these datasets is performed to analyse their performance when fed to variants of CNNs, such as ResNet, MobileNet and ShuffleNet. By leveraging image analysis and feature extraction, this study aims to study the behaviour of different variants of the Convolutional Neural Network on different datasets related to mangoes. 
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Result: Comparative experiments with CNN-ViT fusion achieve superior accuracy (98.19% on the Mango Ripeness Dataset and 100% on the Mango Classification Dataset), consistently. Additional ablation studies and cross-dataset validation confirm the robustness and scalability of the approach. This work establishes a reproducible framework for automated mango quality evaluation, paving the way for practical deployment in agricultural quality control and supply chain management.

Vit-CNN Fusion for Robust Mango Quality Evaluation based on Classification Across Multiple Public Datasets

<div>Background: Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is well known for its diversity in Indian subcontinent and 1000 well known varieties are present all over the India among them 40 to 50 are having commercial importance. The present experiment was carried out at College of Horticulture, Rajendranagar during the year 2018-19 and 2019-20 to assess the genetic diversity in fifty mango cultivars using multivariate analysis over 25 physico-chemical characters. 
 
Methods: To assess the genetic diversity using D2 analysis and principal component analysis over 50 mango cultivars during 2 consecutive years. 
 
Result: In the present investigation, the first seven principal components with eigen values more than one contributed 78.50 % of cumulative variance among fifty genotypes. Fifty genotypes were grouped into eight clusters among them cluster I was the largest comprising of twenty-six genotypes. Average inter cluster distance ranged from 218.93 between cluster V and VII to 1475.21 between cluster IV to VIII. Intra cluster distance ranged from 0.00 in cluster V, VI, VII and VIII to 280.69 in cluster III. The present results are most divergent for fruit weight, total phenols content, total flavonoid content, DA reading, fibre content, beta carotene, antioxidant activity, fruit length, fruit thickness. Selection of genotypes from clusters that are far genetically and had the maximum association of physico chemical characters to obtain superior segregants in the advanced generation to improve the quality of breeding in the future.</div>

Assessment of Genetic Divergence by Using Multivariate Analysis for Physico Chemical Characters of Mango Table and Juicy Cultivars Grown in Telangana Region

<div>Background: Pectin&rsquo;s are complex carbohydrate molecules mainly used as gelling agents, thickener, emulsifier and stabilizer in the food and beverage industry.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: Pectin was extracted from mango peel powder by acid extraction method with different combinations of precipitation time and sample to solution ratio to optimize highest yield and its quality characteristics were studied in comparison with commercial pectin (CP).&nbsp; 
 
Result: The maximum yield (14.23%) was obtained for C-9 combination. Functional properties such as solubility, swelling index, water absorption and bulk density ranged from 49.74 to 72.27 per cent, 2.89 to 5.22 g/g, 3.21 to 6.82 ml/g and 1.06 to 1.59 g/cm3. In commercial pectin it was 65.99&plusmn;0.63 per cent, 2.65&plusmn;0.14 g/g, 5.79&plusmn;0.15 ml/g and 1.29&plusmn;0.07 g/cm3 respectively. Quality characteristics such as Degree of esterification, equivalent weight, methoxyl content and total anhydrouronic acid ranged from 83.37 to 88.98 per cent, 960.5 to 831, 3.83 to 5.28 per cent and 52.30 to 40.5 respectively. In commercial pectin it was 89.03, 906.5, 4.07 and 42.67 per cent respectively. Findings revealed that pectin extracted from mango peel possess high chances to be exploited and commercialized as most of the functional properties and quality characteristics are on par with commercial pectin.</div>

Optimization and Quality Characteristics of Mango Peel Pectin

<div>Background: The research aims to enhance fruit quality and production of the Dashehari mango variety through micronutrient treatments in Rajasthan, India. Micronutrients play a crucial role in plant growth and development and their deficiency can lead to suboptimal yields and reduced fruit quality. This study seeks to investigate the effects of micronutrient application on mango trees, particularly focusing on the Dashehari variety, to improve both the quantity and quality of mango production. By understanding the impact of micronutrient treatments, the research aims to provide valuable insights into sustainable agricultural practices that can optimize mango cultivation and contribute to increased agricultural productivity. 
 
Methods: The research administered borax, ferrous sulphate and zinc sulphate to soil and trees in 10 treatments. The soil of an 18-year-old mango variety named Dashehari was treated in the first week of October with foliar sprays throughout the flower bud initiation, full bloom and pea stage initiation stages. A three-replication randomized block design was employed for the investigation.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The results show that the treatment known as &ldquo;T9&rdquo;-Application of borax to the soil in the amount of 125 grams, followed by the application of borax to the foliar in the amount of 0.2 per cent-produced the highest quality and quantity of mango fruit. Additionally, treatments of soil application of ZnSO4 per tree 125 g, followed by foliar application of ZnSO4 0.4% and soil application of FeSO4 per tree 125 g, followed by foliar application of FeSO4 0.4%, also showed promising results.</div>

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Maximizing Fruit Quality and Production of Mango cv Dashehari: The Impact of Micronutrient Treatments

<div>Background: Mango is one of the most important horticultural crops in the world, and North Lombok. The quality of mango fruits appears to be one of determining factors in mango business worldwide, demanding mango producers and other related stakeholders to pay attention. This paper aims at describing agribusiness systems of mango in North Lombok, Indonesia and followed by recommending strategies for improving the quality of mango fruits along the way of all agribusiness sub systems from input, farm, processing, marketing and supporting service.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Methods: This study took place in North Lombok Regency, the Province of West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, during April 2017 to December 2018. Primary data were collected through interviewing respondents of mango growers, traders and key informants of mango agribusiness. These primary data were complemented with data from secondary sources. Data analysis was framed in agribusiness system.&nbsp;&nbsp; 
 
Result: The study revealed that there were several weaknesses in each sub-system of agribusiness and weak connections amongst the subsystems. Therefore, there needs improvement in each subsystem of agribusiness to become strong and supports each other. The sub system of supporting services appears to have more determining role than other sub systems in improving the system of agribusiness, further in improving the quality of mango fruits, the performance of the mango business for benefits of the mango entrepreneurs and the economy of the region. Contributions of this study include in knowledge of agribusiness integration for successful program and in economy of the mango entrepreneurs and of the region.</div>

Improving Quality of Mango Fruits in North Lombok, Indonesia Through the Improvement of Agribusiness System

<div>Background: Quality determination of frozen semen before using for Artificial Insemination (AI) in cattle is of paramount importance. The success of cattle AI programs is largely depends on the use of good quality semen and thus assessment of semen quality parameters before AI will improve the conception rate and reduces the loss associated with repeated breeding. Among the various semen quality indicators, sperm motility is one of the important parameter and it should be evaluated immediately after semen collection (before freezing) and 24 hrs after freezing as per minimum standard protocol in frozen semen production. Though the motility is a major determinant of spermatozoa ability to reach the site of fertilization and it is affected by cryopreservation and subsequent poor cold storage facilities, motility is not frequently evaluated under field conditions. In the current scenario, many of our government AI sub-stations in remote villages are not equipped with microscope facility for semen quality evaluation before AI.&nbsp; 
 
Methods: In this study, we used foldscope, an origami-based paper microscope which give optical quality similar to conventional microscopes (magnification of 140X and 2-micron resolution), to evaluate the frozen semen motility at field level. In this study, the motility of spermatozoa was observed under foldscope and concluded that foldscope is very useful to asses the motility befor AI and improve the fertility in dairy animals.&nbsp; 
 
Result: We revealed that, utility of foldscope to assess the motility of spermatozoa was evaluated under field conditions and observed that 46% of sperms were motile. Further, evalaution of sperm motility before AI is not very common practice due to lack of microscope in many AI centres. Therefore, foldscope will be very useful at field conditions to avoid AI using poor quality semen and subsequent loss associated with repeat breeding problems.</div>

Assessment of Frozen Semen Quality through Foldscope Microscopy- A Novel Application of Frugal Science to Reduce the Infertility Rate

<div>Background: Assessment and mapping of quality of irrigated groundwater may help the farmers in selection of suitable crops and other agronomic management practices for getting profitable yields without affecting the soil health. The spatial maps of different parameters, prepared using GIS could be valuable for policy makers. 
 
Methods: A survey was undertaken during the year 2021 to assess the quality of groundwater for irrigation in various mandals of Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh. A total of 492 samples were collected and GPS locations of sampling points were recorded. The water samples were analyzed for various chemical properties viz., pH, EC, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+ and K+; CO3-2, HCO3-, Cl- and SO4-2.&nbsp; 
 
Result: The pH, EC, SAR and RSC in groundwater ranged from 6.7-8.4, 0.4-10.7 (dSm-1), 0.43-36.4 (mmol l-1)1/2, -66.8-15.4 (me l-1). The concentration of cations viz., Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+ and K+ varied from 0.8-28.4, 0-43.2, 0.73-70.1 and 0.001-51.76 me l-1 with mean values of 4.23, 3.86, 5.29 and 0.22 me l-1 respectively. Concentration of anions viz., CO3-2, HCO3-, Cl- and SO4-2 varied from 0-1.8, 0.88-15.4, 0.4-59.6 and 0.21-17.08 me l-1 with an average values of 0.22, 6.42, 5.33 and 2.29 me l-1 respectively.&nbsp;</div>

Groundwater Quality Assessment for Anantapur District of Andhra Pradesh for Irrigation Purpose

Background: Maintaining soybean seed quality during storage is crucial for sustaining profitable seed production. The weak seed coat and abundant fatty acid content in soybean causes seeds to lose viability more quickly and are very sensitive to the storage environment. The kinds of chemical reactions that take place during storage have been linked to emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), suggesting that these reactions might be used as indicators of the seed quality. Hence, the present study was conducted to profile the VOCs emitted during storage and their relationship to the physiological and biochemical quality of soybean seeds. 
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Methods: Soybean seeds were subjected to VOC profiling using gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and physiological and biochemical quality assessments at monthly intervals over an eight-month storage period. 
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Result: GC-MS/MS identified sixty-eight volatile compounds in the soybean seeds stored over an eight-month period. The aldehyde (37.84%) contributed to the 1/3 of total emission of different groups of volatiles emitted from stored soybean seeds. Concurrently, seed germination, seedling dry weight and vigour declined, indicating deterioration in physiological quality. Biochemical analysis showed increased seed leachate electrical conductivity, lipoxygenase activity and lipid peroxidation, alongside decreased catalase, peroxidase and dehydrogenase enzyme activity, suggesting increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in soybean seeds. The strong link between increased VOC emissions and the decline in seed quality parameters underscores the critical role of VOC in assessing the loss of seed viability of soybean during storage.

The Impact of Volatile Organic Compounds on Assessing Soybean Seed Quality during Storage

Background: Agricultural products are essential for human beings and maintaining their quality and storing them under optimal conditions is important. Sesame is a widely used cooking oil. Oil production and quality are important aspects of&nbsp;the food industry. However, during storage, the quality of sesame seeds can be greatly affected by factors such as moisture content, microbial growth and pests. Conventional techniques for eliminating pests and drying frequently entail the use of chemicals or high temperatures, which could cause health hazards and diminish the nutritional value of the seeds. However, dielectric measurement is a low-cost, rapid and effective technique for the detection and quality assessment of agricultural products. 
 
Methods: A specially designed coaxial sample holder was connected to an LCR Meter by using a computer-controlled interface. It operates on the principle of a cylindrical capacitor and is based on the cavity perturbation technique. The sample was contained in the cavity of a cylindrical sample holder and a specifically constructed temperature controller sensor assembly was used to regulate the temperature. Five different moisture concentrations of sesame oilseeds were prepared to study their dielectric permittivity, electrical conductivity and penetration depth over the frequency range of 100 Hz to 5 MHz.&nbsp; 
 
Result: This study indicates that the dielectric constant tends to change in a more regular and understandable manner as the frequency and moisture content vary, whereas the behaviour of the dielectric loss factor was less predictable and more irregular in response to the same changes. A linear regression model was developed to investigate the impact of the dielectric constant and loss on frequency and temperature. An R2 value of 0.705 indicates that the model is well explained, with 27.6% of the variance in temperature and frequency.

Radio Frequency Treatment of Sesame Oilseed for Quality Assessment

The urgent need to grow more food to feed the growing population has led to intensive farming with a lot of negative impacts on soil health as well as the ecosystem. To mitigate the negative impacts of conventional farming, the concept of organic farming has resurfaced. However, separate study of conventional and organic farming does not give a comparative assessment between two production system. The compensation of yield loss under organic farming could only be overlooked through enhancing the quality of produce. Good quality produce is just as important as quantity, yet quantity is typically prioritized. There is a myth that organically grown produce is superior and tastier than conventionally grown produce, yet this isn&rsquo;t always the case. So, it&rsquo;s high time to screen out the specific nutrient/ vitamin or any other quality parameter that can be enhanced through organic farming. So that agro-technique for organic fortification can be developed for the future researchers. Almost 71 research experiment were carefully studied and tried to assess the impact on organic farming on quality of produce. In developed and developing countries the area is increasing with an average growth rate of 20-25 %. Organically grown produce enhanced the mineral content especially phosphorous, and iron in rice, increased the protein content of maize by 8 to 19%, lysine content in wheat by 25-30%, ash and crude fat content in millets and oats and many more. Besides, improving physical appearances such as kernel length, elongation ratio of cereals, the cooking time has been greatly reduced in organic than inorganic production system. Even, the crude protein and oil contents greatly increased in the oilseed crops in organic production system over inorganic. However, variable response was reported in case of tuber crops, as quality parameters as well as organoleptic taste between conventional as well as organic farming system remained insignificant. However, few researchers reported significant increase in tuber dry matter content (20.92%) as well as quality traits for processing of tubers under organic farming system. Likewise, the oleoresin (5.26%) and essential oil (3.96%) contents of zinger rhizomes and curcumin (5.3%) and essential oil contents (4.2%) of turmeric greatly increased in organic production system over inorganic.&nbsp;